Integration of palliative care in chronic critical illness management

Respiratory Care

Volumn 57, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 1004-1012

  Nelson, Judith E ^a   Hope, Aluko A ^b  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Communication; Intensive care; Mechanical ventilation; Palliative care

Indexed keywords

CRITICAL ILLNESS; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; DOCTOR PATIENT RELATION; FAMILY COUNSELING; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; LONG TERM CARE; MANAGED CARE; MEDICAL DOCUMENTATION; MEDICAL ETHICS; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PALLIATIVE THERAPY; PATIENT ASSESSMENT; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; STRATEGIC PLANNING; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; CHRONIC DISEASE; ETHICS; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT;

CHRONIC DISEASE; COMMUNICATION; CRITICAL CARE; CRITICAL ILLNESS; ETHICS, MEDICAL; HUMANS; INTENSIVE CARE UNITS; PALLIATIVE CARE; PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS; RESPIRATION, ARTIFICIAL;

EID: 84863574775     PISSN: 00201324     EISSN: 19433654     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4187/respcare.01624     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Truog RD, Campbell ML, Curtis JR, Haas CE, Luce JM, Rubenfeld GD, et al. Recommendations for end-of-life care in the intensive care unit: a consensus statement by the American College [corrected] of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med 2008;36(3):953-963. Erratum in: Crit Care Med 2008;36(5):1699.
2. Lanken PN, Terry PB, Delisser HM, Fahy BF, Hansen-Flaschen J, Heffner JE, et al. An official American Thoracic Society clinical policy statement: palliative care for patients with respiratory diseases and critical illnesses. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;177(8): 912-927.
3. Selecky PA, Eliasson CA, Hall RI, Schneider RF, Varkey B, Mc-Caffree DR. Palliative and end-of-life care for patients with cardiopulmonary diseases: American College of Chest Physicians position statement. Chest 2005;128(5):3599-3610.
4. Temel JS, Greer JA, Muzikansky A, Gallagher ER, Admane S, Jackson VA, et al. Early palliative care for patients with metastatic nonsmall-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2010;363(8):733-742.
5. Bakitas M, Lyons KD, Hegel MT, Balan S, Brokaw FC, Seville J, et al. Effects of a palliative care intervention on clinical outcomes in patients with advanced cancer: the Project ENABLE II randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009;302(7):741-749.
6. Morrison RS, Penrod JD, Cassel JB, Caust-Ellenbogen M, Litke A, Spragens L, et al. Cost savings associated with US hospital palliative care consultation programs. Arch Intern Med 2008;168(16): 1783-1790.
7. Casarett D, Pickard A, Bailey FA, Ritchie C, Furman C, Rosenfeld K, et al. Do palliative consultations improve patient outcomes? J Am Geriatr Soc 2008;56(4):593-599.
8. Nelson JE, Cox CE, Hope AA, Carson SS. Concise clinical review: chronic critical illness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;182(4): 446-454.
9. Nelson JE, Meier DE, Litke A, Natale DA, Siegel RE, Morrison RS. The symptom burden of chronic critical illness. Crit Care Med 2004; 32(7):1527-1534.
10. Jubran A, Lawm G, Kelly J, Duffner LA, Gungor G, Collins EG, et al. Depressive disorders during weaning from prolonged mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med 2010;36(5):828-835.
11. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder. Washington DC: APA; 2000.
12. Payen JF, Bosson JL, Chanques G, Mantz J, Labarere J. Pain assessment is associated with decreased duration of mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit: a post hoc analysis of theDOLOREA study. Anesthesiology 2009;111(6):1308-1316.
13. Chang VT, Thaler HT, Polyak HT, Kornblith AB, Lepore JM, Portenoy RK. Quality of life and survival. Cancer 1998;83(1):173-179.
14. Covinsky KE, Kahana E, Chin MH, Palmer RM, Fortinsky RH, Landefeld CS. Depressive symptoms and 3-year mortality in older hospitalized medical patients. Ann Intern Med 1999;130(7): 563-569.
15. Nelson JE, Tandon N, Mercado AF, Camhi SL, Ely EW, Morrison RS. Brain dysfunction: another burden for the chronically critically ill. Arch Intern Med 2006;166(18):1993-1999.
16. Chang VT, Hwang SS, Kasimis B, Thaler HT. Shorter symptom assessment instruments: the Condensed Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (CMSAS). Cancer Invest 2004;22(4):526-536.
17. Bruera E, Kuehn N, Miller MJ, Selmser P, Macmillan K. The Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS): a simple method for the assessment of palliative care patients. J Pall Care 1991;7(2):6-9.
18. Melzack R. The short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire. Pain 1987; 30(2):191-197.
19. Chochinov HM, Wilson KG, Enns M, Lander S. "Are you depressed?" Screening for depression in the terminally ill Am J Psych 1997; 154(5):674-676.
20. Dorman S, Byrne A, Edwards A. Which measurement scales should we use to measure breathlessness in palliative care? A systematic review. Palliat Med 2007;21(3):177-191.
21. Payen JF, Bru O, Bosson JL, Lagrasta A, Novel E, Deschaux I, et al. Assessing pain in critically ill sedated patients by using a behavioral pain scale. Crit Care Med 2001;29(12):2258-2263.
22. Gelinas C, Fortier M, Viens C, Fillion L, Puntillo K. Pain assessment and management in critically ill intubated patients: a retrospective study. Am J Crit Care 2004;13(2):126-135.
23. Herr K, Coyne PJ, Key T, Manworren R, McCaffery M, Merkel S, et al. Pain assessment in the nonverbal patient: position statement with clinical practice recommendations. Pain Manag Nurs 2006; 7(2):44-52.
24. Campbell ML, Templin T, Walch J. A Respiratory Distress Observation Scale for patients unable to self-report dyspnea. J Palliat Med 2010;13(3):285-290.
25. Lee D, Higgins PA. Adjunctive therapies for the chronically critically ill. AACN Adv Crit Care 2010;21(1):92-106.
26. Pan CX, Morrison RS, Ness J, Fugh-Berman A, Leipzig RM. Complementary and alternative medicine in the management of pain, dyspnea, and nausea and vomiting near the end of life. A systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage 2000;20(5):374-387.
27. Tiseo P, Thaler HT, Lapin J, Inturrisi CE, Portenoy RK, Foley KM. Morphine-6-glururonide concentrations and opioid related side effects-a survey in cancer patients. Pain 1995;61(1):47-54.
28. Smith MT, Watt JA, Cramond T. Morphine-3-glucuronide: a potent antagonist of morphine analgesia. Life Sci 1990;47(6):579-585.
29. Center to Advance Palliative Care. http://www.capc.org/tools-forpalliative-care-programs/clinical-tools/pocket-clinical-cards/mssmpain-card.pdf. Accessed March 30, 2012.
30. Mahler DA, Selecky PA, Harrod CG, Benditt JO, Carrieri-Kohlman V, Curtis JR, et al. American College of Chest Physicians consensus statement on the management of dyspnea in patients with advanced lung or heart disease. Chest. 2010 Mar;137(3):674-691.
31. Nelson JE. Palliative care of the chronically critically ill patient. Crit Care Clin 2002;18(3):659-682.
32. Dews TE, Mekhail N. Safe use of opioids in chronic noncancer pain. Cleve Clin J Med 2004;71(11):897-904.
33. Radtke JV, Baumann BM, Garrett KL, Happ MB. Listening to the voiceless patient: case reports in assisted communication in the intensive care unit. J Palliat Med 2011;14(6):791-795.
34. Desai A, Rho L, Nelson J. Helping the chronically critically ill to communicate: speaking valve pilot trial (abstract). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009;179(1):A3083.
35. Rothenhausler HB, Ehrentraut S, von Degenfeld G, Weis M, Tichy M, Kilger E, et al. Treatment of depression with methylphenidate in patients difficult to wean from mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit. J Clin Psychiatry 2000;61(10):750-755.
36. Johnson CJ, Auger WR, Fedullo PF. Methylphenidate in the hard to wean patient. J Psychosom Res 1995;39(1):63-68.
37. Nelson JE, Kinjo K, Meier DE, Ahmad K, Morrison RS. When critical illness becomes chronic: informational needs of patients and families. J Crit Care 2005;20(1):79-89.
38. Unroe M, Kahn JM, Carson SS, Govert JA, Martinu T, Sathy SJ, et al. One-year trajectories of care and resource utilization for recip-ients of prolonged mechanical ventilation: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2010;153(3):167-175.
39. Cox CE, Martinu T, Sathy SJ, Clay AS, Chia J, Gray AL, et al. Expectations and outcomes of prolonged mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 2009;37(11):2888-2894.
40. Davidson JE, Powers K, Hedayat KM, Tieszen M, Kon AA, Shepard E, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for support of the family in the patient-centered intensive care unit: American College of Critical Care Medicine Task Force 2004-2005. Crit Care Med 2007;35(2): 605-622.
41. Kon AA. The shared decision-making continuum. JAMA 2010; 304(8):903-904.
42. Camhi SL, Mercado AF, Morrison RS, Du Q, Platt DM, August GI, et al. Deciding in the dark: advance directives and continuation of treatment in chronic critical illness. Crit Care Med 2009;37(3): 919-925.
43. Sulmasy DP, Terry PB, Weisman CS, Miller DJ, Stallings RY, Vettese MA, et al. The accuracy of substituted judgments in patients with terminal diagnoses. Ann Intern Med 1998;128(8):621-629.
44. Pochard F, Azoulay E, Chevret S, Lemaire F, Hubert P, Canoui P, et al. Symptoms of anxiety and depression in family members of intensive care unit patients: ethical hypothesis regarding decisionmaking capacity. Crit Care Med 2001;29(10):1893-1897.
45. Nelson JE, Cortez TB, Curtis JR, Lustbader D, Mosenthal AC, Mulkerin C, et al. Integrating palliative care in the ICU: the nurse in a leading role. J Hosp Palliat Nurs 2011;13(2):89-94.
46. Krimshtein NS, Luhrs CA, Puntillo K, Cortez TB, Livote EE, Penrod J, et al. Training nurses for interdisciplinary communication with families in the intensive care unit: an intervention. J Palliat Med 2011;14(12):1325-1332.
47. McDonagh JR, Elliott TB, Engelberg RA, Treece PD, Shannon SE, Rubenfeld GD, et al. Family satisfaction with family conferences about end-of-life care in the intensive care unit: increased proportion of family speech is associated with increased satisfaction. Crit Care Med 2004;32(7):1484-1487.
48. Back AL, Arnold RM, Baile WF, Tulsky JA, Fryer-Edwards K. Approaching difficult communication tasks in oncology. CA Cancer J Clin 2005;55(3):164-177.
49. Curtis JR, Engelberg RA, Wenrich MD, Shannon SE, Treece PD, Rubenfeld GD. Missed opportunities during family conferences about end-of-life care in the intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171(8):844-849.
50. Selph RB, Shiang J, Engelberg R, Curtis JR, White DB. Empathy and life support decisions in intensive care units. J Gen Intern Med 2008;23(9):1311-1317.
51. Back A, Arnold R, Tulsky J. Mastering communication with seriously ill patients: balancing honesty with empathy and hope. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2009.
52. Fogarty LA, Curbow BA, Wingard JR, McDonnell K, Somerfield MR. Can 40 seconds of compassion reduce patient anxiety? J Clin Oncol 1999;17(1):371-379.
53. Pollak KI, Arnold RM, Jeffreys AS, Alexander SC, Olsen MK, Abernethy AP, et al. Oncologist communication about emotion during visits with patients with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25(36):5748-5752.
54. Stapleton RD, Engelberg RA, Wenrich MD, Goss CH, Curtis JR. Clinician statements and family satisfaction with family conferences in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2006;34(6):1679-1685.
55. Widera EW, Rosenfeld KE, Fromme EK, Sulmasy DP, Arnold RM. Approaching patients and family members who hope for a miracle. J Pain Symptom Manage 2011;42(1):119-125.
56. Quill T, Arnold R, Back AL. Discussing treatment preferences with patients who want "everything". Ann Intern Med 2009;151(5): 345-349.
57. Nelson JE, Mercado AF, Camhi SL, Tandon N, Wallenstein S, August GI, et al. Communication about chronic critical illness. Arch Intern Med 2007;167(22):2509-2515.
58. Boyd EA, Lo B, Evans LR, Malvar G, Apatira L, Luce JM, et al. "It's not just what the doctor tells me:" factors that influence surrogate decision-makers' perceptions of prognosis. Crit Care Med 2010; 38(5):1270-1275.
59. Lee Char SJ, Evans LR, Malvar GL, White DB. A randomized trial of two methods to disclose prognosis to surrogate decision makers in intensive care units. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;182(7): 905-909.
60. Carson SS, Garrett J, Hanson LC, Lanier J, Govert J, Brake MC, et al. A prognostic model for one-year mortality in patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 2008;36(7): 2061-2069.
61. Society of Critical Care Medicine. Chronic critical illness in adults requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. http://www.myicucare. org/Support_Brochures/Pages/ChronicCriticalIllness.aspx. Accessed March 30, 2012.
62. Lautrette A, Darmon M, Megarbane B, Joly LM, Chevret S, Adrie C, et al. A communication strategy and brochure for relatives of patients dying in the ICU. N Engl J Med 2007;356(5):469-478.
63. Azoulay E, Pochard F, Chevret S, Jourdain M, Bornstain C, Wernet A, et al. Impact of a family information leaflet on effectiveness of information provided to family members of intensive care unit patients: a multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165(4):438-442.
64. Nelson JE, Walker AS, Luhrs CA, Cortez TB, Pronovost PJ. Family meetings made simpler: a toolkit for the intensive care unit. J Crit Care 2009;24(4):626. e7-e14.
65. IPAC-ICU Project. Meeting with the ICU team: a guide for families. http://www.capc.org/ipal-icu/patient-family-resources/meetingwith-the-icu-team-a-guide-for-families.pdf. Accessed September 3, 2011.
66. Center to Advance Palliative Care. http://www.capc.org/signup? tool_/clinical-tools/patient-assessment. Accessed March 30, 2012.
67. Department of Health and Human Services; Centers for Medicare and Medicaid. Medicare claims processing. Pub. 100-04. Washington DC: CMS; July 2008. http://www.cms.gov/Transmittals/ downloads/R1548CP.pdf. Accessed March 30, 2012.
68. Swoboda SM, Lipsett PA. Impact of a prolonged surgical critical illness on patients' families. Am J Crit Care 2002;11(5):459-466.
69. Van Pelt DC, Milbrandt EB, Qin L, Weissfeld LA, Rotondi AJ, Schulz R, et al. Informal caregiver burden among survivors of prolonged mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175(2):167-173.
70. Choi J, Donahoe MP, Zullo TG, Hoffman LA. Caregivers of the chronically critically ill after discharge from the intensive care unit: six months' experience. Am J Crit Care 2011;20(1):12-22.
71. Schulz R, Beach SR. Caregiving as a risk factor for mortality: the Caregiver Health Effects Study. JAMA 1999;282(23):2215-2219.
72. Douglas SL, Daly BJ. Caregivers of long-term ventilator patients: physical and psychological outcomes. Chest 2003;123(4):1073-1081.
73. Douglas SL, Daly BJ, O'Toole E, Hickman RL Jr. Depression among white and nonwhite caregivers of the chronically critically ill. J Crit Care 2010;25(2):364, e311-e369.
74. Im K, Belle SH, Schulz R, Mendelsohn AB, Chelluri L. Prevalence and outcomes of caregiving after prolonged (> or =48 hours) mechanical ventilation in the ICU. Chest 2004;125(2):597-606.
75. Azoulay E, Pochard F, Kentish-Barnes N, Chevret S, Aboab J, Adrie C, et al. Risk of post-traumatic stress symptoms in family members of intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171(9):987-994.
76. Jones C, Skirrow P, Griffiths RD, Humphris G, Ingleby S, Eddleston J, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder-related symptoms in relatives of patients following intensive care. Intensive Care Med 2004;30(3): 456-460.
77. Anderson WG, Arnold RM, Angus DC, Bryce CL. Posttraumatic stress and complicated grief in family members of patients in the intensive care unit. J Gen Intern Med 2008;23(11):1871-1876.
78. Paparrigopoulos T, Melissaki A, Efthymiou A, Tsekou H, Vadala C, Kribeni G, et al. Short-term psychological impact on family members of intensive care unit patients. J Psychosom Res 2006;61(5): 719-722.
79. Hickman RL, Jr., Douglas SL. Impact of chronic critical illness on the psychological outcomes of family members. AACN Adv Crit Care 2010;21(1):80-91.
80. Siegel MD, Hayes E, Vanderwerker LC, Loseth DB, Prigerson HG. Psychiatric illness in the next of kin of patients who die in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2008;36(6):1722-1728.
81. Douglas SL, Daly BJ, Kelley CG, O'Toole E, Montenegro H. Impact of a disease management program upon caregivers of chronically critically ill patients. Chest 2005;128(6):3925-3936.
82. Daly BJ, Douglas SL, Kelley CG, O'Toole E, Montenegro H. Trial of a disease management program to reduce hospital readmissions of the chronically critically ill. Chest 2005;128(2):507-517.
83. Nelson JE, Bassett R, Boss RD, Brasel K, Campbell ML, Cortez TB, et al. Models for structuring a clinical initiative to enhance palliative care in the intensive care unit: a report from the Improve Palliative Care in the ICU (IPAL-ICU) Project and the Center to Advance Palliative Care. Crit Care Med 2010;38(9):1765-1772.
84. Center to Advance Palliative Care. Growth of palliative care in US hospitals: 2011 snapsnot. http://www.capc.org/news-and-events/ releases/capc-growth-snapshot-2011.pdf. Accessed March 30, 2012.
85. Keay TJ, Schonwetter RS. The case for hospice care in long-term care environments. Clin Geriatr Med 2000;16(2):211-223.
86. Papa-Kanaan JM, Sicilian L. Ethical issues in the chronically critically ill patient. Clin Chest Med 2001;22(1):209-217.
87. Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. Principles of biomedical ethics. New York: Oxford University Press; 2009:135-140.
88. Burns JP, Truog RD. Futility: a concept in evolution. Chest 2007; 132(6):1987-1993.
89. Schneiderman LJ, Gilmer T, Teetzel HD, Dugan DO, Blustein J, Cranford R, et al. Effect of ethics consultations on nonbeneficial life-sustaining treatments in the intensive care setting: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290(9):1166-1172.