Out of equilibrium: Understanding cosmological evolution to lower-entropy states

Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics

Volumn 2012, Issue 2, 2012, Pages

  Aguirre, Anthony ^a   Carroll, Sean M ^b   Johnson, Matthew C ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^c PERIMETER INSTITUTE FOR THEORETICAL PHYSICS   (Canada)

Author keywords

inflation; physics of the early universe

Indexed keywords

EID: 84863417896     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14757516     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2012/02/024     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. G. Wang, E. Sevick, E. Mittag, D. Searles and D. Evans, 2002 Experimental demonstration of violations of the second law of thermodynamics for small systems and short time scales, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 050601
2. 1-ATPase, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 218103
3. D. Evans, E. Cohen and G. Morriss, 1993 Probability of second law violations in shearing steady states, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 2401
4. D.J. Evans and D.J. Searles, 2002 The fluctuation theorem Adv. Phys. 51 1529
5. A. Aguirre, Eternal inflation, past and future, [0712.0571]
6. A.H. Guth, 2007 Eternal inflation and its implications, J. Phys. A 40 6811 [hep-th/0702178]
7. S.M. Carroll, 2010 From Eternity to here: the quest for the ultimate theory of time, Dutton, Boston U.S.A.
8. D. Albert, 2003 Time and chance, Harvard University Press, Cambridge U.S.A.
9. L. Onsager, 1931 Reciprocal relations in irreversible processes. II., Phys. Rev. 38 2265
10. L.S. Schulman, 1997 Time's arrows and quantum measurement, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge U.K.
11. L. Dyson, M. Kleban and L. Susskind, 2002 Disturbing implications of a cosmological constant J. High Energy Phys. JHEP10(2002)011 [hep-th/0208013]
12. J. von Neumann, 2010 Proof of the ergodic theorem and the h-theorem in quantum mechanics, Eur. Phys. J. H 35 201 [1003.2133]
13. S. Goldstein, J.L. Lebowitz, R. Tumulka and N. Zanghi, 2010 Long-time behavior of macroscopic quantum systems, Eur. Phys. J. H 35 173 [1003.2129]
14. Y. Aharonov, P.G. Bergmann and J.L. Lebowitz, 1964 Time symmetry in the quantum process of measurement, Phys. Rev. B 134 1410
15. Y. Aharonov and D. Rohrlich, 2008 Quantum paradoxes, Wiley, New York U.S.A.
16. Y. Aharonov and L. Vaidman, 1991 Complete description of a quantum system at a given time, J. Phys. A 24 2315
17. M. Gell-Mann and J.B. Hartle, Time symmetry and asymmetry in quantum mechanics and quantum cosmology, [gr-qc/9304023]
18. L. Vaidman, 1998 Validity of the aharonov-bergmann-lebowitz rule, Phys. Rev. A 57 2251 [quant-ph/9703001]
19. S. Hawking and D. N. Page, 1983 Thermodynamics of Black Holes in anti-De Sitter Space Commun. Math. Phys. 87 577
20. O. Aharony, S.S. Gubser, J. Maldacena, H. Ooguri and Y. Oz, 2000 Large-N field theories, string theory and gravity, Phys. Rept. 323 183 [hep-th/9905111]
21. G. Gibbons and S. Hawking, 1977 Cosmological event horizons, thermodynamics, and particle creation, Phys. Rev. D 15 2738
22. R. Bousso, 2005 Cosmology and the S matrix, Phys. Rev. D 71 064024 [hep-th/0412197]
23. T. Banks, W. Fischler and S. Paban, 2002 Recurrent nightmares? Measurement theory in de Sitter space J. High Energy Phys. JHEP12(2002)062 [hep-th/0210160]
24. L. Dyson, J. Lindesay and L. Susskind, 2002 Is there really a de Sitter/CFT duality? J. High Energy Phys. JHEP08(2002)045 [hep-th/0202163]
25. T. Banks, Cosmological breaking of supersymmetry? or Little lambda goes back to the future 2, [hep-th/0007146]
26. R. Bousso, 2000 Positive vacuum energy and the N bound J. High Energy Phys. JHEP11(2000)038 [hep-th/0010252]
27. X. Dong, B. Horn, E. Silverstein and G. Torroba, 2010 Micromanaging de sitter holography, Class. Quant. Grav. 27 245020 [1005.5403]
28. R. Bousso, O. DeWolfe and R.C. Myers, 2003 Unbounded entropy in space-times with positive cosmological constant, Found. Phys. 33 297 [hep-th/0205080]
29. A. Strominger, 2001 The dS/CFT correspondence J. High Energy Phys. JHEP10(2001)034 [hep-th/0106113]
30. J. Garriga and A. Vilenkin, 2009 Holographic multiverse and conformal invariance J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. JCAP11(2009)020 [0905.1509]
31. Y. Sekino and L. Susskind, 2009 Census Taking in the Hat: FRW/CFT Duality, Phys. Rev. D 80 083531 [0908.3844]
32. T. Banks, Some thoughts on the quantum theory of stable de Sitter space, [hep-th/0503066]
33. L. Susskind, The Census taker's hat, [0710.1129]
34. D. Harlow and L. Susskind, Crunches, Hats and a Conjecture, [1012.5302]
35. B. Freivogel, Y. Sekino, L. Susskind and C.-P. Yeh, 2006 A Holographic framework for eternal inflation, Phys. Rev. D 74 086003 [hep-th/0606204]
36. A.D. Linde, 1981 Fate of the False Vacuum at Finite Temperature: Theory and Applications, Phys. Lett. B 100 37
37. J. Garriga and A. Megevand, 2004 Decay of de Sitter vacua by thermal activation, Int. J. Theor. Phys. 43 883 [hep-th/0404097]
38. A. Aguirre, M.C. Johnson and M. Tysanner, 2009 Surviving the crash: assessing the aftermath of cosmic bubble collisions, Phys. Rev. D 79 123514 [0811.0866]
39. A. Aguirre and M.C. Johnson, 2006 Two tunnels to inflation, Phys. Rev. D 73 123529 [gr-qc/0512034]
40. S.R. Coleman, 1977 The Fate of the False Vacuum. 1. Semiclassical Theory, Phys. Rev. D 15 2929
41. S.R. Coleman, 1977, Phys. Rev. D 16 1248 (Erratum)
42. T. Banks, Heretics of the false vacuum: Gravitational effects on and of vacuum decay. 2., [hep-th/0211160]
43. A.R. Brown and E.J. Weinberg, 2007 Thermal derivation of the Coleman-De Luccia tunneling prescription, Phys. Rev. D 76 064003 [0706.1573]
44. S. Hawking and I. Moss, 1982 Supercooled Phase Transitions in the Very Early Universe, Phys. Lett. B 110 35
45. A.A. Starobinsky, 1986 Stochastic de sitter (inflationary) stage in the early universe, in Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 246: Field Theory, Quantum Gravity and Strings, H.J. De Vega and N. Sanches eds., Springer Verlag, Berlin Germany, pg. 107
46. P. Batra and M. Kleban, 2007 Transitions Between de Sitter Minima, Phys. Rev. D 76 103510 [hep-th/0612083]
47. A.D. Linde, Particle physics and inflationary cosmology, [hep-th/0503203]
48. A.J. Tolley and M. Wyman, 2008 Stochastic Inflation Revisited: Non-Slow Roll Statistics and DBI Inflation J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. JCAP04(2008)028 [0801.1854]
49. S. Gratton and N. Turok, 2005 Langevin analysis of eternal inflation, Phys. Rev. D 72 043507 [hep-th/0503063]
50. D. Gross, M. Perry and L. Yaffe, 1982 Instability of Flat Space at Finite Temperature, Phys. Rev. D 25 330
51. D.N. Page, 1981 Black hole formation in a box, Gen. Rel. Grav. 13 1117
52. D.N. Page, 1992 Black hole thermodynamics, mass inflation, and evaporation, in NATO ASIC Proc. Vol. 364: Black Hole Physics, Z. Zhang eds., Kluwer Academic, Boston U.S.A.
53. T. Piran and R.M. Wald, 1982 Rate of black hole formation in a thermal box, Phys. Lett. A 90 20
54. R. Parentani, J. Katz and I. Okamoto, 1995 Thermodynamics of a black hole in a cavity, Class. Quant. Grav. 12 1663 [gr-qc/9410015]
55. J. Oppenheimer and H. Snyder, 1939 On continued gravitational contraction, Phys. Rev. 56 455
56. A. Ashtekar and M. Bojowald, 2005 Black hole evaporation: a paradigm, Class. Quant. Grav. 22 3349 [gr-qc/0504029]
57. S. Hayward, 2006 Formation and evaporation of nonsingular black holes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 031103 [gr-qc/0506126]
58. G. Horowitz, A. Lawrence and E. Silverstein, 2009 Insightful d-branes J. High Energy Phys. JHEP07(2009)057 [0904.3922]
59. S. Hossenfelder and L. Smolin, 2010 Conservative solutions to the black hole information problem, Phys. Rev. D 81 064009 [0901.3156]
60. J.M. Maldacena, 2003 Eternal black holes in anti-de Sitter J. High Energy Phys. JHEP04(2003)021 [hep-th/0106112]
61. S. Hawking and R. Penrose, 2000 The nature of space and time, Princeton University Press, Princeton U.S.A.
62. P.H. Ginsparg and M.J. Perry, 1983 Semiclassical Perdurance of de Sitter Space, Nucl. Phys. B 222 245
63. R. Bousso and S. Hawking, 1995 The probability for primordial black holes, Phys. Rev. D 52 5659 [gr-qc/9506047]
64. L. Susskind, Addendum to Fast Scramblers, [1101.6048]
65. S. Dutta and T. Vachaspati, 2005 Islands in the Λ-sea: an alternative cosmological model, Phys. Rev. D 71 83507 [astro-ph/0501396]
66. Y.-S. Piao, 2008 Emergently thermalized islands in the landscape, Phys. Lett. B 659 839 [0706.1629]
67. R. Adler, J. Bjorken and J. Overduin, Finite cosmology and a CMB cold spot, [gr-qc/0602102]
68. J.A. Peacock, 1999 Cosmological physics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge U.K.
69. S.W. Hawking and G.F.R. Ellis, 1975 The large scale structure of space-time, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge U.K.
70. K.-M. Lee and E.J. Weinberg, 1987 Decay of the true vacuum in curved space-time, Phys. Rev. D 36 1088
71. J. Garriga and A. Vilenkin, 1998 Recycling universe, Phys. Rev. D 57 2230 [astro-ph/9707292]
72. S.M. Carroll and J. Chen, Spontaneous inflation and the origin of the arrow of time, [hep-th/0410270]
73. S.M. Carroll, What if time really exists?, [0811.3772]
74. L. Kofman, A.D. Linde and V.F. Mukhanov, 2002 Inflationary theory and alternative cosmology J. High Energy Phys. JHEP10(2002)057 [hep-th/0206088]
75. D.N. Page, 2008 Is our universe decaying at an astronomical rate?, Phys. Lett. B 669 197 [hep-th/0612137]
76. A. De Simone et al., 2010 Boltzmann brains and the scale-factor cutoff measure of the multiverse, Phys. Rev. D 82 063520 [0808.3778]
77. R. Bousso, B. Freivogel and I.-S. Yang, 2009 Properties of the scale factor measure, Phys. Rev. D 79 063513 [0808.3770]
78. A. De Simone, A.H. Guth, A.D. Linde, M. Noorbala, M.P. Salem and A. Vilenkin, 2010 Boltzmann brains and the scale-factor cutoff measure of the multiverse, Phys. Rev. D 82 063520 [0808.3778]
79. E. Farhi, A.H. Guth and J. Guven, 1990 Is it possible to create a universe in the laboratory by quantum tunneling?, Nucl. Phys. B 339 417
80. W. Fischler, D. Morgan and J. Polchinski, 1990 Quantization of false vacuum bubbles: a Hamiltonian treatment of gravitational tunneling, Phys. Rev. D 42 4042
81. A. Albrecht and L. Sorbo, 2004 Can the universe afford inflation?, Phys. Rev. D 70 063528 [hep-th/0405270]
82. A. Albrecht, 2009 de Sitter equilibrium as a fundamental framework for cosmology, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 174 012006 [0906.1047]
83. A.D. Linde, D.A. Linde and A. Mezhlumian, 1994 From the big bang theory to the theory of a stationary universe, Phys. Rev. D 49 1783 [gr-qc/9306035]
84. A.D. Linde, 2007 Sinks in the landscape, Boltzmann brains and the cosmological constant problem J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. JCAP01(2007)022 [hep-th/0611043]
85. A. Aguirre, S. Gratton and M.C. Johnson, 2007 Hurdles for recent measures in eternal inflation, Phys. Rev. D 75 123501 [hep-th/0611221]
86. M. Tegmark, 2000 The quantum brain, Phys. Rev. E 61 4194 [quant-ph/9907009]
87. L.S. Schulman, 2005 A computer's arrow of time Entropy 7 221
88. O. Maroney, 2010 Does a computer have an arrow of time?, Found. Phys. 40 205
89. D. Adams, 1980 The Restaurant at the End of the Universe, Pan Macmillan, Sydney Australia
90. T. Banks and M. Johnson, Regulating eternal inflation, [hep-th/0512141]