Bacterial biosorption: A technique for remediation of heavy metals

Microbes and Microbial Technology: Agricultural and Environmental Applications

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 283-319

  Ansari, Mohd Ikram ^a   Masood, Farhana ^a   Malik, Abdul ^a  

^a ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Bacteria; Biosorption; Contaminated soil; Heavy metal

Indexed keywords

EID: 84863439934     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7931-5_12     Document Type: Chapter

References (180)

1. Agarwal, G. S., Bhuptawat, H. K., and Chaudhari, S. 2006. Biosorption of aqueous chromium(VI) by Tamarindus indica seeds. Bioresour. Technol. 97:949-956.
2. Akar, T., Tunali, S., and Kiran, I. 2005. Botrytis cinerea as a new fungal biosorbent for removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions. Biochem. Eng. J. 25:227-235.
3. Akar, T., Kaynak, Z., Ulusoy, S., Yuvaci, D., Ozsari, G., and Akar, S. T. 2009. Enhanced biosorption of nickel(II) ions by silica-gel-immobilized waste biomass: biosorption characteristics in batch and dynamic flow mode. J. Hazard. Mater. 163:1134-1141.
4. Aksu, Z. 2005. Application of biosorption for the removal of organic pollutants: A review. Process Biochem. 40:997-1026.
5. Aksu, Z., and Gönen, F. 2004. Biosorption of phenol by immobilized activated sludge in a continuous packed bed: prediction of breakthrough curves. Process Biochem. 39:599-613.
6. Aksu, Z., Acikel, U., Kabasakal, E., and Tezer, S. 2002. Equilibrium modelling of individual and simultaneous biosorption of chromium(VI) and nickel(II) onto dried activated sludge. Water Res. 36:3063-3073.
7. Al-Rub, F. A. A. 2006. Biosorption of zinc on palm tree leaves: equilibrium, kinetics, and thermodynamics studies. Sep. Sci. Technol. 41:3499-3515.
8. Amarasinghe, B. M. W. P. K., and Williams, R. A. 2007. Tea waste as a low cost adsorbent for the removal of Cu and Pb from wastewater. Chem. Eng. J. 132:299-309.
9. Antizar-Ladislao, A., and Galil, N. I. (2004). Biosorption of phenol and chlorophenols by acclimated residential biomass under bioremediation conditions in a sandy aquifer. Water. Res. 38:267-276.
10. Apiratikul, R., and Pavasant, P. 2008. Batch and column studies of biosorption of heavy metals by Caulerpa lentillifera. Bioresour. Technol. 99:2766-2777.
11. Arica, M. A., Kacar, Y., and Genc, O. 2001. Entrapment of white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor in Ca-alginate beads: preparation and biosorption kinetic analysis for cadmium removal from an aqueous solution. Bioresour. Technol. 80:121-129.
12. Arica, M. A., Bayremoglu, G., Yilmaz, M., Bektas, S., and Genc, O. 2004. Biosorption of Hg2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+ by Ca-alginate and immobilized wood-rotting fungus Funalia trogii. J. Hazard. Mater. B 109:191-199.
13. Aydin, H., Bulut, Y., and Yerlikaya, C. 2008. Removal of copper (II) fromaqueous solution by adsorption onto low-cost adsorbents. J. Environ. Manage. 87:37-45.
14. Bae, W., Mulchandani, A., and Chen, W. 2002. Cell surface display of synthetic phytochelatins using ice nucleation protein for enhanced heavy metal bioaccumulation, J. Inorg. Biochem. 88:223-227.
15. Bae, W., Wu, C. H., Kostal, J., Mulchandani, A., and Chen, W. 2003. Enhanced mercury biosorption by bacterial cells with surface-displayed MerR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:3176-3180.
16. Baral, S. S., Das, S. N., and Rath, P. 2006. Hexavalent chromium removal fromaqueous solution by adsorption on treated sawdust. Biochem. Eng. J. 31:216-222.
17. Baral, S. S., Das, S. N., Rath, P., Roy Chaudhury, P. G., and Swamy, Y. V. 2007. Removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution using waste weed, Salvinia cucullata. Chem. Ecol. 23:105-117.
18. Basha, S., Murthy, Z. V. P., and Jha, B. 2008. Sorption of Hg(II) from aqueous solutions onto Carica papaya: Application of isotherms. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 47:980-986.
19. Beolchini, F., Pagnanelli, F., Toro, L., and Vegliò, F. 2003. Biosorption of copper by Sphaerotilus natans immobilised in polysulfone matrix: equilibrium and kinetic analysis. Hydrometallurgy. 70:101-112.
20. Beolchini, F., Pagnanelli, F., Toro, L., and Vegliò, F. 2006. Ionic strength effect on copper biosorption by Sphaerotilus natans: equilibrium study and dynamic modelling in membrane reactor. Water. Res. 40:144-152.
21. Beveridge, T. J. 1989. Role of cellular design in bacterial metal accumulation and mineralization. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 43:147-171.
22. Beveridge, T. J. 2001. Use of the gram stain in microbiology. Biotech. Histochem. 76:111-8.
23. Bueno, B. Y. M., Torem, M. L., Molina, F., and de Mesquita, L. M. S. 2008. Biosorption of lead(II), chromium(III) and copper(II) by R. opacus: equilibrium and kinetic studies. Miner. Eng. 21:65-75.
24. Cabuk, A., Akar, T., Tunali, S., and Gedikli, S. 2007. Biosorption of Pb(II) by industrial strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized on the biomatrix of cone biomass of Pinus nigra: equilibrium and mechanism analysis. Chem. Eng. J. 131:293-300.
25. Calfa, B. A., and Torem, M. L. 2008. On the fundamentals of Cr(III) removal from liquid streams by a bacterial strain. Miner. Eng. 21:48-54.
26. Cayllahua, J. E. B., de Carvalho, R. J., and Torem, M. L. 2009. Evaluation of equilibrium, kineticand thermodynamic parameters for biosorption of nickel(II) ions onto bacteria strain, Rhodococcus opacus. Miner. Eng. 22:1318-1325.
27. Chen, S. L., Kim, E., Shuler, M. L., and Wilson, D. B. 1998. Hg removal by genetically engineered Escherichia coli in a hollow fiber bioreactor. Biotechnol. Prog. 14:667-671.
28. Chen, X. C., Wang, Y. P., Lin, Q., Shi, J. Y., Wu, W. X., and Chen, Y. X. 2005. Biosorption of copper(II) and zinc(II) from aqueous solution by pseudomonas putida CZ1. Colloid. Surf. B Physicochem. Eng. Aspect. 46:101-107.
29. Chen, G., Zeng, G., Tang, L., Du, C., Jiang, X., Huang, G., Liu, H., and Shen, G. 2008. Cadmium removal from simulated wastewater to biomass byproduct of Lentinus edodes. Bioresour. Technol. 99:7034-7040.
30. Choi, S. B., and Yun, Y. S. 2004. Lead biosorption by waste biomass of Corynebacterium glutamicum generated from lysine fermentation process. Biotechnol. Lett. 26:331-336.
31. Choudhary, S., and Sar, P. 2009. Characterization of a metal resistant pseudomonas sp. isolated from uranium mine for its potential in heavy metal (Ni2+, Co2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+) sequestration. Bioresour. Technol. 100:2482-2492.
32. Chu, K. H. 2004. Improved fixed bed models for metal biosorption. Chem. Eng. J. 97:233-239.
33. Chubar, N., Behrends, T., and Cappellen, P. V. 2008. gram-negative bacterium Shewanella putrefaciens. Colloid. Surf. B Physicochem. Eng. Aspect. 65:126-133.
34. Cossich, E. S., da Silva, E. A., Tavares, C. R. G., Filho, L. C., and Ravagnani, T. M. K. 2004. Biosorption of chromium(III) by biomass of seaweed Sargassum sp. in a fixed-bed column. Adsorption 10:129-138.
35. Davis, T. A., Volesky, B., and Vieira, R. H. S. F. 2000. Sargassum seaweed as biosorbent for heavy metals. Water Res. 34:4270-4278.
36. Davis, T. A., Volesky, B., and Mucci, A. 2003. A review of the biochemistry heavy metal biosorption by brown algae. Water Res. 37:4311-4330.
37. de Vargas, I., Macaskie, L. E., and Guibal, E. 2004. Biosorption of palladium and platinum by sulfate-reducing bacteria. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 79:49-56.
38. Deng, L., Su, Y., Su, H., Wang, X., and Zhu, X. 2006. Biosorption of copper (II) and lead (II) fromaqueous solutions by nonliving green algae Cladophora fascicularis: equilibrium, kinetics and environmental effects. Adsorption 12:267-277.
39. Deng, X., Yi, X., and Liu, G. 2008. Cadmium removal from aqueous solution by gene-modified Escherichia coli JM109. J. Hazard. Mater. 139:340-344.
40. Djeribi, R., and Hamdaoui, O. 2008. Sorption of copper(II) from aqueous solutions by cedar sawdust and crushed brick. Desalination 225:95-112.
41. Dundar, M., Nuhoglu, C., and Nuhoglu, Y. 2008. Biosorption of Cu(II) ions onto the litter of natural trembling poplar forest. J. Hazard. Mater. 151:86-95.
42. Dursun, A. Y. 2006. A comparative study on determination of the equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of biosorption of copper(II) and lead(II) ions onto pretreated Aspergillus niger. Biochem. Eng. J. 28:187-195.
43. Flemming, H. C., and Wingender, J. 2001. Relevance of microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) - Part I: structural and ecological aspects. Water. Sci. Technol. 43:1-8.
44. Gabr, R. M., Hassan, S. H. A., and Shoreit, A. A. M. 2008. Biosorption of lead and nickel by living and non-living cells of pseudomonas aeruginosa ASU 6a. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegradation 62:195-203.
45. Flemming, H. C., and Wingender, J. 2001. Relevance of microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) - Part I: structural and ecological aspects. Water. Sci. Technol. 43:1-8.
46. Gabr, R. M., Hassan, S. H. A., and Shoreit, A. A. M. 2008. Biosorption of lead and nickel by living and non-living cells of pseudomonas aeruginosa ASU 6a. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegradation 62:195-203.
47. Gokhale, S. V., Jyoti, K. K., and Lele, S. S. 2008. Kinetic and equilibrium modeling of chromium (VI) biosorption on fresh and spent Spirulina platensis/Chlorella vulgaris biomass. Bioresour. Technol. 99:3600-3608.
48. Green-Ruiz, C. 2006. Mercury(II) removal from aqueous solutions by nonviable Bacillus sp. from a tropical estuary. Bioresour. Technol. 97:1907-1911.
49. Green-Ruiz, C., Rodriguez-Tirado, V., and Gomez-Gil, B. 2008. Cadmium and zinc removal from aqueous solutions by Bacillus jeotgali: pH, salinity and temperature effects. Bioresour. Technol. 99:3864-3870.
50. Grill, E. 1987. Phytochelatins, the heavy metal binding peptides of plants: characterization and sequence determination. Experientia. Suppl. 52:317-322.
51. Guo, X. Y., Zhang, A. Z., and Shan, X. Q. 2008. Adsorption of metal ions on lignin. J. Hazard. Mater. 151:134-142.
52. Gupta, V. K., and Rastogi, A. 2008. Biosorption of lead from aqueous solutions by green algae Spirogyra species: kinetics and equilibrium studies. J. Hazard. Mater. 152:407-414.
53. Gutnick, D. L., and Bach, H. 2000. Engineering bacterial biopolymers for the biosorption of heavy metals; new products and novel formulations. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 54:451-461.
54. Hanif, M. A., Nadeem, R., Bhatti, H. N., Ahmad, N. R., and Ansari, T. M. 2007. Ni(II) biosorption by Cassia fistula (Golden Shower) biomass. J. Hazard. Mater. B 139:345-355.
55. Hasan, S. H., and Srivastava, P. 2009. Batch and continuous biosorption of Cu2+ by immobilized biomass of Arthrobacter sp. J. Environ. Manage. 90:3313-3321.
56. Hasan, S. H., Srivastava, P., and Talat, M. 2009. Biosorption of Pb(II) from water using biomass of Aeromonas hydrophila: Central composite design for optimization of process variables. J. Hazard. Mater. 15:1155-1162.
57. Ho, Y. 2006. Isotherms for the sorption of lead onto peat: comparison of linear and non-linear methods. Pol. J. Environ Stud. 15:81-86.
58. Ho, Y. S., and McKay, G. 2002. Application of kinetic models to the sorption of copper(II) on to peat. Adsorp. Sci. Technol. 20:797-815.
59. Ho, Y., and Ofomaja, A. E. 2006. Biosorption thermodynamics of cadmium on coconut copra meal as biosorbent. Biochem. Eng. J. 30:117-123.
60. Huang, C. C., Su, C. C., Hsieh, J. L., Tseng, C. P., Lin, P. L., and Chang, J. S. 2003. Polypeptides for heavy-metal biosorption: capacity and specificity of two heterogeneous MerP proteins. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 33:379-385.
61. Hu, H. T., and Wang, H. N. 2003. Heavy metal treatment in water by biosorption. Environ. Protect. Xinjiang. 25:22-25.
62. Igwe, J. C., and Abia, A. A. 2007. Equilibrium sorption isotherm studies of Cd(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) ions detoxification from waste water using unmodified and EDTA modified maize husk. Electron. J. Biotechnol. 10:536-548.
63. Iqbal, M., Saeed, A., and Zafar, S. I. 2007. Hybrid biosorbent: An innovative matrix to enhance the biosorption of Cd(II) from aqueous solution. J. Hazard. Mater. 148:47-55.
64. Isik, M. 2008. Biosorption of Ni(II) from aqueous solutions by living and non-living ureolytic mixed culture. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 62:97-104.
65. Jansson-Charrier, M., Guibal, E., Roussy, J., Surjous, R., and LeCloirec, P. 1996. Dynamic removal of uranium by chitosan: influence of operating parameters. Water Sci. Technol. 34:169-177.
66. Javed, M. A., Bhatti, H. N., Hanif, M. A., and Nadeem, R. 2007. Kinetic, equilibrium modeling of Pb(II) and Co(II) sorption onto rose waste biomass. Sep. Sci. Technol. 42:3641-3656.
67. Jian-hua, P., Rui-xia, L., and Hong-xiao, T. 2007. Surface reaction of Bacillus cereus biomass and its biosorption for lead and copper ions. J. Environ. Sci. 19:403-408.
68. Kang, S. Y., Lee, J. U., and Kim, K. W. 2007. Biosorption of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) onto the cell surface of pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochem. Eng. J. 36:54-58.
69. Kao, W. C., Chiu, Y. P., Chang, C. C., and Chang, J. S. 2006. Localization effect on the metal biosorption capability of recombinant mammalian and fish metallothioneins in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol. Prog. 22:1256-1264.
70. Kao, W., Huang, C., and Chang, J. 2008. Biosorption of nickel, chromium and zinc by MerPexpressing recombinant Escherichia coli. J. Hazard. Mater. 158:100-106.
71. Kao, W. C., Wu, J. Y., Chang, C. C., and Chang, J. S. 2009. Cadmium biosorption by polyvinyl alcohol immobilized recombinant Escherichia coli. J. Hazard. Mater. 169:651-658.
72. Kapoor, A., and Viraraghavan, T. 1997. Heavy metal biosorption sites in Aspergillus niger. Bioresour. Technol. 61:221-227.
73. Kazy, S. K., Das, S. K., and Sar, P. 2006. Lanthanum biosorption by a pseudomonas sp.: equilibrium studies and chemical characterization. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotech. 33:773-83.
74. Kiran, B., and Kaushik, A. 2008. Chromium binding capacity of Lyngbya putealis exopolysaccharides. Biochem. Eng. J. 38:47-54.
75. Kiran, I., Akar, T., and Tunali, S. 2005. Biosorption of Pb(II) and Cu(II) from aqueous solutions by pretreated biomass of Neurospora crassa. Process Biochem. 40:3550-3558.
76. Kratochvil, D., and Volesky, B. 1998. Advances in the biosorption of heavy metals. TIBTECH. 16:291-300.
77. Kratochvil, D., and Volesky, B. 2000. Multicomponent biosorption in fixed beds. Water Res. 34:3186-3196.
78. Kumar, R., Bishnoi, N. R., and Bishnoi, K. 2008. Biosorption of chromium(VI) from aqueous solution and electroplating wastewater using fungal biomass. Chem. Eng. J. 135:202-208.
79. Kuyucak, N., and Volesky, B. 1989. Desorption of cobalt-laden algal biosorbent. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 33:815-822.
80. Langley, S., and Beveridge, T. J. 1999. Effect of O-side- chainlipopolysaccharide chemistry on metal binding. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:489-498.
81. Lin, C. C., and Lai, Y. T. 2006. Adsorption and recovery of lead(II) from aqueous solutions by immobilized pseudomonas aeruginosa PU21 beads. J. Hazard. Mater. 137:99-105.
82. Liu, H. L., Chen, B. Y., Lan, Y. W., and Cheng, Y. C. 2004. Biosorption of Zn(II) and Cu(II) by the indigenous Thiobacillus thiooxidans. Chem. Eng. J. 97:195-201.
83. Liu, R., Ma, W., Jia, C., Wang, L., and Li, H. 2007. Effect of pH on biosorption of boron onto cotton cellulose. Desalination 207:257-267.
84. Lloyd, J. R. 2002. Bioremediation of metals: The application of microorganisms that make and break minerals. Microbiol. Today 29:67-69.
85. Loukidou, M. X., Karapantsios, T. D., Zouboulis, A. I., and Matis, K. A. 2004. Diffusion kinetic study of chromium (VI) biosorption by Aeromonas caviae. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 242:93-104.
86. Lu, S., and Gibb, S. W. 2008. Copper removal from wastewater using spent-grain as biosorbent. Bioresour. Technol. 99:1509-1517.
87. Lu, W. B., Shi, J. J., Wang, C. H., and Chang, J. S. 2006. Biosorption of lead, copper and cadmium by an indigenous isolate Enterobacter sp J1 possessing high heavy-metal resistance. J. Hazard. Mater. 134:80-86.
88. Ma, W., and Tobin, J. M. (2004). Determination and modeling of effects of pH on peat biosorption of chromium, copper and cadmium. Biochem. Eng. J. 18:33-40.
89. Mack, C. L., Wilhelmi, B., Duncan, J. R., and Burgess, J. E. 2008. A kinetic study of the recovery of platinum ions from an artificial aqueous solution by immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass. Miner. Eng. 21:31-37.
90. Madigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., and Parker, J. 2000. Brock biology of microorganisms. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
91. Malkoc, E., and Nuhoglu, Y. 2005. Investigations of nickel (II) removal from aqueous solutions using tea factory waste. J. Hazard. Mater. B 127:120-128.
92. Mann, H. 1990. Removal and recovery of heavy metals by biosorption. In: Volesky B, ed. Biosorption of heavy metals, pp.93-137. Boca Raton: CRC press.
93. Miretzky, P., Munoz, C., and Carrillo-Chavez, A. 2008. Experimental binding of lead to a low cost on biosorbent: Nopal (Opuntia streptacantha). Bioresour. Technol. 99:1211-1217.
94. Mishra, S., and Doble, M. 2008. Novel chromium tolerant microorganisms: isolation, characterization and their biosorption capacity. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 71:874-879.
95. Moat, A. G., Foster, J. W., and Spector, M. P. 2002. Microbial physiology. New York: Wiley-Liss.
96. Mondal, P., Majumder, C.B., and Mohanty, B., 2008. Growth of three bacteria in arsenic solution and their application for arsenic removal from wastewater. J. Basic. Microbiol. 48:1-5.
97. Muraleedharan, T. R., Iyengar, L., and Venkobachar, C. 1991. Biosorption: An attractive alternative for metal removal and recovery. Curr. Sci. 61:379-385.
98. Muraleedharan, T., Philip, R., Iyengar, L. L., and Venkobachar, C. 1994. Application studies of biosorption for monazite processing industry effluents. Bioresour. Technol. 49:179-186.
99. Naja, G., and Volesky, B. 2006. Behavior of the mass transfer zone in a biosorption column. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40:3996-4003.
100. Nakajima, A., and Tsuruta, T. 2004. Competitive biosorption of thorium and uranium by Micrococcus luteus. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 260:13-18.
101. Namasivayam, C., and Sureshkumar, M. V. 2008. Removal of chromium(VI) from water and wastewater using surfactant modified coconut coirpith as biosorbent. Bioresour. Technol. 99:2218-2225.
102. Nasreen, K., Muhammad, I., Iqbal, Z. S., and Javed, I. 2008. Biosorption characteristics of unicellular green alga Chlorella sorokiniana immobilized in loofa sponge for removal of Cr(III). J. Environ. Sci. 20:231-239.
103. Ofomaja, A. E., and Ho, Y. 2007. Effect of pH on cadmium biosorption by coconut copra meal. J. Hazard. Mater. B 139:356-362.
104. O'Mahony, T., Guibal, E., and Tobin, J. M. 2002. Reactive dye biosorption by Rhizopus arrhizus biomass. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 31:456-463.
105. Ozdemir, G., and Baysal, S. H. 2004. Chromium and aluminum biosorption on Chryseomonas luteola TEM05. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 64:599-603.
106. Ozdemir, S., Kilinc, E., Poli, A., Nicolaus, B., and Guvena, K. 2009. Biosorption of Cd, Cu, Ni, Mn and Zn from aqueous solutions by thermophilic bacteria, Geobacillus toebii sub.sp. decanicus and Geobacillus thermoleovorans sub.sp. stromboliensis: equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Chem. Eng. J. 152:195-206.
107. Öztürk, A. 2007. Removal of nickel from aqueous solution by the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. J. Hazard. Mater. 147:518-523.
108. Öztürk, A., Artan, T., and Ayar, A. 2004. Biosorption of nickel(II) and copper(II) ions from aqueous solution by Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Colloid. Surf. B Physicochem. Eng. Aspect. 34:105-111.
109. Padmavathy, V. 2008. Biosorption of nickel(II) ions by baker's yeast: kinetic, thermodynamic and desorption studies. Bioresour. Technol. 99:3100-3109.
110. Pamukoglu, M. Y., and Kargi, F. 2007. Effects of operating parameters on kinetics of copper(II) ion biosorption onto pre-treated powdered waste sludge (PWS). Enzyme Microb. Technol. 42:76-82.
111. Parvathi, K., Nagendran, R., and Nareshkumar, R. 2007. Lead biosorption onto waste beer yeast by-product, a means to decontaminate effluent generated from battery manufacturing industry. Electron. J. Biotechnol. 10:1-14.
112. Pasavant, P., Apiratikul, R., Sungkhum, V., Suthiparinyanont, P., Wattanachira, S., and Marhaba, T. F. 2006. Biosorption of Cu2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ using dried marine green macroalga Caulerpa lentillifera. Bioresour. Technol. 97:2321-2329.
113. Pazirandeh, M., Wells, B. M., and Ryan, R. L. 1998. Development of bacterium-based heavy metal biosorbents: enhanced uptake of cadmium and mercury by Escherichia coli expressing a metal binding motif. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:4068-4072.
114. Pollmann, K., Raff, J., Merroun, M., Fahmy, K., and Selenska-Pobell, S. 2006. Metal binding by bacteria from uranium mining waste piles and its technological applications. Biotechnol. Adv. 24:58-68.
115. Popuri, S. R., Jammala, A., Reddy, K. V. N. S., and Abburi, K. 2007. Biosorption of hexavalent chromium using tamarind (Tamarindus indica) fruit shell - A comparative study. Electron. J. Biotechnol. 10:358-367.
116. Prakasham, R. S., Merrie, J. S., Sheela, R., Saswathi, N., and Ramakrishna, S. V. 1999. Biosorption of chromium VI by free and immobilized Rhizopus arrhizus. Environ. Pollut. 104:421-427.
117. Preetha, B., and Viruthagiri, T. 2007. Batch and continuous biosorption of chromium(VI) by Rhizopus arrhizus. Separat. Purific. Technol. 57:126-133.
118. Prescott, L. M., Harley, J. P., and Klein, D. A. 2002. Microbiology. London: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math.
119. Pulsawat, W., Leksawasdi, N., Rogers, P. L., and Foster, L. J. R. 2003. Anions effects on biosorption of Mn(II) by extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) from rhizobium etli. Biotech. Lett. 25(15):1267-1270.
120. Puranik, P. R., and Paknikar, K. M. 1999. Biosorption of lead, cadmium, and zinc by Citrobacter strain MCM B-181: characterization studies. Biotechnol. Prog. 15:228-237.
121. Quintelas, C., Zélia Rocha, Z., Silva, B., Fonseca, B., Figueiredo, H., and Tavares, T. 2009. Removal of Cd(II), Cr(VI), Fe(III) and Ni(II) from aqueous solutions by an E. coli biofilm supported on kaolin. Chem. Eng. J. 149:319-324.
122. Rahaman, M. S., Basu, A., and Islam, M. R. 2008. The removal of As(III) and As(V) from aqueous solutions by waste materials. Bioresour. Technol. 99:2815-2823.
123. Saeed, A., and Iqbal, M. 2003. Bioremoval of cadmium from aqueous solution by black gram husk (Cicer arientinum). Water Res. 37:3472-3480.
124. Sag, Y., and Aktay, Y. 2002. Kinetic studies on sorption of Cr(VI) and Cu(II) ions by chitin, chitosan, and Rhizopus arrhizus. Biochem. Eng. J. 12:143-153.
125. Sag, Y., Akeael, B., and Kutsal, T. 2002. Ternary biosorption equilibria of Cr(VI), Cu(II) and Cd(II) on Rhizopus arrhizus. Sep. Sci. Technol. 37(2):279-309.
126. Sahin, Y., and Öztürk, A. 2005. Biosorption of chromium(VI) ions from aqueous solution by the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. Process Biochem. 40:1895-1901.
127. Samuelson, P., Wernérus, H., Svedberg, M., and Ståhl, S. 2000. Staphylococcal surface display of metal-binding polyhistidyl peptides. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:1243-1248.
128. Schiewer, S., and Patil, S. B. 2008. Pectin-rich fruit wastes as biosorbents for heavy metal removal: equilibrium and kinetics. Bioresour. Technol. 99:1896-1903.
129. Schiewer, S., and Volesky, B. 2000. Biosorption Processes for Heavy Metal Removal. In: D. E. Lovley, ed. Environmental microbe-metal interactions, pp. 329-362. Washington, DC: ASM Press.
130. Selatnia, A., Bakhti, M. Z., Madani, A., Kertous, L., and Mansouri, Y. 2004a. Biosorption of Cd2+ from aqueous solution by a NaOH-treated bacterial dead Streptomyces rimosus biomass. Hydrometallurgy. 75:11-24.
131. Selatnia, A., Boukazoula, A., Kechid, N., Bakhti, M. Z., and Chergui, A. 2004b. Biosorption of Fe3+ from aqueous solution by a bacterial dead Streptomyces rimosus biomass. Process Biochem. 39:1643-1651.
132. Selatnia, A., Boukazoula, A., Kechid, N., Bakhti, M. Z., Chergui, A., and Kerchich, Y. 2004c. Biosorption of lead (II) from aqueous solution by a bacterial dead Streptomyces rimosus biomass. Biochem. Eng. J. 19:127-135.
133. Shaker, M. A. 2007. Thermodynamic profile of some h eavy metal io ns adsorption onto biomaterial surfaces. Am. J. Appl. Sci. 4:605-612.
134. Sharma, P., Kumari, P., Srivastava, M. M., and Srivastava, S. 2006. Romoval of cadmium from aqueous system by shelled Moringa oleifera Lam. Seed powder. Bioresour. Technol. 97:299-305.
135. Shevchuk, I. A., and Klimenko, N. I. 2009. Biological features of sorption of U (VII) and strontium ions by Bacillus polymyxa IMV 8910 cells. J. Water Chem. Technol. 31:324-328.
136. Silva, R. M. P., Rodríguez, A. A., Montes De Oca, J. M. G., and Moreno, D. C. 2009. Biosorption of chromium, copper, manganese and zinc by pseudomonas aeruginosa AT18 isolated from a site contaminated with petroleum. Bioresour. Technol. 100:1533-1538.
137. Site, A. D. 2001. Factors affecting sorption of organic compounds in natural sorbent/water systems and sorption coefficients for selected pollutants. A review. J. Phys. Chem. 30: 187-439.
138. Sleytr, U., and Beveridge, T. 1999. Bacterial S-layers. Trends. Microbiol. 7:253-260.
139. Sleytr, U., Györvary, E., and Pum, D. 2003. Crystallization of S-layer protein lattices on surfaces and interfaces. Progr. Org. Coating. 47:279-287.
140. Sobeck, D. C., and Higgins, M. J. 2002. Examination of three theories for mechanisms of cationinduced bioflocculation. Water Res. 36(3):527-538.
141. Solisio, C., Lodi, A., Converti, A., and Borghi, M. D. 2000. The effect of acid pre-treatment on the biosorption of chromium(III) by Sphaerotilus natans from industrial wastewater. Water Res. 34:3171-3178.
142. Tan, H. K. S., and Spinner, I. H. 1994. Multicomponent ion exchange column dynamics. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 72:330-341.
143. Tunali, S., Çabuk, A., and Akar, T. 2006. Removal of lead and copper ions from aqueous solutions by bacterial strain isolated from soil. Chem. Eng. J. 115:203-211.
144. Tuzen, M., Saygi, K. O., Usta, C., and Soylak, M. 2008. pseudomonas aeruginosa immobilized multiwalled carbon nanotubes as biosorbent for heavy metal ions. Bioresour. Technol. 99:1563-1570.
145. Urrutia, M. M. 1997. General Bacterial Sorption Processes. In: J. Wase and C. Forster (eds). Biosorbents for metal ions, pp. 39-66. London: CRC Press.
146. Uslu, G., and Tanyol, M. 2006. Equilibrium and thermodynamic parameters of single and binary mixture biosorption of lead(II) and copper(II) ions onto pseudomonas putida: effect of temperature. J. Hazard. Mater. 135:87-93.
147. Uzel, A., and Ozdemir, G. 2009. Metal biosorption capacity of the organic solvent tolerant pseudomonas fluorescens TEM08. Bioresour. Technol. 100:542-548.
148. van Hullebusch, E. D., Zandvoort, M. H., and Lens, P. N. L. 2003. Metal immobilisation by biofilms: mechanisms and analytical tools. Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. 2:9-33.
149. Veglio, F., and Beolchini, F. 1997. Removal of metals by biosorption: A review. Hydrometallurgy. 44:301-316.
150. Vijaya, Y., Popuri, S. R., Boddu, V. M., and Krishnaiah, A. 2008. Modified chitosan and calcium. Carbohyd. Poly. 72:261-271.
151. Vijayaraghavan, K., and Yun, Y. S. 2008a. Bacterial biosorbents and biosorption. Biotechnol. Adv. 26:266-291.
152. Vijayaraghavan, K., and Yun, Y. S. 2008b. Biosorption of C.I. Reactive Black 5 from aqueous solution using acid-treated biomass of brown seaweed Laminaria sp. Dyes Pigm. 76:726-732.
153. Vijayaraghavan, K., Jegan, J., Palanivelu, K., and Velan, M. 2004. Removal of nickel(II) ions from aqueous solution using crab shell particles in a packed bed up-flow column. J. Hazard. Mater. 113:223-230.
154. Vijayaraghavan, K., Jegan, J., Palanivelu, K., and Velan, M. 2005. Batch and column removal of copper from aqueous solution using a brown marine alga Turbinaria ornata. Chem. Eng. J. 106:177-184.
155. Vijayaraghavan, K., Palanivelu, K., and Velan, M. 2006. Biosorption of copper(II) and cobalt(II) from aqueous solutions by crab shell particles. Bioresour. Technol. 97:1411-1419.
156. Vilar, V. J. P., Botelho, C. M. S., and Boaventura, R. A. R. 2008. Copper removal by algae Gelidium, agar extraction algal waste and granulated algal waste: kinetics and equilibrium. Bioresour. Technol. 99:750-762.
157. Volesky, B. 1987. Biosorbents for metal recovery. TIBTECH. 5:96-101.
158. Volesky, B. 2001. Detoxification of metal-bearing effluents: biosorption for the next century. Hydrometallurgy 59:203-216.
159. Volesky, B., Weber, J., and Park, J. M. 2003. Continuous-flow metal biosorption in a regenerable Sargassum column. Water Res. 37:297-306.
160. Vullo, D. L., Ceretti, H. M., Ramírez, S., and Zalts, A. 2003. Metal retention in calcium alginate (Retención de metales en gel de alginato de calcio). VI Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Latinoamerican Annual Meeting (SETAC), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
161. Vullo, D. L., Ceretti, H. M., Daniel, M. A., Ramirez, S. A. M., and Zalts, A. 2008. Cadmium, zinc and copper biosorption mediated by pseudomonas veronii 2E. Bioresour. Technol. 99:5574-5581.
162. Wang, J. L. 2002. Microbial immobilization techniques and water pollution technology. Beijing: Science Press. 233-248.
163. Wang, X., Qin, Y., and Li, Z. 2006a. Biosorption of zinc from aqueous solutions by rice bran: kinetics and equilibrium studies. Sep. Sci. Technol. 41:747-756.
164. Wang, X., Xia, S., Chen, L., Zhao, J., Chovelon, J., and Nicole, J. 2006b. Biosorption of cadmium(I1) and lead(I1) ions from aqueous solutions onto dried activated sludge. J. Environ. Sci. 18:840-844.
165. Won, S. W., and Yun, Y. S. 2008. Biosorptive removal of Reactive Yellow 2 using waste biomass from lysine fermentation process. Dyes Pigm. 76:502-507.
166. Xiangliang, P., Jianlong, W., and Daoyong, Z. 2005. Biosorption of Pb(II) by Pleurotus ostreatus immobilized in calcium alginate gel. Process. Biochem. 40:2799-28803.
167. Xie, S., Yang, J., Chen, C., Zhang, X., Wang, Q., and Zhang, C. 2008. Study on biosorption kinetics and thermodynamics of uranium by Citrobacter freudii. J. Environ. Radioact. 99:126-133.
168. Xu, H., Liu, Y., and Tay, J. H. 2006. Effect of pH on nickel biosorption by aerobic granular sludge. Bioresour. Technol. 97:359-363.
169. Yan, Z., Xuliang, F., Zhilong, Y., Yahong, L., and Weimin, C. 2008. Biosorption of Cu(II) on extracellular polymers from Bacillus sp. F19. J. Environ. Sci. 20:1288-1293.
170. Yang, J., and Volesky, B. 1996. Intraparticle diffusivity of Cd ions in a new biosorbent material. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 66:355-364.
171. Yee, N., and Fein, J. B. 2001. Cd adsorption onto bacterial surfaces: A universal adsorption edge Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 65:2037-2042.
172. Yilmaz, E. I., and Ensari, N. Y. 2005. Cadmium biosorption by Bacillus circulans strain EB1. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 21:777-779.
173. Yu, J., Tong, M. S., and Li, X. B. 2007. A simple method to prepare poly(amic acid)-modified biomass for enhancement of lead and cadmium adsorption. Biochem. Eng. J. 33:126-133.
174. Zamil, S., Ahmad, S. S., Choi, M. H., Park, J. Y., and Yoon, S. C. 2009. Correlating metal ionic characteristics with biosorption capacity of staphylococcus saprophyticus BMSZ711 using QICAR model. Bioresour. Technol. 100:1895-1902.
175. Zhao, M., Duncan, R., and Van Hille, R. P. 1999. Removal and recovery of zinc from solution and electroplating effluent using Azolla filiculoides. Water Res. 33:1516-1522.
176. Zhao, X. W., Zhou, M. H., Li, Q. B., Lu, Y. H., He, N., Sun, D. H., and Deng, X. 2005. Simultaneous mercury bioaccumulation and cell propagation by genetically engineered Escherichia coli. Process Biochem. 40:1611-1616.
177. Zhou, M., Liu, Y., Zeng, G., Li., X., Xu, W., and Fan, T. 2007. Kinetic and equilibrium studies of Cr (VI) biosorption by dead Bacillus licheniformis biomass. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 23:43-48.
178. Ziagova, M., Dimitriadis, G., Aslanidou, D., Papaioannou, X., Tzannetaki, E. L., and Liakopoulou- Kyriakides, M. 2007. Comparative study of Cd(II) and Cr(VI) biosorption on staphylococcus xylosus and pseudomonas sp. in single and binary mixtures. Bioresour. Technol. 98:2859-2865.
179. Zouboulis, A. I., Rousou, E. G., Matis, K. A., and Hancock, I. C. 1999. Removal of toxic metals from aqueous mixtures: Part 1. Biosorption. J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol. 74:429-436.
180. Zouboulis, A. I., Loukidou, M. X., and Matis, K. A. 2004. Biosorption of toxic metals from aqueous solutions by bacteria strains isolated from metal-polluted soils. Process Biochem. 39:909-916.