Towards high-power mid-infrared emission from a fibre laser

Nature Photonics

Volumn 6, Issue 7, 2012, Pages 423-431

  Jackson, Stuart D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84863485093     PISSN: 17494885     EISSN: 17494893     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2012.149     Document Type: Review

References (133)

1. Snitzer, E. et al. Double clad, offset core Nd fiber laser in Optical Fiber Sensors, Vol. 2, paper PD5 of OSA Technical Digest Series (OSA, 1988).
2. Zenteno, L. High-power double clad fiber lasers. J. Lightwave Technol. 11, 1435-1446 (1993).
3. Jeong, Y., Sahu, J. K., Payne, D. N. & Nilsson, J. Ytterbium-doped large-core fiber laser with 1.36 kW continuous-wave output power. Opt. Express 12, 6088-6092 (2004).
4. Poole, S. B., Payne, D. N. & Fermann M. E. Fabrication of low-loss optical fibers containing rare earth ions. Electron. Lett. 21, 737-738 (1985).
5. Faist, J. et al. Quantum cascade laser. Science 264, 553-556 (1994).
6. Vurgaftman, I. & Meyer, J. R. Analysis of limitations to wallplug efficiency and output power for quantum cascade lasers. J. Appl. Phys. 99, 123108 (2006).
7. Deloach, L. D. et al. Transition metal-doped zinc chalcogenides: Spectroscopy and laser demonstration of a new class of gain media. IEEE J. Quant. Electron. 32, 885-895 (1996).
8. Sanghera, J. et al. Ceramic laser materials. Materials 5, 258-277 (2012).
9. http://www.ipgphotonics.com/.
10. Sorokin, E., Naumov, S. & Sorokina, I. T. Ultrabroadband infrared solid-state lasers. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. Electron. 11, 690-712 (2005).
11. Garbuzov, D. Z. et al. 2.3-2.7 μm room temperature CW operation of InGaAsSb-AlGaAsSb broad waveguide SCH-QW diode lasers. IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett. 11, 794-796 (1999).
12. Vodopyanov, K. L. Mid-infrared optical parametric generator with extra-wide (3-19 μm) tunability: Applications for spectroscopy of two dimensional electrons in quantum wells. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 16, 1579-1586 (1999).
13. Shen, Y. et al. PPMgLN based high power optical parametric oscillator pumped by Yb3+-doped fiber amplifier incorporating active pulse shaping. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. Electron. 15, 385-392 (2009).
14. Pask, H. M. et al. Ytterbium-doped silica fiber lasers - versatile sources for the 1-12 μm region. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. Electron. 1, 2-13 (1995).
15. Offerhaus, H. L. et al. High-energy single-transverse-mode Q-switched fiber laser based on a multimode large-mode-area erbium-doped fiber. Opt. Lett. 23, 1683-1685 (1998).
16. Knight, J. C. et al. Large mode area photonic crystal fibre. Electron. Lett. 34, 1347-1348 (1998).
17. Rottwitt, K. et al. Scaling of the Raman gain coefficient: Applications to germanosilicate fibers. J. Lightwave Technol. 21, 1652-1662 (2003).
18. Koponen, J. J., Söderlund, M. J., Hoffman, H. J. & Tammela, S. K. T. Measuring photodarkening from single-mode ytterbium doped silica fibers. Opt. Express 14, 11539-11544 (2006).
19. Jetschke, S., Unger, S., Röpke, U. & Kirchhof, J. Photodarkening in Yb doped fibers: Experimental evidence of equilibrium states depending on the pump power. Opt. Express 15, 14838-14843 (2007).
20. Fomin, V. et al. 10 kW single-mode fiber laser, presented at the 5th International Symposium on High-Power Fiber Lasers and Their Applications (2010).
21. Jeong, Y. et al. Erbium:ytterbium codoped large-core fiber laser with 297 W continuous-wave output power. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. Electron. 13, 573-579 (2007).
22. Ehrenreich, T. et al. 1 kW, all-glass Tm:fiber laser. SPIE Photonics West 2010: LASE, Fibre Lasers VII: Technology, Systems and Applications, Conference 7850 (2010).
23. Hemming, A. V. et al. Development of resonantly cladding-pumped holmium-doped fibre lasers. Proc. SPIE 8237, 82371J (2012).
24. Tokita, S. et al. Liquid-cooled 24 W mid-infrared Er:ZBLAN fiber laser. Opt. Lett. 34, 3062-3064 (2009).
25. Jackson, S. D. Single-transverse-mode 2.5-W holmium-doped fluoride fiber laser operating at 2.86 μm. Opt. Lett. 29, 334-336 (2004).
26. Li, J., Hudson, D. D. & Jackson S. D. High-power diode-pumped fiber laser operating at 3 μm. Opt. Lett. 36, 3642-3644 (2011).
27. Carbonnier, C., Többen, H., Unrau, U. B. Room temperature CW fibre laser at 3.22 μm. Electron. Lett. 34, 893-894 (1998).
28. Tobben, H. Room temperature CW fibre laser at 3.5 μm in Er3+-doped ZBLAN glass. Electron. Lett. 28, 1361-1363 (1992).
29. Schneider, J., Carbonnier, C. & Unrau, U. B. Characterization of a Ho3+-doped fluoride fiber laser with a 3.9 μm emission wavelength. Appl. Opt. 36, 8595-8600 (1997).
30. Brown, D. C. & Hoffman, H. J. Thermal, stress, and thermo-optic effects in high average power double-clad silica fiber lasers. IEEE J. Quant. Electron. 37, 207-217 (2001).
31. Esterowitz, L., Eckardt, R. C., Allen, R. E. Long-wavelength stimulated-emission via cascade laser action in Ho-YLF. Appl. Phys. Lett. 35, 236-239 (1979).
32. International Standard ISO 20473 'Optics and Photonics - Spectral bands' (2007).
33. Eichhorn, M. & Jackson, S. D. Comparative study of continuous wave Tm3+-doped silica and fluoride fiber lasers. Appl. Phys. B 90, 35-41 (2008).
34. Jackson, S. D. et al. High-power 83 W holmium-doped silica fiber laser operating with high beam quality. Opt. Lett. 32, 241-243 (2007).
35. El-Agmy, R. M. & Al-Hosiny, N. M. 2.31 μm laser under up-conversion pumping at 1.064 μm in Tm3+:ZBLAN fibre lasers. Electron. Lett. 46, 936-937 (2010).
36. Jackson, S. D. Continuous wave 2.9 μm dysprosium-doped fluoride fiber laser. Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1316-1318 (2003).
37. Greaves, G. N. EXAFS and the structure of glass. J. Non-cryst. Solids 71, 203-217 (1985).
38. Caro, P., Beaury, O. & Antic, E. Nephelauxetic effect for 4fN configurations in solid-state. J. Phys.-Paris 37, 671-676 (1976).
39. Hanna, D. C., Percival, R. M., Smart, R. G. & Tropper A. C. Efficient and tunable operation of a Tm-doped fibre laser. Opt. Commun. 75, 283-286 (1990).
40. Jackson, S. D. & King, T. A. High-power diode-cladding-pumped Tm-doped silica fiber laser. Opt. Lett. 23, 1462-1464 (1998).
41. Hayward, R. A. et al. Efficient cladding-pumped Tm-doped silica fibre laser with high power singlemode output at 2 μm. Electron. Lett. 36, 711-712 (2000).
42. Moulton, P. F. et al. Tm-doped fiber lasers: Fundamentals and power scaling. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. Electron. 15, 85-92 (2009).
43. Clarkson, W. A. et al. High-power cladding-pumped Tm-doped silica fiber laser with wavelength tuning from 1860 to 2090 nm. Opt. Lett. 27, 1989-1991 (2002).
44. Jackson, S. D. Cross relaxation and energy transfer upconversion processes relevant to the functioning of 2 μm Tm3+-doped silica fibre lasers. Opt. Commun. 230, 197-203 (2004).
45. Jackson, S. D. Midinfrared holmium fiber lasers. IEEE J. Quant. Electron. 42, 187-191 (2006).
46. Oh, K. et al. Continuous-wave oscillation of thulium-sensitized holmium-doped silica fiber laser. Opt. Lett. 19, 278-280 (1994).
47. Jackson, S. D., Bugge, F. & Erbert, G. Directly diode-pumped holmium fiber lasers. Opt. Lett. 32, 2496-2498 (2007).
48. Tokita, S. et al. Stable 10 W Er:ZBLAN fiber laser operating at 2.71-2.88 μm. Opt. Lett. 35, 3943-3945 (2010).
49. Faucher, D. et al. 20 W passively cooled single-mode all-fiber laser at 2.8 μm. Opt. Lett. 36, 1104-1106 (2011).
50. Bernier, M. et al. Bragg gratings photoinduced in ZBLAN fibers by femtosecond pulses at 800 nm. Opt. Lett. 32, 454-456 (2007).
51. Faucher, D., Bernier, M., Caron, N. & Vallee, R. Erbium-doped all-fiber laser at 2.94 μm. Opt. Lett. 34, 3313-3315 (2009).
52. Gorjan, M., Marincek, M. & Copic, M. Role of interionic processes in the efficiency and operation of erbium-doped fluoride fiber lasers. IEEE J. Quant. Electron. 47, 262-273 (2011).
53. Schneider, J. Mid-infrared fluoride fiber lasers in multiple cascade operation. IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett. 7, 354-356 (1995).
54. Pollnau, M. et al. Three-transition cascade erbium laser at 1.7, 2.7, and 1.6 μm. Opt. Lett. 22, 612-614 (1997).
55. Jackson, S. D. High-power erbium cascade fibre laser. Electron. Lett. 45, 830-832 (2009).
56. Li, J. & Jackson, S. D. Numerical modeling and optimization of diode pumped heavily-erbium-doped fluoride fiber lasers. IEEE J. Quant. Electron. 48, 454-464 (2012).
57. Wetenkamp, L., West, G. F. & Tobben. H. Optical properties of rare earth-doped ZBLAN glasses. J. Non-cryst. Solids 140, 35-40 (1992).
58. Hruby, A. Evaluation of glass-forming tendency by means of DTA. Czech J. Phys. B22, 1187-1193 (1972).
59. Tünnermann, A. et al. The renaissance and bright future of fibre lasers. J. Phys. B 38, S681-S693 (2005).
60. Layne, C. B., Lowdermilk, W. H. & Weber, M. J. Multiphonon relaxation of rare-earth ions in oxide glasses. Phys. Rev. B 16, 10-20 (1977).
61. Saito, K. et al. Limit of the Rayleigh scattering loss in silica fiber. Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 5175-5177 (2003).
62. Arai, K. et al. Aluminium or phosphorous co-doping effects on the fluorescence properties of neodymium-doped silica glass. J. Appl. Phys. 59, 3430-3436 (1986).
63. Sacks, Z. S., Schiffer, Z. & David, D. Long wavelength operation of double-clad Tm:silica fiber lasers. Proc. SPIE 6453, 645320 (2007).
64. Zhu, X. & Peyghambarian, N. High-power ZBLAN glass fiber lasers: Review and prospect. Adv. Optoelectron. 2010, 501956 (2010).
65. Ohsawa, K., Shibata, T., Nakamura, K. & Yoshida, S. Fluorozirconate glasses for infrared transmitting optical fibers. Paper 1.1, Technical Digest, 7th European Conference on Optical Communication (1981).
66. Mitachi, S., Miyashita, T. & Kanamori, T. Fluoride-glass cladded optical fibers for mid-infra-red ray transmission. Electron. Lett. 17, 591-592 (1981).
67. Tran, D. C., Fisher, C. F. & Sigel, G. H. Jr. Fluoride glass performs prepared by a rotation casting process. Electron. Lett. 18, 657-658 (1982).
68. Carter, S. F. et al. Low loss fluoride fibre by reduced pressure casting. Electron. Lett. 26, 2115-2117 (1990).
69. Almeida, R. M. & Mackenzie, J. D. Vibrational spectra and structure of fluorozirconate glasses. J. Chem. Phys. 74, 5954-5961 (1981).
70. Day, C. R. et al. Fluoride fibres for optical transmission. Opt. Quant. Electron. 22, 259-277 (1990).
71. Zhu, X. & Jain, R. 10-W-level diode-pumped compact 2.78 μm ZBLAN fiber laser. Opt. Lett. 32, 26-28 (2007).
72. Fortin, V., Bernier, M., Carrier, J. & Vallée, R. Fluoride glass Raman fiber laser at 2185 nm. Opt. Lett. 36, 4152-4154 (2011).
73. Wang, J., et al. Fabrication and optical-properties of lead-germanate glasses and a new class of optical fiber lasers doped with Tm3+, J. Appl. Phys. 73, 8066-8075 (1993).
74. Lincoln J. R. et al. New class of fibre laser based on lead-germanate glass. Electron. Lett. 28, 1021-1022 (1992).
75. Wu, J., Yao, Z., Zong, J. & Jiang, S. Highly efficient high-power thulium-doped germanate glass fiber laser. Opt. Lett. 32, 638-640 (2007).
76. Geng, J., Wu, J., Jiang, S. & Yu, J. Efficient operation of diode-pumped single-frequency thulium-doped fiber lasers near 2 μm. Opt. Lett. 32, 355-357 (2007).
77. Mori, A., Ohishi, Y. & Sudo, S. Erbium-doped tellurite glass fibre laser and amplifier. Electron. Lett. 33, 863-864 (1997).
78. Gomes, L. et al. Energy level decay and excited state absorption processes in erbium-doped tellurite glass. J. Appl. Phys. 110, 083111 (2011).
79. Eggleton, B. J., Luther-Davies, B. & Richardson, K. Chalcogenide photonics. Nature Photon. 5, 141-148 (2011).
80. Julien, C. et al. Raman and infrared spectroscopic studies of Ge-Ga-Ag sulfide glasses. Mat. Sci. Eng. B22, 191-200 (1994).
81. Weszka, J. et al. Raman scattering in In2Se3 and InSe2 amorphous films. J. Non-cryst. Solids 265, 98-104 (2000).
82. Uemura, O., Hayasaka, N., Tokairin, S. & Usuki, T. Local atomic arrangement in Ge-Te and Ge-S-Te glasses. J. Non-cryst. Solids 205, 189-193 (1996).
83. Maurugeon, S. et al. Telluride glass step index fiber for the far infrared. J. Lightwave Technol. 28, 3358-3363 (2010).
84. Schweizer, T., Hewak, D. W., Samson, B. N., Payne, D. N. Spectroscopic data of the 1.8-, 2.9- and 4.3-μm transitions in dysprosium-doped gallium lanthanum sulfide glass. Opt. Lett. 21, 1594-1596 (1996).
85. Schweizer, T. et al. Rare-earth doped chalcogenide glass laser. Electron. Lett. 32, 666-667 (1996).
86. Brady, D. J. & Schweizer, T. Minimum loss predictions and measurements in gallium lanthanum sulfide based glasses and fibers. J. Non-cryst. Solids 242, 92-98 (1998).
87. Seddon, A. B. et al. Progress in rare-earth-doped mid-infrared fiber lasers. Opt. Express 18, 26704-26719 (2010).
88. Aggarwal, I. D. & Sanghera, J. S. Development and applications of chalcogenide glass optical fibers at NRL. J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mat. 4, 665-678 (2002).
89. Nelson, L. E., Ippen, E. P. & Haus, H. A. Broadly tunable sub-500 fs pulses from an additive-pulse mode-locked thulium-doped fiber ring laser. Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 19-21 (1995).
90. Sharp, R. C., Spock, D. E., Pan, N. & Elliot, J. 190-fs passively mode-locked thulium fiber laser with a low threshold. Opt. Lett. 21, 881-883 (1996).
91. Solodyankn, M. A. et al. Mode-locked 1.93 μm thulium laser with a carbon nanotube absorber. Opt. Lett. 33, 1336-1338 (2008).
92. Imeshev, I. & Fermann, M. E. 230-kW peak power femtosecond pulses from a high power tunable source based on amplification in Tm-doped fiber. Opt. Express 13, 7424-7431 (2005).
93. Engelbrecht, M., Haxsen, F., Ruehl, A., Wandt, D. & Kracht, D. Ultrafast thulium-doped fiber-oscillator with pulse energy of 4.3 nJ. Opt. Lett. 33, 690-692 (2008).
94. Haxsen, F. et al. Pulse energy of 151-nJ from ultrafast thulium-doped chirped-pulse fiber amplifier. Opt. Lett. 35, 2991-2993 (2010).
95. El-Sherif, A. F. & King, T. A. High-peak-power operation of a Q-switched Tm3+-doped silica fiber laser operating near 2 μm. Opt. Lett. 28, 22-24 (2003).
96. Eichhorn, M. & Jackson, S. D. High-pulse-energy actively Q-switched Tm3+-doped silica 2 μm fiber laser pumped at 792 nm. Opt. Lett. 32, 2780-2782 (2007).
97. Jiang, M. & Tayebati, P. Stable 10 ns, kilowatt peak-power pulse generation from a gain-switched Tm-doped fiber laser. Opt. Lett. 32, 1797-1799 (2007).
98. Ding, J. W. et al. A monolithic thulium doped single mode fiber laser with 1.5 ns pulsewidth and 8 kW peak power. Proc. SPIE 7914, 79140X (2011).
99. Tokita, S. et al. 12 W Q-switched Er:ZBLAN fiber laser at 2.8 μm. Opt. Lett. 36, 2812-2814 (2011).
100. Gorjan, M., Petkovšek, R., Marinček, M. & Copič, M. High-power pulsed diode-pumped Er:ZBLAN fiber laser. Opt. Lett. 36, 1923-1925 (2011).
101. Hu, T., Hudson, D. D. & Jackson, S. D. Actively Q-switched 2.9 μm Ho3+Pr3+-doped fluoride fiber laser. Opt. Lett. 37, 2145-2147 (2012).
102. Li, J., Hu, T. & Jackson, S. D. Q-switched fiber cascade laser. Opt. Lett. 37, 2208-2210 (2012).
103. Eichhorn, M. High-peak-power Tm-doped double-clad fluoride fiber amplifier. Opt. Lett. 30, 3329-3331 (2005).
104. Hale, G. M. & Querry, M. R. Optical-constants of water in 200-nm to 200-μm wavelength region. Appl. Opt. 12, 555-563 (1973).
105. Fried, N. M. & Murray, K. E. New technologies in enodurology - high power thulium fiber laser ablation of urinary tissues at 1.94 μm. J. Endourol. 19, 25-31 (2005).
106. Bach, T., Herrman, T. R., Cellarius, C. & Gross, A. J. Bladder neck incision using a 70 W, 2 micron continuous wave laser (RevoLix). World J. Urol. 25, 263-267 (2007).
107. Fried, N. M. High-power laser vaporization of the canine prostrate using a 110 W thulium fiber laser at 1.91 μm. Las. Surg. Med. 36, 52-56 (2005).
108. Xia, S. J. et al. Thulium fiber laser versus standard transurethral resection of the prostrate: A randomized prospective trial. Eur. Urol. 53, 382-390 (2008).
109. Kourambas, J., Delvecchio, F. C. & Preminger, G. M. Low-power holmium laser for the management of urinary tract calculi, strictures and tumors. J. Endourol. 15, 529-532 (2001).
110. Bui, M. H. et al. Less smoke and minimal tissue carbonization using a thulium laser for laparoscopic partial nephrectomy without hilar clamping in a porcine model. J. Endourol. 21, 1107-1111 (2007).
111. Bilici, T. et al. Development of a thulium (Tm:YAP) laser system for brain tissue ablation. Las. Med. Sci. 26, 699-706 (2011).
112. Chen, B. et al. Histological and modeling study of skin thermal injury to 2 μm laser radiation. Las. Surg. Med. 40, 358-370 (2008).
113. Zeitels, S. M. et al. Office-based and microlaryngeal applications of fiber-based thulium laser. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 115, 891-896 (2006).
114. Burns, J. A. et al. Thermal damage during thulium laser dissection of laryngeal soft tissue is reduced with air cooling: Ex vivo calf model study. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 116, 853-857 (2007).
115. Pierce, M. C., Jackson S. D., Dickinson, M. R. & King T. A. Laser-tissue interaction with a high-power 2 μm fiber laser: Preliminary studies with soft tissue. Las. Surg. Med. 25, 407-413 (1999).
116. Hazey, J. W. et al. Natural-orifice transgastric endoscopic peritoneoscopy in humans: Initial clinical trial. Surg. Endosc. 22, 16-20 (2008).
117. Pierce, M. C. et al. Laser-tissue interaction with a continuous wave 3 μm fiber laser: Preliminary studies with soft tissue. Las. Surg. Med. 26, 491-495 (2000).
118. Anderson R. R. et al. Selective photothermolysis of lipid-rich tissues: A free electron study. Las. Surg. Med. 38, 913-919 (2006).
119. Peavy, G. M., Reinisch, L., Payne, J. T. & Venugopalan, V. Comparison of cortical bone ablations by using infrared laser wavelengths 2.9 to 9.2 μm. Las. Surg. Med. 26, 421-434 (1999).
120. Edwards, G. et al. Tissue ablation by a free-electron laser tuned to the amide II band. Nature 371, 416-419 (1994).
121. Lippert, E. et al. Midinfrared laser source with high power and beam quality. Appl. Opt. 45, 3839-3845 (2006).
122. Kieleck, C. et al. High-efficiency 20-50 kHz mid-infrared orientation-patterned GaAs optical parametric oscillator pumped by a 2 μm holmium laser. Opt. Lett. 34, 262-264 (2009).
123. Creeden, D. et al. Mid-infrared ZnGeP2 parametric oscillator directly pumped by a pulsed 2 μm Tm-doped fiber laser. Opt. Lett. 33, 315-317 (2008).
124. Kulkarni, O. P. et al. Supercontinuum generation from -1.9 to 4.5 μm in ZBLAN fiber with high average power generation beyond 3.8 μm using a thulium-doped fiber amplifier. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 28, 2486-2498 (2011).
125. Phillips, C. R. et al.Self-referenced frequency comb from a Tm-fiber amplifier via PPLN waveguide supercontinuum generation. Paper PDPA5 in CLEO:2011 - Laser Applications to Photonic Applications, OSA Technical Digest (OSA, 2011).
126. Zhang, J., Fromzel, V. & Dubinskii, M. Resonantly cladding-pumped Yb-free Er-doped LMA fiber laser with record high power and efficiency. Opt. Express 19, 5574-5578 (2011).
127. Meleshkevich, M. et al. 415W single-mode CW thulium fiber laser in all-fiber format. Paper CP2-3 in CLEO/Europe and IQEC 2007 Conference Digest (OSA, 2007).
128. Modsching, N. et al. Lasing in thulium-doped polarizing photonic crystal fiber. Opt. Lett. 36, 3873-3875 (2011).
129. Fan, T. Y. Laser beam combining for high-power, high-radiance sources. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. Electron. 11, 567-577 (2005).
130. Shaw, L. B. et al. Mid-wave IR and long-wave IR laser potential of rare-earth doped chalcogenide glass fiber. IEEE J. Quant. Electron. 48, 1127-1137 (2001).
131. Nagli, L., Gayer, O. & Katzir, A. Middle-infrared luminescence of praseodymium ions in silver halide crystals and fibers. Opt. Lett. 30, 1831-1833 (2005).
132. Rave, E. et al. Silver halide photonic crystal fibers for the middle infrared. Appl. Opt. 43, 2236-2241 (2004).
133. Jones, A. M. et al. Mid-infrared gas filled photonic crystal fiber laser based on population inversion. Opt. Express 19, 2309-2316 (2011).