Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and other Gram-positives in healthcare

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 385-394

  Calfee, David P ^a  

^a NEW YORK PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Enterococcus; methicillin resistance; prevention; Staphylococcus aureus; vancomycin resistance

Indexed keywords

CHLORHEXIDINE; DAPTOMYCIN; LINEZOLID; VANCOMYCIN;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; BACTERIAL TRANSMISSION; BACTERIUM CARRIER; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; HEALTHCARE ASSOCIATED INFECTION; HUMAN; INFECTION PREVENTION; LENGTH OF STAY; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS INFECTION; NONHUMAN; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; VANCOMYCIN RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCUS;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; COST OF ILLNESS; CROSS INFECTION; ENTEROCOCCUS; GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; HUMANS; METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; PREVALENCE; STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; VANCOMYCIN RESISTANCE;

EID: 84863716178     PISSN: 09517375     EISSN: 14736527     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283553441     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. Hidron A, Edwards J, Patel J, et al. NHSN annual update: antimicrobialresistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: annual summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006-2007. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008; 29:996-1011.
2. Farrell DJ, Mendes RE, Ross JE, et al. LEADER Program results for 2009: an activity and spectrum analysis of linezolid using 6414 clinical isolates from 56 medical centers in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:3684-3690.
3. Rosenthal VD, Maki DG, Jamulitrat S, et al. International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report, data summary for 2003-2008, issued June 2009. Am J Infect Control 2010; 38:95-104.
4. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. EARSS annual report 2008. European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Center 2009. http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/surveillance/EARS-Net/Documents/ 2008-EARSS-Annual-Report.pdf. [Accessed 27 March 2012]
5. Klevens R, Morrison M, Nadle J, et al. Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA 2007; 298:1763-1771. (Pubitemid 47598444)
6. Popovich KJ, Weinstein RA, Hota B. Are community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains replacing traditional nosocomial MRSA strains? Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46:787-794. (Pubitemid 351417176)
7. Jenkins TC, McCollister BD, Sharma R, et al. Epidemiology of healthcareassociated bloodstream infection caused by USA300 strains of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus in 3 affiliated hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009; 30:233-241.
8. Maree C, Daum R, Boyle-Vavra S, et al. Community-associated methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates and healthcare-associated infections. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13:236-242. (Pubitemid 46193166)
9. Park SH, Park C, Yoo JH, et al. Emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains as a cause of healthcare-associated bloodstream infections in Korea. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009; 30:146-155.
10. Seybold U, Kourbatova EV, Johnson JG, et al. Emergence of communityassociated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 genotype as a major cause of healthcare-associated blood stream infections. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42:647-656. (Pubitemid 43271378)
11. Gonzalez BE, Rueda AM, Shelburne SA, et al. Community-associated strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococccus aureus as the cause of healthcare-associated infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006; 27: 1051-1056. (Pubitemid 44670980)
12. Burton DC, Edwards JR, Horan TC, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus central line-associated bloodstream infections in US intensive care units, 1997-2007. JAMA 2009; 301:727-736.
13. Kallen A, Mu Y, Bulens S, et al. Healthcare-associated invasive MRSA infections, 2005-2008. JAMA 2010; 304:641-648.
14. Pearson A, Chronias A, Murray M. Voluntary and mandatory surveillance for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) bacteraemia in England. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 64 (Suppl 1):i11-i17.
15. Jain R, Kralovic S, Evans M, et al. Veterans Affairs initiative to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med 2011; 364:1419-1430.
16. Jarvis W, Schlosser J, Chinn R, et al. National prevalence of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus in inpatients at US healthcare facilities, 2006. Am J Infect Control 2007; 35:631-637. (Pubitemid 350184164)
17. Hidron A, Kourbatova E, Halvosa J, et al. Risk factors for colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in patients admitted to an urban hospital: emergence of community-associated MRSA nasal carriage. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41:159-166. (Pubitemid 40962495)
18. Hadley A, Karchmer T, Russell G, et al. The prevalence of resistant bacterial colonization in chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 2007; 27:352-359. (Pubitemid 47077199)
19. Eguia J, Liu C, Moore M, et al. Low colonization prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus with reduced vancomycin susceptibility among patients undergoing hemodialysis in the San Francisco Bay area. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:1617-1624. (Pubitemid 40720812)
20. Mermel L, Eells S, Acharya M, et al. Quantitative analysis and molecular fingerprinting of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in different patient populations: a prospective, multicenter study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31:592-597.
21. Patel G, Jenkins SG, Mediavilla JR, et al. Clinical and molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among patients in an ambulatory hemodialysis center. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011; 32:881-888.
22. Furuno JP, Hebden JN, Standiford HC, et al. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii in a long-term acute care facility. Am J Infect Control 2008; 36:468-471.
23. Stone ND, Lewis DR, Lowery HK, et al. Importance of bacterial burden among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriers in a long-term care facility. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008; 29:143-148. (Pubitemid 351269210)
24. Calfee DP, Giannetta ET, Durbin LJ, et al. Control of endemic vancomycinresistant Enterococcus among inpatients at a university hospital. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37:326-332. (Pubitemid 36976488)
25. Morgan DJ, Day HR, Furuno JP, et al. Improving efficiency in active surveillance for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus at hospital admission. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31:1230-1235.
26. Huskins W, Huckabee C, O'Grady N, et al. Intervention to reduce transmission of resistant bacteria in intensive care. N Engl J Med 2011; 364:1407-1418.
27. Puzniak LA, Leet T, Mayfield J, et al. To gown or not to gown: the effect on acquisition of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35:18-25. (Pubitemid 34666855)
28. Shadel BN, Puzniak LA, Gillespie KN, et al. Surveillance for vancomycinresistant enterococci: type, rates, costs, and implications. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006; 27:1068-1075.
29. Calderwood MS, Mauer A, Tolentino J, et al. Epidemiology of vancomycinresistant enterococci among patients on an adult stem cell transplant unit: observations from an active surveillance program. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008; 29:1019-1025.
30. Huang S, Platt R. Risk of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection after previous infection or colonization. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36:281-285. (Pubitemid 36169662)
31. Freitas E, Harris R, Blake R, Salgado C. Prevalence of USA300 strain type of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among patients with nasal colonization identified with active surveillance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31:469-475.
32. Huang SS, Hinrichsen VL, Datta R, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection and hospitalization in high-risk patients in the year following detection. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24340.
33. Pacio G, Visintainer P, Maguire G, et al. Natural history of colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and resistant Gram-negative bacilli among long-termcare facility residents. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003; 24:246-250. (Pubitemid 36538135)
34. Lu P, Tsai J, Chiu Y, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage, infection and transmission in dialysis patients, healthcare workers and their family members. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23: 1659-1665. (Pubitemid 351767732)
35. Olivier CN, Blake RK, Steed LL, Salgado CD. Risk of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) bloodstream infection among patients colonized with VRE. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008; 29:404-409. (Pubitemid 351589974)
36. Brennen C, Wagener MM, Muder RR. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in a long-term care facility. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998; 46:157-160. (Pubitemid 28082653)
37. Datta R, Huang SS. Risk of postdischarge infection with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus after initial infection or colonization. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31:1290-1293.
38. Weinstock DM, Conlon M, Iovino C, et al. Colonization, bloodstream infection, and mortality caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus early after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2007; 13:615-621. (Pubitemid 46585935)
39. van Hal SJ, Lodise TP, Paterson DL. The clinical significance of vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration in Staphylococcus aureus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54:755-771.
40. Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove SE, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52:e18-55.
41. Moore CL, Osaki-Kiyan P, Haque NZ, et al. Daptomycin versus vancomycin for bloodstream infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with a high vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration: a case-control study. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54:51-58.
42. Cui L, Iwamoto A, Lian JQ, et al. Novel mechanism of antibiotic resistance originating in vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:428-438. (Pubitemid 43190949)
43. Richter SS, Satola SW, Crispell EK, et al. Detection of Staphylococcus aureus isolates with heterogeneous intermediate-level resistance to vancomycin in the United States. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:4203-4207.
44. Chung G, Cha J, Han S, et al. Nationwide surveillance study of vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus strains in Korean hospitals from 2001 to 2006. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 20:637-642.
45. Uçkay I, Bernard L, Buzzi M, et al. High prevalence of isolates with reduced glycopeptide susceptibility in persistent or recurrent bloodstream infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:1258-1264.
46. Cui L, Tominaga E, Neoh HM, Hiramatsu K. Correlation between reduced daptomycin susceptibility and vancomycin resistance in vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:1079-1082. (Pubitemid 43327815)
47. Kelley PG, Gao W, Ward PB, Howden BP. Daptomycin nonsusceptibility in vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) and heterogeneous-VISA (hVISA): implications for therapy after vancomycin treatment failure. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66:1057-1060.
48. van Hal SJ, Paterson DL. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the significance of heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:405-410.
49. Noble W, Virani Z, Cree R. Co-transfer of vancomycin and other resistance genes from Enterococcus faecalis NCTC 12201 to Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992; 93:195-198.
50. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Staphylococcus aureus resistant to vancomycin: United States, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rpt 2002; 51:565-567.
51. Sievert D, Rudrik J, Patel J, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the United States, 2002-2006. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46:668-674. (Pubitemid 351321548)
52. Sader HS, Moet GJ, Farrell DJ, Jones RN. Antimicrobial susceptibility of daptomycin and comparator agents tested against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci: trend analysis of a 6-year period in US medical centers (2005-2010). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 70:412-416.
53. Sánchez García M, De la Torre MA, Morales G, et al. Clinical outbreak of linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an intensive care unit. JAMA 2010; 303:2260-2264.
54. Schulte B, Heininger A, Autenrieth IB, Wolz C. Emergence of increasing linezolid-resistance in enterococci in a postoutbreak situation with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Epidemiol Infect 2008; 136:1131-1133. (Pubitemid 351982936)
55. Kelly S, Collins J, Maguire M, et al. An outbreak of colonization with linezolidresistant Staphylococcus epidermidis in an intensive therapy unit. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 61:901-907. (Pubitemid 351426077)
56. Fowler VG, Boucher HW, Corey GR, et al. Daptomycin versus standard therapy for bacteremia and endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:653-665.
57. Arias CA, Panesso D, McGrath DM, et al. Genetic basis for in vivo daptomycin resistance in enterococci. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:892-900.
58. Kamboj M, Cohen N, Gilhuley K, et al. Emergence of daptomycin-resistant VRE: experience of a single institution. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011; 32:391-394.
59. Siegel J, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L. Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Management of multidrug-resistant organisms in healthcare settings, 2006. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/ar/ MDROGuideline2006.pdf. [Accessed 16 July 2010]
60. Calfee DP, Salgado CD, Classen D, et al. Strategies to prevent transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in acute care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008; 29 (Suppl 1):S62-S80.
61. Infection Prevention Working Party. MRSA hospital. January 2012. www.wip.nl/UK/free-content/Richtlijnen/MRSA%20hospital.pdf. [Accessed 29 March 2012]
62. Coia J, Duckworth G, Edwards D, et al. Guidelines for the control and prevention of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in healthcare facilities. J Hosp Infect 2006; 63 (Suppl 1):S1-44.
63. Rosenthal VD, Maki DG, Rodrigues C, et al. Impact of International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) strategy on central line-associated bloodstream infection rates in intensive care units of 15 developing countries. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 12: 1264-1272.
64. Gill CJ, Mantaring JBV, Macleod WB, et al. Impact of enhanced infection control at 2 neonatal intensive care units in the Phillipines. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48:13-21.
65. Bartels MD, Boye K, Rohde SM, et al. A common variant of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type IVa in isolates from Copenhagen, Denmark, is not detected by the BD GeneOhm methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus assay. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:1524-1527.
66. Laurent C, Bogaerts P, Schoevaerdts D, et al. Evaluation of the Xpert MRSA assay for rapid detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from nares swabs of geriatric hospitalized patients and failure to detect a specific SCCmec type IV variant. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 29:995-1002.
67. Huang SS, Yokoe DS, Hinrichsen VL, et al. Impact of routine intensive care unit surveillance cultures and resultant barrier precautions on hospital-wide methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43:971-978. (Pubitemid 44631095)
68. Ellingson K, Muder RR, Jain R, et al. Sustained reduction in the clinical incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization or infection associated with a multifaceted infection control intervention. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011; 32:1-8.
69. Ostrowsky BE, Trick WE, Sohn AH, et al. Control of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus in healthcare facilities in a region. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:1427-1433. (Pubitemid 32402099)
70. West TE, Guerry C, Hiott M, et al. Effect of targeted surveillance for control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a community hospital system. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006; 27:233-238.
71. Robicsek A, Beaumont JL, Paule SM, et al. Universal surveillance for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in 3 affiliated hospitals. Ann Intern Med 2008; 148:409-418. (Pubitemid 351665440)
72. Vos M, Behrendt M, Melles D, et al. 5 years of experience implementing a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus search and destroy policy at the largest university medical center in the Netherlands. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009; 30:977-984.
73. Climo MW, Sepkowitz KA, Zuccotti G, et al. The effect of daily bathing with chlorhexidine on the acquisition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, and healthcare-associated bloodstream infections: results of a quasi-experimental multicenter trial. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:1858-1865.
74. Kassakian SZ, Mermel LA, Jefferson JA, et al. Impact of chlorhexidine bathing on hospital-acquired infections among general medical patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011; 32:238-243.
75. Vernon MO, Hayden MK, Trick WE, et al. Chlorhexidine gluconate to cleanse patients in a medical intensive care unit: the effectiveness of source control to reduce the bioburden of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166:306-312. (Pubitemid 43244318)
76. Popovich KJ, Hota B, Hayes R, et al. Daily skin cleansing with chlorhexidine did not reduce the rate of central-line associated bloodstream infection in a surgical intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36:854-858.
77. Batra R, Cooper BS, Whiteley C, et al. Efficacy and limitation of a chlorhexidine-based decolonization strategy in preventing transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50:210-217.