Why are there so few fish in the sea?

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 279, Issue 1737, 2012, Pages 2323-2329

  Carrete Vega, Greta ^a   Wiens, John J ^a  

^a STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Biodiversity; Evolution; Fish; Freshwater; Marine; Richness

Indexed keywords

OSTARIOPHYSI; PERCOMORPHA; PISCES; VERTEBRATA;

FRESH WATER; SEA WATER;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIODIVERSITY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ECOSYSTEM; EVOLUTION; FISH; PHYLOGENY; PHYSIOLOGY; SEA; STATISTICAL MODEL; TIME;

ANIMALS; BIODIVERSITY; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; ECOSYSTEM; FISHES; FRESH WATER; LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS; OCEANS AND SEAS; PHYLOGENY; SEAWATER; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 84863722338     PISSN: 09628452     EISSN: 14712954     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.0075     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. May, R. M. 1994 Biological diversity: differences between and land and sea. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 343, 105–111. (doi:10.1098/rstb.1994.0014)
2. Vermeij, G. J. & Grosberg, R. K. 2010 The great divergence: when did diversity on land exceed that in the sea? Int. Comp. Biol. 50, 675–682. (doi:10.1093/icb/icq078)
3. Mora, C., Tittensor, D. P., Adl, S., Simpson, A. G. B. & Worm, B. 2011 How many species are there on Earth and in the Ocean? PLoS Biol. 9, e1001127. (doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127)
4. Helfman, G. S., Collette, B. B., Facey, D. E. & Bowen, B. W. 2009 The diversity of fishes, 2nd edn. West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
5. Benton, M. J. 2001 Biodiversity on land and in the sea. Geol. J. 36, 211–230. (doi:10.1002/gj.877)
6. Pough, F. H., Janis, C. M. & Heiser, J. B. 2009 Vertebrate life, 8th edn. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
7. Wiens, J. J. 2011 The causes of species richness patterns across space, time, and clades and the role of ‘ecological limits’. Q. Rev. Biol. 86, 75–96. (doi:10.1086/659883)
8. Froese, R. & Pauly, D. Editors. 2011 FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org (accessed January 2011).
9. Berra, T. M. 2001 Freshwater fish distribution. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
10. Eschmeyer, W. N., Fricke, R., Fong, J. D. & Polack, D. A. 2010 Marine fish diversity: history of knowledge and discovery (Pisces). Zootaxa 2525, 19–50.
11. Alfaro, M. E., Santini, F., Brock, C. D., Alamillo, H., Dornburg, A., Carnevale, G., Rabosky, D. L. & Harmon, L. J. 2009 Nine exceptional radiations plus high turnover explain species diversity in jawed vertebrates. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 13 410–13 414. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0811087106)
12. Hugall, A. F., Foster, R. & Lee, M. S. Y. 2007 Calibration choice, rate smoothing, and the pattern of tetrapod diversification according to the long nuclear gene RAG-1. Syst. Biol. 56, 543–563. (doi:10.1080/10635150701477825)
13. Drummond, A. J., Ho, S. Y. W., Phillips, M. J. & Rambaut, A. 2006 Relaxed phylogenetics and dating with confidence. PLoS Biol. 4, e88. (doi:10.1371/jour-nal.pbio.0040088)
14. Drummond, A. J. & Rambaut, A. 2007 BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evol. Biol. 7, 214. (doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-214)
15. Magallon, S. & Sanderson, M. J. 2001 Absolute diversification rates in angiosperm clades. Evolution 55, 1762–1780. (doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00826.x)
16. Martins, E. P. & Hansen, T. F. 1997 Phylogenies and the comparative method: a general approach to incorporating phylogenetic information into the analysis of interspecific data. Am. Nat. 149, 646–667. (doi:10.1086/286013)
17. Orme, C. D. 2007 CAIC (v1.0.4–94) package for R. See http://r-forge.rproject.org/projects/caic/
18. R Development Core Team. 2010 R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
19. Stephens, P. R. & Wiens, J. J. 2003 Explaining species richness from continents to communities: the time-for-speciation effect in emydid turtles. Am. Nat. 161, 112–128. (doi:10.1086/345091)
20. Pagel, M., Meade, A. & Barker, D. 2004 Bayesian estimation of ancestral character states on phylogenies. Syst. Biol. 53, 673–684. (doi:10.1080/10635150490522232)
21. Akaike, H. 1983 Information measures and model selection. Int. Stat. Inst. 22, 277–291.
22. Maddison, W. P. & Maddison, D. R. 2010 Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 2.72. See http://mesquiteproject.org.
23. Maddison, W. P. 2006 Confounding asymmetries in evolutionary diversification and character change. Evolution 60, 1743–1746. (doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006. tb00517.x)
24. FitzJohn, R. G., Maddison, W. P. & Otto, S. P. 2009 Estimating trait dependent speciation and extinction rates from incompletely resolved phylogenies. Syst. Biol. 58, 595–611. (doi:10.1093/sysbio/syp067)
25. Rabosky, D. L. 2009 Ecological limits on clade diversification in higher taxa. Am. Nat. 173, 662–674. (doi:10. 1086/597378)
26. Friedman, M. & Blom, H. 2006 A new actinopterygian from the Famennian of East Greenland and the interrelationships of Devonian ray-finned fishes. J. Paleontol. 80, 1186–1204. (doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2006)80 [1186:ANAFTF]2.0.CO;2)
27. Cavin, L., Forey, P. L. & Lécuyer, C. 2007 Correlation between environment and Late Mesozoic ray-finned fish evolution. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 245, 353–367. (doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.08.010)
28. Grande, L. & Bemis, W. E. 1998 A comprehensive phylogenetic study of amiid fishes (Amiidae) based on comparative skeletal anatomy. An empirical search for interconnected patterns of natural history. Soc. Vert. Paleontol. Mem. 4, 1–690.
29. Field, C. B., Behrenfeld, M. J., Randerson, J. T. & Falkowski, P. 1998 Primary production of the biosphere: integrating terrestrial and oceanic components. Science 281, 237–240. (doi:10.1126/science.281.5374.237)
30. Amthor, J. S. and members of the Ecosystems Working Group. 1998 Terrestrial ecosystem responses to global change: a research strategy. ORNL Technical Memorandum 1998/27, 37 pp. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN.
31. Begon, M., Townsend, C. R. & Harper, J. L. 2006 Ecology. From individuals to ecosystems, 4th edn. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
32. Cyr, H. & Pace, M. L. 1993 Magnitude and patterns of herbivory in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Nature 361, 148–150. (doi:10.1038/361148a0)
33. Palumbi, S. R. 1994 Genetic divergence, reproductive isolation, and marine speciation. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 25, 547–557. (doi:10.1146/annurev.es.25.110194.002555)
34. Paulay, G. & Meyer, C. 2002 Diversification in the Tropical Pacific: comparisons between marine and terrestrial systems and the importance of founder speciation. Integr. Comp. Biol. 42, 922–934. (doi:10.1093/icb/42.5.922)
35. Kinlan, B. P. & Gaines, S. D. 2003 Propagule dispersal in marine and terrestrial environments: a community perspective. Ecology 84, 2007–2020. (doi:10.1890/01-0622)
36. Dawson, M. N. & Hamner, W. M. 2008 A biophysical perspective on dispersal and the geography of evolution in marine and terrestrial systems. J. R. Soc. Interface 5, 135–150. (doi:10.1098/rsif.2007.1089)
37. Tittensor, D., Mora, C., Jetz, W., Lotze, H. K., Ricard, D., vanden Berghe, E. & Worm, B. 2010 Global patterns and predictors of marine biodiversity across taxa. Nature 466, 1098–1101. (doi:10.1038/nature09329)
38. Benzie, J. A. H. 1997 Genetic structure of marine organisms and SE Asian biogeography. In Biogeography and geological evolution of SE Asia (eds R. Hall & J. D. Holloway), pp. 197–209 Leiden, UK: Backhuys Publishers.
39. Barber, P. H. 2009 The challenge of understanding the Coral Triangle biodiversity hotspot. J. Biogeography 36, 260–265. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02198.x)