메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 93, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 778-790

Diversity of nitrogen isotopes and protein status in caribou: Implications for monitoring northern ungulates

Author keywords

Alaska; diet; excreta; late winter; monitoring; nutrition; Rangifer tarandus; Yukon

Indexed keywords

ECOTYPE; EXCRETION; HISTOLOGY; NITROGEN ISOTOPE; PROTEIN; SAMPLING; SHRUB; SURVIVAL; TERRAIN; UNGULATE;

EID: 84863714588     PISSN: 00222372     EISSN: 15451542     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1644/11-MAMM-A-164.1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (19)

References (88)
  • 1
    • 0023468493 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal changes in body composition of mature female caribou and calves (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) on an Arctic island with limited winter resources
    • ADAMCZEWSKI, J. Z., C. C. GATES, R. J. HUDSON, AND M. A. PRICE. 1987. Seasonal changes in body composition of mature female caribou and calves (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) on an Arctic island with limited winter resources. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65:1149-1157.
    • (1987) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.65 , pp. 1149-1157
    • Adamczewski, J.Z.1    Gates, C.C.2    Hudson, R.J.3    Price, M.A.4
  • 2
    • 0024266915 scopus 로고
    • Limiting effects of snow on seasonal habitat use and diets of caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) on Coats Island, Northwest Territories, Canada
    • ADAMCZEWSKI, J. Z., C. C. GATES, B. M. SOUTAR, AND R. J. HUDSON. 1988. Limiting effects of snow on seasonal habitat use and diets of caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) on Coats Island, Northwest Territories, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66:1986-1996. (Pubitemid 19324218)
    • (1988) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.66 , Issue.9 , pp. 1986-1996
    • Adamczewski, J.Z.1    Gates, C.C.2    Soutar, B.M.3    Hudson, R.J.4
  • 3
    • 20444405743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of maternal characteristics and climatic variation on birth masses of Alaskan caribou
    • DOI 10.1644/1545-1542(2005)86[506:EOMCAC]2.0.CO;2
    • ADAMS, L. G. 2005. Effects of maternal characteristics and climatic variation on birth masses of Alaskan caribou. Journal of Mammalogy 86:506-513. (Pubitemid 40802344)
    • (2005) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.86 , Issue.3 , pp. 506-513
    • Adams, L.G.1
  • 4
    • 0031752737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproductive performance of female Alaskan caribou
    • ADAMS, L. G., AND B. W. DALE. 1998. Reproductive performance of female Alaskan caribou. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:1184-1195. (Pubitemid 28501636)
    • (1998) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.62 , Issue.4 , pp. 1184-1195
    • Adams, L.G.1    Dale, B.W.2
  • 5
    • 77649163381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are inland wolf-ungulate systems influenced by marine subsidies of Pacific salmon?
    • ADAMS, L. G., ET AL. 2010. Are inland wolf-ungulate systems influenced by marine subsidies of Pacific salmon? Ecological Applications 20:251-262.
    • (2010) Ecological Applications , vol.20 , pp. 251-262
    • Adams, L.G.1
  • 6
    • 0029509140 scopus 로고
    • Caribou calf mortality in Denali National Park, Alaska
    • ADAMS, L. G., F. J. SINGER, AND B. W. DALE. 1995. Caribou calf mortality in Denali National Park, Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management 59:584-594. (Pubitemid 26450461)
    • (1995) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.59 , Issue.3 , pp. 584-594
    • Adams, L.G.1    Singer, F.J.2    Dale, B.W.3
  • 7
    • 0034837037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stable isotopes at natural abundance in terrestrial plant ecology and ecophysiology: An update
    • DOI 10.1055/s-2001-16454
    • ADAMS, M. A., AND P. F. GRIERSON. 2001. Stable isotopes at natural abundance in terrestrial plant ecology and ecophysiology: an update. Plant Biology 3:299-310. (Pubitemid 32824439)
    • (2001) Plant Biology , vol.3 , Issue.4 , pp. 299-310
    • Adams, M.A.1    Grierson, P.F.2
  • 8
    • 22144471228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen isotope signature variability in plant species from open peatland
    • DOI 10.1016/j.aquabot.2005.05.005, PII S0304377005001105
    • ASADA, T., B. G. WARNER, AND R. ARAVENA. 2005. Nitrogen isotope signature variability in plant species from an open peatland. Aquatic Botany 82:297-307. (Pubitemid 40968338)
    • (2005) Aquatic Botany , vol.82 , Issue.4 , pp. 297-307
    • Asada, T.1    Warner, B.G.2    Aravena, R.3
  • 10
    • 33744930906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body protein stores and isotopic indicators of N balance in female reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) during winter
    • DOI 10.1086/502811
    • BARBOZA, P. S., AND K. L. PARKER. 2006. Body protein stores and isotopic indicators of N balance in female reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) during winter. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 79:628-644. (Pubitemid 43846277)
    • (2006) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology , vol.79 , Issue.3 , pp. 628-644
    • Barboza, P.S.1    Parker, K.L.2
  • 11
    • 55549116673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allocating protein to reproduction in arctic reindeer and caribou
    • BARBOZA, P. S., AND K. L. PARKER. 2008. Allocating protein to reproduction in arctic reindeer and caribou. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 81:835-855.
    • (2008) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology , vol.81 , pp. 835-855
    • Barboza, P.S.1    Parker, K.L.2
  • 14
    • 0034064904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protein nutrition in late pregnancy, maternal protein reserves and lactation performance in dairy cows
    • BELL, A. W., W. S. BURHANS, AND T. R. OVERTON. 2000. Protein nutrition in late pregnancy, maternal protein reserves and lactation performance in dairy cows. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 59:119-126. (Pubitemid 30316613)
    • (2000) Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , vol.59 , Issue.1 , pp. 119-126
    • Bell, A.W.1    Burhans, W.S.2    Overton, T.R.3
  • 15
    • 0346484032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Utility of stable isotope analysis in studying foraging ecology of herbivores: Examples from moose and caribou
    • BEN-DAVID, M., E. SHOCHAT, AND L. G. ADAMS. 2001. Utility of stable isotope analysis in studying foraging ecology of herbivores: examples from moose and caribou. Alces 37:421-434.
    • (2001) Alces , vol.37 , pp. 421-434
    • Ben-David, M.1    Shochat, E.2    Adams, L.G.3
  • 16
    • 0002198977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolving perspectives on caribou population dynamics, have we got it right yet?
    • BERGERUD, A. T. 1996. Evolving perspectives on caribou population dynamics, have we got it right yet? Rangifer 9:95-115.
    • (1996) Rangifer , vol.9 , pp. 95-115
    • Bergerud, A.T.1
  • 19
    • 0001439239 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal diets of the denali caribou herd, alaska
    • BOERTJE, R. D. 1984. Seasonal diets of the Denali caribou herd, Alaska. Arctic 37:161-165.
    • (1984) Arctic , vol.37 , pp. 161-165
    • Boertje, R.D.1
  • 20
    • 0025591622 scopus 로고
    • Diet quality and intake requirements of adult female caribou of the denali herd, alaska
    • BOERTJE, R. D. 1990. Diet quality and intake requirements of adult female caribou of the Denali herd, Alaska. Journal of Applied Ecology 27:420-434.
    • (1990) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.27 , pp. 420-434
    • Boertje, R.D.1
  • 22
    • 0028593079 scopus 로고
    • Predicting parturition rate of caribou from autumn body mass
    • CAMERON, R. D., AND J. M. VER HOEF. 1994. Predicting parturition rate of caribou from autumn body mass. Journal of Wildlife Management 58:674-679.
    • (1994) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.58 , pp. 674-679
    • Cameron, R.D.1    Ver Hoef, J.M.2
  • 23
    • 61449256130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in discrimination factors (D15N and D13C): The effect of diet isotopic values and applications for diet reconstruction
    • CAUT, S., E. ANGULO, AND F. COURCHAMP. 2009. Variation in discrimination factors (D15N and D13C): the effect of diet isotopic values and applications for diet reconstruction. Journal of Applied Ecology 46:443-453.
    • (2009) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.46 , pp. 443-453
    • Caut, S.1    Angulo, E.2    Courchamp, F.3
  • 24
    • 38949200613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forage quality and reindeer productivity: Multiplier effects amplified by climate change
    • DOI 10.1657/1523-0430(06-073)[CEBRIAN]2.0.CO;2
    • CEBRIAN, M. R., K. KIELLAND, AND G. FINSTAD. 2008. Forage quality and reindeer productivity: multiplier effects amplified by climate change. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 40:48-54. (Pubitemid 351213804)
    • (2008) Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research , vol.40 , Issue.1 , pp. 48-54
    • Cebrian, M.R.1    Kielland, K.2    Finstad, G.3
  • 25
    • 0033494037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative body composition strategies of breeding and nonbreeding female caribou
    • CHAN-MCLEOD, A. C., R. G. WHITE, AND D. E. RUSSELL. 1999. Comparative body composition strategies of breeding and nonbreeding female caribou. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77:1901-1907.
    • (1999) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.77 , pp. 1901-1907
    • Chan-Mcleod, A.C.1    White, R.G.2    Russell, D.E.3
  • 26
    • 57649232493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reliability of d13c-13 and d15n in faeces for reconstructing savanna herbivore diet
    • CODRON, D., AND J. CODRON. 2009. Reliability of d13C-13 and d15N in faeces for reconstructing savanna herbivore diet. Mammalian Biology 74:36-48.
    • (2009) Mammalian Biology , vol.74 , pp. 36-48
    • Codron, D.1    Codron, J.2
  • 28
    • 65949097707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in calf body mass in migratory caribou: The role of habitat, climate, and movements
    • COUTURIER, S., S. D. CÔ TÉ, R. D. OTTO, R. B. WELADJI, AND J. HUOT. 2009. Variation in calf body mass in migratory caribou: the role of habitat, climate, and movements. Journal of Mammalogy 90:442-452.
    • (2009) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.90 , pp. 442-452
    • Couturier, S.1    Cô, S.D.2    Otto, T.É.R.D.3    Weladji, R.B.4    Huot, J.5
  • 29
    • 77958184035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Units 21d, 22A-E, 23, 24, and 26A caribou management report
    • 1 July 2006
    • DAU, J. 2009. Units 21D, 22A-E, 23, 24, and 26A caribou management report. Pp. 174-231 in Caribou management report of survey and inventory activities 1 July 2006-20 June 2008 (P. Harper, ed.). Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau.
    • (2009) Caribou Management Report of Survey and Inventory Activities , pp. 174-231
    • Dau, J.1
  • 30
    • 0024570792 scopus 로고
    • Physiological assessment of deer populations by analysis of urine in snow
    • DELGIUDICE, G. D., L. D. MECH, AND U. S. SEAL. 1989. Physiological assessment of deer populations by analysis of urine in snow. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:284-291. (Pubitemid 19326437)
    • (1989) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.53 , Issue.2 , pp. 284-291
    • Delgiudice, G.D.1    Mech, L.D.2    Seal, U.S.3
  • 31
    • 0035206411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiological mechanisms influencing plant nitrogen isotope composition
    • DOI 10.1016/S1360-1385(01)01889-1, PII S1360138501018891
    • EVANS, R. D. 2001. Physiological mechanisms influencing plant nitrogen isotope composition. Trends in Plant Science 6:121-126. (Pubitemid 33146315)
    • (2001) Trends in Plant Science , vol.6 , Issue.3 , pp. 121-126
    • Evans, R.D.1
  • 32
    • 79951916464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yukon Department of Environment, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada
    • FARNELL, R., AND C. GARDNER. 2002. Chisana caribou herd-2002. Yukon Department of Environment, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada.
    • (2002) Chisana Caribou herd-2002
    • Farnell, R.1    Gardner, C.2
  • 34
    • 28244488182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Competition potential between sympatric woodland caribou and wood bison in southwestern Yukon, Canada
    • DOI 10.1139/z05-117
    • FISCHER, L. A., AND C. C. GATES. 2005. Competition potential between sympatric woodland caribou and wood bison in southwestern Yukon, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology 83:1162-1173. (Pubitemid 41712781)
    • (2005) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.83 , Issue.9 , pp. 1162-1173
    • Fischer, L.A.1    Gates, C.C.2
  • 36
    • 85054251031 scopus 로고
    • Assessing nutritional status
    • (R J Hudson and R G White eds) CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida
    • FRANZMANN, A. W. 1985. Assessing nutritional status. Pp. 239-260 in Bioenergetics of wild herbivores (R. J. Hudson and R. G. White, eds.). CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida.
    • (1985) Bioenergetics of Wild Herbivores , pp. 239-260
    • Franzmann, A.W.1
  • 37
    • 0030613898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stable isotopes in animal ecology: Assumptions, caveats, and a call for more laboratory experiments
    • GANNES, L. Z., D. M. O'BRIEN, AND C. MARTÍNEZ DEL RIO. 1997. Stable isotopes in animal ecology: assumptions, caveats, and a call for more laboratory experiments. Ecology 78:1271-1276.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 1271-1276
    • Gannes, L.Z.1    O'Brien, D.M.2    Martínez Del Rio, C.3
  • 39
    • 74549210172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The national elevation dataset
    • (D Maune ed) 2nd ed American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Bethesda Maryland
    • GESCH, D. B. 2007. The national elevation dataset. Pp. 99-118 in Digital elevation model technologies and applications: the DEM users manual (D. Maune, ed.). 2nd ed. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.
    • (2007) Digital Elevation Model Technologies and Applications: The DEM Users Manual , pp. 99-118
    • Gesch, D.B.1
  • 43
    • 80053051865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of foraging sites and protein status in wintering muskoxen: Insights from isotopes of nitrogen
    • GUSTINE, D. D., ET AL. 2011b. Characteristics of foraging sites and protein status in wintering muskoxen: insights from isotopes of nitrogen. Oikos 120:1546-1556.
    • (2011) Oikos , vol.120 , pp. 1546-1556
    • Gustine, D.D.1
  • 44
    • 84947791529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
    • HUBER, P. J., AND E. RONCHETTI. 2009. Robust statistics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
    • (2009) Robust Statistics
    • Huber, P.J.1    Ronchetti, E.2
  • 46
    • 77951840071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Percentage of fecal moss in arctic ungulates as an indicator of wintering area quality
    • IHL, C. 2010. Percentage of fecal moss in arctic ungulates as an indicator of wintering area quality. Journal ofWildlifeManagement 74:690-697.
    • (2010) Journal OfWildlifeManagement , vol.74 , pp. 690-697
    • Ihl, C.1
  • 47
    • 28244454741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demography and decline of the Mentasta caribou herd in Alaska
    • DOI 10.1139/z05-111
    • JENKINS, K. J., AND N. L. BARTEN. 2005. Demography and decline of the Mentasta caribou herd in Alaska. Canadian Journal of Zoology 83:1174-1188. (Pubitemid 41712782)
    • (2005) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.83 , Issue.9 , pp. 1174-1188
    • Jenkins, K.J.1    Barten, N.L.2
  • 48
    • 0343206912 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal activity budgets and movements of a reintroduced alaskan muskox herd
    • JINGFORS, K. T. 1982. Seasonal activity budgets and movements of a reintroduced Alaskan muskox herd. Journal of Wildlife Management 46:344-350.
    • (1982) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.46 , pp. 344-350
    • Jingfors, K.T.1
  • 50
    • 66249136821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diets of overwintering caribou, Rangifer tarandus, track decadal changes in arctic tundra vegetation
    • JOLY, K., M. J. COLE, AND R. R. JANDT. 2007. Diets of overwintering caribou, Rangifer tarandus, track decadal changes in arctic tundra vegetation. Canadian Field-Naturalist 121:379-383.
    • (2007) Canadian Field-Naturalist , vol.121 , pp. 379-383
    • Joly, K.1    Cole, M.J.2    Jandt, R.R.3
  • 52
    • 0034095243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stable isotopes of carbon and in the study of avian and mammalian trophic ecology
    • KELLY, J. F. 2000. Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in the study of avian and mammalian trophic ecology. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78:1-27. (Pubitemid 30236669)
    • (2000) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.78 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-27
    • Kelly, J.F.1
  • 53
    • 0001580610 scopus 로고
    • Nutrient absorption and accumulation in arctic plants
    • (F S Chapin R L Jefferies J F Reynolds G R Shaver and J Svoboda eds) Academic Press, San Diego, California
    • KIELLAND, K., AND F. S. CHAPIN. 1992. Nutrient absorption and accumulation in arctic plants. Pp. 321-335 in Arctic ecosystems in a changing climate: an ecophysiological perspective (F. S. Chapin, R. L. Jefferies, J. F. Reynolds, G. R. Shaver, and J. Svoboda, eds.). Academic Press, San Diego, California.
    • (1992) Arctic Ecosystems in A Changing Climate: An Ecophysiological Perspective , pp. 321-335
    • Kielland, K.1    Chapin, F.S.2
  • 54
    • 0001399296 scopus 로고
    • Variation in quality of caribou and reindeer forage plants associated with season, plant part and phenology
    • KLEIN, D. R. 1990. Variation in quality of caribou and reindeer forage plants associated with season, plant part and phenology. Rangifer 3:123-130.
    • (1990) Rangifer , vol.3 , pp. 123-130
    • Klein, D.R.1
  • 55
    • 33845935118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management and conservation of wildlife in a changing arctic environment
    • (C Symon L Arris and B Heal eds) Cambridge University Press, New York
    • KLEIN, D. R., ET AL. 2005. Management and conservation of wildlife in a changing arctic environment. Pp. 597-648 in Arctic climate impact assessment (C. Symon, L. Arris, and B. Heal, eds.). Cambridge University Press, New York.
    • (2005) Arctic Climate Impact Assessment , pp. 597-648
    • Klein, D.R.1
  • 58
    • 72049097117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential passage of fluids and differentsized particles in fistulated oxen (Bos primigenius f. taurus), muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and moose (Alces alces): Rumen particle size discrimination is independent from contents stratification
    • LECHNER, I., ET AL. 2010. Differential passage of fluids and differentsized particles in fistulated oxen (Bos primigenius f. taurus), muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and moose (Alces alces): rumen particle size discrimination is independent from contents stratification. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, A. Molecular and Integrative Physiology 155:211-222.
    • (2010) Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, A. Molecular and Integrative Physiology , vol.155 , pp. 211-222
    • Lechner, I.1
  • 60
    • 0042732542 scopus 로고
    • Correcting for differential digestibility in microhistological analyses involving common coastal forages of the Pacific Northwest
    • LESLIE, D. M., JR., M. VAVRA, E. E. STARKEY, AND R. C. SLATER. 1983. Correcting for differential digestibility in microhistological analyses involving common coastal forages of the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Range Management 36:730-732.
    • (1983) Journal of Range Management , vol.36 , pp. 730-732
    • Leslie, D.M.J.R.1    Vavra, M.2    Starkey, E.E.3    Slater, R.C.4
  • 61
    • 0022879302 scopus 로고
    • Kinetic fractionation of stable nitrogen isotopes during amino acid transamination
    • MACkO, S. A., M. L. FOGEL-ESTEP, M. H. ENGEL, AND P. E. HARE. 1986. Kinetic fractionation of stable nitrogen isotopes during amino acid transamination. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 50:2143-2146.
    • (1986) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.50 , pp. 2143-2146
    • MacKo, S.A.1    Fogel-Estep, M.L.2    Engel, M.H.3    Hare, P.E.4
  • 63
    • 79955108044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using stable isotopes to define diets of wolves in northern british columbia, canada
    • MILAKOVIC, B., AND K. L. PARKER. 2011. Using stable isotopes to define diets of wolves in northern British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Mammalogy 92:295-304.
    • (2011) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.92 , pp. 295-304
    • Milakovic, B.1    Parker, K.L.2
  • 64
    • 1342341256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The microbial ecology and physiology of ruminal nitrogen metabolism
    • (P B Cronje ed) CABI Publishing, Wallingford, United Kingdom
    • MORRISON, M. 2000. The microbial ecology and physiology of ruminal nitrogen metabolism. Pp. 79-97 in Ruminant physiology: digestion, metabolism, growth and reproduction (P. B. Cronje, ed.). CABI Publishing, Wallingford, United Kingdom.
    • (2000) Ruminant Physiology: Digestion Metabolism Growth and Reproduction , pp. 79-97
    • Morrison, M.1
  • 65
    • 84863646103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NATIONAL CLIMATIC DATA CENTER United States Department of Commerce, Asheville, North Carolina
    • NATIONAL CLIMATIC DATA CENTER. 2008. Climate-radar data inventories: Kotzebue, Nome, and Barrow, Alaska. United States Department of Commerce, Asheville, North Carolina.
    • (2008) Climate-radar Data Inventories: Kotzebue, Nome, and Barrow, Alaska
  • 66
    • 84859884420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL National Academies Press, Washington, D.C
    • NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL. 2008. Ecological impacts of climate change. National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.
    • (2008) Ecological Impacts of Climate Change
  • 67
    • 0031971195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat use by muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) in winter in an alpine environment
    • NELLEMANN, C. 1998. Habitat use by muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) in winter in an alpine environment. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76:110-116. (Pubitemid 28209223)
    • (1998) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.76 , Issue.1 , pp. 110-116
    • Nellemann, C.1
  • 68
    • 0034106511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of maternal reserves as a lactation strategy in large mammals
    • OFTEDAL, O. T. 2000. Use of maternal reserves as a lactation strategy in large mammals. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 59:99-106. (Pubitemid 30316611)
    • (2000) Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , vol.59 , Issue.1 , pp. 99-106
    • Oftedal, O.T.1
  • 70
    • 58349087863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutrition integrates environmental responses of ungulates
    • PARKER, K. L., P. S. BARBOZA, AND M. P. GILLINGHAM. 2009. Nutrition integrates environmental responses of ungulates. Functional Ecology 23:57-69.
    • (2009) Functional Ecology , vol.23 , pp. 57-69
    • Parker, K.L.1    Barboza, P.S.2    Gillingham, M.P.3
  • 71
    • 20444419445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protein conservation in female caribou (Rangifer tarandus): Effects of decreasing diet quality during winter
    • DOI 10.1644/1545-1542(2005)86[610:PCIFCR]2.0.CO;2
    • PARKER, K. L., P. S. BARBOZA, AND T. R. STEPHENSON. 2005. Protein conservation in female caribou (Rangifer tarandus): effects of decreasing diet quality during winter. Journal of Mammalogy 86:610-622. (Pubitemid 40802357)
    • (2005) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.86 , Issue.3 , pp. 610-622
    • Parker, K.L.1    Barboza, P.S.2    Stephenson, T.R.3
  • 72
    • 0002885079 scopus 로고
    • The range ecology of the Porcupine caribou herd in Canada
    • RUSSELL, D. E., A. M. MARTELL, AND W. A. NIXON. 1993. The range ecology of the Porcupine caribou herd in Canada. Rangifer 8:1-168.
    • (1993) Rangifer , vol.81 , pp. 1-68
    • Russell, D.E.1    Martell, A.M.2    Nixon, W.A.3
  • 73
    • 0029431910 scopus 로고
    • Assessing animal condition, nutrition, and stress from urine in snow
    • SALTZ, D., G. C. WHITE, AND R. M. BARTMANN. 1995. Assessing animal condition, nutrition, and stress from urine in snow: a critical review. Wildlife Society Bulletin 23:694-704. (Pubitemid 27206261)
    • (1995) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.23 , Issue.4 , pp. 694-704
    • Saltz, D.1    White, G.C.2    Bartmann, R.M.3
  • 74
    • 48249146522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying landscape ruggedness for animal habitat analysis: A case study using bighorn sheep in the Mojave Desert
    • SAPPINGTON, J. M., K. M. LONGSHORE, AND D. R. THOMPSON. 2007. Quantifying landscape ruggedness for animal habitat analysis: a case study using bighorn sheep in the Mojave Desert. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:1419-1426.
    • (2007) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.71 , pp. 1419-1426
    • Sappington, J.M.1    Longshore, K.M.2    Thompson, D.R.3
  • 75
    • 0026077035 scopus 로고
    • Fire and woodland caribou in southeastern Manitoba
    • SCHAEFER, J. A., AND W. O. PRUITT. 1991. Fire and woodland caribou in southeastern Manitoba. Wildlife Monographs 116:1-39.
    • (1991) Wildlife Monographs , vol.11 , pp. 61-39
    • Schaefer, J.A.1    Pruitt, W.O.2
  • 76
    • 0028166085 scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen nutrition and isotope differences among life forms at the northern treeline in Alaska
    • SCHULZE, D., G. GEBAUER, AND F. S. CHAPIN. 1994. Nitrogen nutrition and isotope differences among life forms at the northern treeline in Alaska. Oecologia 100:406-412.
    • (1994) Oecologia , vol.100 , pp. 406-412
    • Schulze, D.1    Gebauer, G.2    Chapin, F.S.3
  • 77
    • 0002783399 scopus 로고
    • The winter diet of barren-ground caribou in northern canada
    • SCOTTER, G. W. 1967. The winter diet of barren-ground caribou in northern Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 81:31-38.
    • (1967) Canadian Field-Naturalist , vol.81 , pp. 31-38
    • Scotter, G.W.1
  • 79
    • 84976131616 scopus 로고
    • Fractionation of nitrogen isotopes by animals: A further complication to the use of variations in the natural abundance of 15N for tracer studies
    • STEELE, K. W., AND R. M. J. DANIEL. 1978. Fractionation of nitrogen isotopes by animals: a further complication to the use of variations in the natural abundance of 15N for tracer studies. Journal of Agricultural Science 90:7-9.
    • (1978) Journal of Agricultural Science , vol.90 , pp. 7-9
    • Steele, K.W.1    Daniel, R.M.J.2
  • 80
    • 0346934922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Niche partitioning among mule deer, elk, and cattle: Do stable isotopes reflect dietary niche?
    • STEWART, K. M., R. T. BOWYER, J. G. KIE, B. L. DICK, AND M. BENDAVID. 2003. Niche partitioning among mule deer, elk, and cattle: do stable isotopes reflect dietary niche? Ecoscience 10:297-302. (Pubitemid 38065979)
    • (2003) Ecoscience , vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp. 297-302
    • Stewart, K.M.1    Bowyer, R.T.2    Kie, J.G.3    Dick, B.L.4    Ben-David, M.5
  • 81
    • 0012944155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutritive value of terricolous lichens for reindeer in winter
    • DOI 10.1006/lich.2002.0394
    • STOREHEIER, P. V., S. D. MATHIESEN, N. C. TYLER, AND M. A. OLSEN. 2002a. Nutritive value of terricolous lichens for reindeer in winter. Lichenologist 34:247-257. (Pubitemid 38285552)
    • (2002) Lichenologist , vol.34 , Issue.3 , pp. 247-257
    • Storeheier, P.V.1    Mathiesen, S.D.2    Tyler, N.J.C.3    Olsen, M.A.4
  • 82
    • 0036768291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Utilization of nitrogen- and mineral-rich vascular forage plants by reindeer in winter
    • DOI 10.1017/S0021859602002344
    • STOREHEIER, P. V., S. D. MATHIESEN, N. C. TYLER, I. SCHJELDERUP, AND M. A. OLSEN. 2002b. Utilization of nitrogen-and mineral-rich vascular forage plants by reindeer in winter. Journal of Agricultural Science 139:151-160. (Pubitemid 36177998)
    • (2002) Journal of Agricultural Science , vol.139 , Issue.2 , pp. 151-160
    • Storeheier, P.V.1    Mathiesen, S.D.2    Tyler, N.J.C.3    Schjelderup, I.4    Olsen, M.A.5
  • 83
    • 0023282417 scopus 로고
    • Variations in natural 15n abundances in the tissues and digesta of domestic animals
    • SUTOH, M., T. KOYAMA, AND T. YONEYAMA. 1987. Variations in natural 15N abundances in the tissues and digesta of domestic animals. Radioisotopes 36:74-77.
    • (1987) Radioisotopes , vol.36 , pp. 74-77
    • Sutoh, M.1    Koyama, T.2    Yoneyama, T.3
  • 84
    • 77954458519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of subpopulations of North American elk (Cervus elaphus L.) using multiple lines of evidence: Habitat use, dietary choice, and fecal stable isotopes
    • WALTER, D. W., D. M. LESLIE, JR., E. C. HELLGREN, AND D. M. ENGLE. 2010. Identification of subpopulations of North American elk (Cervus elaphus L.) using multiple lines of evidence: habitat use, dietary choice, and fecal stable isotopes. Ecological Research 25:789-800.
    • (2010) Ecological Research , vol.25 , pp. 789-800
    • Walter, D.W.1    Leslie Jr., D.M.2    Hellgren, E.C.3    Engle, D.M.4
  • 85
    • 0032818216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mysteries of nitrogen balance
    • DOI 10.1079/095442299108728857
    • WATERLOW, J. C. 1999. The mysteries of nitrogen balance. Nutrition Research Reviews 12:25-54. (Pubitemid 29395039)
    • (1999) Nutrition Research Reviews , vol.12 , Issue.1 , pp. 25-54
    • Waterlow, J.C.1
  • 87
    • 28844476687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • YUKON DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT Yukon Department of Environment, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada
    • YUKON DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT. 2009. Digital elevation model (90 m). Yukon Department of Environment, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada.
    • (2009) Digital Elevation Model (90 M)
  • 88
    • 0004252445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 4th ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
    • ZAR, J. H. 1999. Biostatistical analysis. 4th ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
    • (1999) Biostatistical Analysis
    • Zar, J.H.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.