Boltzmann brains and the scale-factor cutoff measure of the multiverse

Physical Review D - Particles, Fields, Gravitation and Cosmology

Volumn 82, Issue 6, 2010, Pages

  De Simone, Andrea ^a   Guth, Alan H ^a   Linde, Andrei ^b,c   Noorbala, Mahdiyar ^b   Salem, Michael P ^d   Vilenkin, Alexander ^d  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c KYOTO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^d TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 78650968014     PISSN: 15507998     EISSN: 15502368     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.82.063520     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. G.W. Gibbons and S.W. Hawking, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 0556-2821 15, 2738 (1977). 10.1103/PhysRevD.15.2738
2. M. Rees, Before the Beginning (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1997), p. 221.
3. A. Albrecht and L. Sorbo, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 1550-7998 70, 063528 (2004); 10.1103/PhysRevD.70.063528 (Pubitemid 44947303)
4. see also A. Albrecht, in Science and Ultimate Reality, edited by, J.D. Barrow,,, P.C.W. Davies,, and, C.L. Harper, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 2003).
5. L. Susskind, as quoted in Ref. ; see also Ref..
6. D.N. Page, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 1475-7516 01 (2007) 004. 10.1088/1475-7516/2007/01/004
7. D.N. Page, J. Korean Phys. Soc. 49, 711 (2006). KPSJAS 0374-4884
8. D.N. Page, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 1550-7998 78, 063535 (2008). 10.1103/PhysRevD.78.063535
9. R. Bousso and B. Freivogel, J. High Energy Phys. JHEPFG 1029-8479 06 (2007) 018. 10.1088/1126-6708/2007/06/018
10. For recent reviews of the measure problem, see e.g. S. Winitzki, Lect. Notes Phys. 738, 157 (2008); LNPHA4 0075-8450 10.1007/978-3-540-74353-8-5
11. A.H. Guth, Phys. Rep. PRPLCM 0370-1573 333-334, 555 (2000); 10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00037-5
12. A.H. Guth J. Phys. A JPHAC5 0305-4470 40, 6811 (2007); 10.1088/1751-8113/40/25/S25
13. A. Linde, Lect. Notes Phys. 738, 1 (2008); LNPHA4 0075-8450 10.1007/978-3-540-74353-8-1
14. A. Vilenkin, J. Phys. A JPHAC5 0305-4470 40, 6777 (2007); 10.1088/1751-8113/40/25/S22
15. A. Aguirre, S. Gratton, and M.C. Johnson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 131301 (2007). PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.131301 (Pubitemid 46515823)
16. For progress in this direction, see J. Garriga and A. Vilenkin, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 1475-7516 01 (2009) 021; 10.1088/1475-7516/2009/01/021
17. J. Garriga A. Vilenkin J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 1475-7516 11 (2009) 020; 10.1088/1475-7516/2009/11/020
18. R. Bousso, B. Freivogel, S. Leichenauer, and V. Rosenhaus, arXiv:1005.2783.
19. A.D. Linde, Phys. Lett. B 175, 395 (1986). PYLBAJ 0370-2693 10.1016/0370-2693(86)90611-8
20. A.D. Linde and A. Mezhlumian, Phys. Lett. B 307, 25 (1993). PYLBAJ 0370-2693 10.1016/0370-2693(93)90187-M
21. A.D. Linde, D.A. Linde, and A. Mezhlumian, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 0556-2821 49, 1783 (1994). 10.1103/PhysRevD.49.1783
22. J. Garcia-Bellido, A.D. Linde, and D.A. Linde, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 0556-2821 50, 730 (1994); 10.1103/PhysRevD.50.730
23. J. Garcia-Bellido and A.D. Linde, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 0556-2821 51, 429 (1995); 10.1103/PhysRevD.51.429
24. J. Garcia-Bellido A.D. Linde Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 0556-2821 52, 6730 (1995). 10.1103/PhysRevD.52.6730
25. A. Vilenkin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 846 (1995). PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.846
26. A. Vilenkin, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 0556-2821 52, 3365 (1995). 10.1103/PhysRevD.52.3365
27. A. Linde, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 1475-7516 01 (2007) 022. 10.1088/1475-7516/2007/01/022
28. A. Linde, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 1475-7516 06 (2007) 017. 10.1088/1475-7516/2007/06/017
29. J. Garriga, T. Tanaka, and A. Vilenkin, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 0556-2821 60, 023501 (1999). 10.1103/PhysRevD.60.023501
30. A. Vilenkin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5501 (1998); PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.5501
31. V. Vanchurin, A. Vilenkin, and S. Winitzki, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 0556-2821 61, 083507 (2000). 10.1103/PhysRevD.61.083507
32. J. Garriga, D. Schwartz-Perlov, A. Vilenkin, and S. Winitzki, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 1475-7516 01 (2006) 017. 10.1088/1475-7516/2006/01/017
33. R. Easther, E.A. Lim, and M.R. Martin, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 1475-7516 03 (2006) 016. 10.1088/1475-7516/2006/03/016
34. R. Bousso, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 191302 (2006); PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.191302 (Pubitemid 44707971)
35. R. Bousso, B. Freivogel, and I.S. Yang, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 1550-7998 74, 103516 (2006). 10.1103/PhysRevD.74.103516 (Pubitemid 44808196)
36. L. Susskind, arXiv:0710.1129.
37. V. Vanchurin, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 1550-7998 75, 023524 (2007). 10.1103/PhysRevD.75.023524
38. S. Winitzki, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 1550-7998 78, 043501 (2008). 10.1103/PhysRevD.78.043501
39. A.D. Linde, V. Vanchurin, and S. Winitzki, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 1475-7516 01 (2009) 031. 10.1088/1475-7516/2009/01/031
40. M. Tegmark, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 1475-7516 04 (2005) 001; see also Ref.. 10.1088/1475-7516/2005/04/001
41. B. Feldstein, L.J. Hall, and T. Watari, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 1550-7998 72, 123506 (2005). 10.1103/PhysRevD.72.123506
42. J. Garriga and A. Vilenkin, Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl. PTPSEP 0375-9687 163, 245 (2006). 10.1143/PTPS.163.245
43. M.L. Graesser and M.P. Salem, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 1550-7998 76, 043506 (2007). 10.1103/PhysRevD.76.043506
44. M. Tegmark and M.J. Rees, Astrophys. J. 499, 526 (1998). ASJOAB 0004-637X 10.1086/305673 (Pubitemid 128088707)
45. J. Garcia-Bellido and A.D. Linde, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 0556-2821 51, 429 (1995). 10.1103/PhysRevD.51.429
46. A. Linde and V. Mukhanov, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 1475-7516 04 (2006) 009. 10.1088/1475-7516/2006/04/009
47. L.J. Hall, T. Watari, and T.T. Yanagida, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 1550-7998 73, 103502 (2006). 10.1103/PhysRevD.73.103502 (Pubitemid 43673552)
48. A.A. Starobinsky, in Current Topics in Field Theory, Quantum Gravity and Strings, edited by, H.J. de Vega, and, N. Sanchez,, Lecture Notes in Physics Vol. 206 (Springer, Heidelberg, 1986), p. 107.
49. T. Clifton, A. Linde, and N. Sivanandam, J. High Energy Phys. JHEPFG 1029-8479 02 (2007) 024. 10.1088/1126-6708/2007/02/024
50. A. De Simone, A.H. Guth, M.P. Salem, and A. Vilenkin, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 1550-7998 78, 063520 (2008). 10.1103/PhysRevD.78.063520
51. R. Bousso, B. Freivogel, and I.S. Yang, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 1550-7998 77, 103514 (2008). 10.1103/PhysRevD.77.103514
52. D.N. Page, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 1550-7998 78, 063536 (2008). 10.1103/PhysRevD.78.063536
53. A. Vilenkin, J. High Energy Phys. JHEPFG 1029-8479 01 (2007) 092. 10.1088/1126-6708/2007/01/092
54. R. Bousso, B. Freivogel, and I.S. Yang, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 1550-7998 79, 063513 (2009). 10.1103/PhysRevD.79.063513
55. J. Garriga and A. Vilenkin, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 0556-2821 57, 2230 (1998). 10.1103/PhysRevD.57.2230
56. D. Schwartz-Perlov and A. Vilenkin, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 1475-7516 06 (2006) 010; 10.1088/1475-7516/2006/06/010
57. D. Schwartz-Perlov, J. Phys. A JPHAC5 0305-4470 40, 7363 (2007); 10.1088/1751-8113/40/26/017
58. K. Olum and D. Schwartz-Perlov, arXiv:gr-qc/0705.2562.
59. K.M. Lee and E.J. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 0556-2821 36, 1088 (1987). 10.1103/PhysRevD.36.1088
60. A. Aguirre, S. Gratton, and M.C. Johnson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 131301 (2007). PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.131301 (Pubitemid 46515823)
61. A. Vilenkin and S. Winitzki, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 0556-2821 55, 548 (1997). 10.1103/PhysRevD.55.548
62. A. De Simone and M.P. Salem, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 1550-7998 81, 083527 (2010). 10.1103/PhysRevD.81.083527
63. E.V. Koonin, Biology Direct 2007 2, 15 (2007).
64. See e.g. R. Bousso and J. Polchinski, Sci. Am. 291, 78 (2004). SCAMAC 0036-8733 10.1038/scientificamerican0904-78
65. A. Linde and M. Noorbala (work in progress).
66. S. Lloyd, Nature (London) NATUAS 0028-0836 406, 1047 (2000). 10.1038/35023282
67. R. Bousso, J. High Energy Phys. JHEPFG 1029-8479 04 (2001) 035. 10.1088/1126-6708/2001/04/035
68. B. Freivogel and M. Lippert, J. High Energy Phys. JHEPFG 1029-8479 12 (2008) 096. 10.1088/1126-6708/2008/12/096
69. J.D. Bekenstein, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 0556-2821 30, 1669 (1984). 10.1103/PhysRevD.30.1669
70. G. Dvali and G.R. Farrar, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 011801 (2008). PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.011801
71. R. Bousso, B. Freivogel, and S. Leichenauer, arXiv:1003.3012.
72. B. Pakkenberg, Experimental Gerontology 38, 95 (2003). EXGEAB 0531-5565 10.1016/S0531-5565(02)00151-1 (Pubitemid 36110503)
73. T.K. Landauer, Cognitive Science 10, 477 (1986). COGSD5 0364-0213 10.1207/s15516709cog1004-4
74. T.K. Landauer, Cognitive Science 12, 293 (1988). COGSD5 0364-0213 10.1207/s15516709cog1202-6
75. P. Dayan and L.F. Abbott, Theoretical Neuro Science: Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems (MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2001), p. 4.
76. A.D. Linde, Nucl. Phys. NUPBBO 0550-3213 B372, 421 (1992). 10.1016/0550-3213(92)90326-7
77. S. Kachru, R. Kallosh, A. Linde, and S.P. Trivedi, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 0556-2821 68, 046005 (2003). 10.1103/PhysRevD.68.046005 (Pubitemid 44628165)
78. A. Ceresole, G. Dall'Agata, A. Giryavets, R. Kallosh, and A. Linde, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 1550-7998 74, 086010 (2006). 10.1103/PhysRevD.74.086010 (Pubitemid 44656319)
79. J.D. Brown and C. Teitelboim, Phys. Lett. B 195, 177 (1987). PYLBAJ 0370-2693 10.1016/0370-2693(87)91190-7
80. J.D. Brown and C. Teitelboim, Nucl. Phys. NUPBBO 0550-3213 B297, 787 (1988). 10.1016/0550-3213(88)90559-7
81. R. Bousso and J. Polchinski, J. High Energy Phys. JHEPFG 1029-8479 06 (2000) 006. 10.1088/1126-6708/2000/06/006
82. S. Kachru, J. Pearson, and H.L. Verlinde, J. High Energy Phys. JHEPFG 1029-8479 06 (2002) 021. 10.1088/1126-6708/2002/06/021
83. A.R. Frey, M. Lippert, and B. Williams, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 0556-2821 68, 046008 (2003). 10.1103/PhysRevD.68.046008 (Pubitemid 44641959)
84. M.C. Johnson and M. Larfors, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 1550-7998 78, 083534 (2008). 10.1103/PhysRevD.78.083534
85. J.J. Blanco-Pillado, D. Schwartz-Perlov, and A. Vilenkin, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 1475-7516 12 (2009) 006. 10.1088/1475-7516/2009/12/006
86. A.D. Linde and M.I. Zelnikov, Phys. Lett. B 215, 59 (1988). PYLBAJ 0370-2693 10.1016/0370-2693(88)91070-2
87. S.M. Carroll, M.C. Johnson, and L. Randall, J. High Energy Phys. JHEPFG 1029-8479 11 (2009) 094. 10.1088/1126-6708/2009/11/094
88. J.J. Blanco-Pillado, D. Schwartz-Perlov, and A. Vilenkin, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 1475-7516 05 (2010) 005. 10.1088/1475-7516/2010/05/005
89. M. Cvetic and H.H. Soleng, Phys. Rep. PRPLCM 0370-1573 282, 159 (1997); 10.1016/S0370-1573(96)00035-X
90. M. Cvetic, S. Griffies, and S.J. Rey, Nucl. Phys. NUPBBO 0550-3213 B389, 3 (1993); 10.1016/0550-3213(93)90283-U
91. M. Cvetic S. Griffies S.J. Rey Nucl. Phys. NUPBBO 0550-3213 B381, 301 (1992); 10.1016/0550-3213(92)90649-V
92. M. Cvetic, S. Griffies, and H.H. Soleng, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 0556-2821 48, 2613 (1993). 10.1103/PhysRevD.48.2613
93. A. Ceresole, G. Dall'Agata, R. Kallosh, and A. Van Proeyen, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 0556-2821 64, 104006 (2001). 10.1103/PhysRevD.64.104006
94. K. Behrndt, G. Lopes Cardoso, and D. Lüst, Nucl. Phys. NUPBBO 0550-3213 B607, 391 (2001); 10.1016/S0550-3213(01)00193-6 (Pubitemid 33396349)
95. G. Lopes Cardoso, G. Dall'Agata, and D. Lüst, J. High Energy Phys. JHEPFG 1029-8479 07 (2001) 026; 10.1088/1126-6708/2001/07/026
96. G. Lopes Cardoso G. Dall'Agata D. Lüst J. High Energy Phys. JHEPFG 1029-8479 03 (2002) 044; 10.1088/1126-6708/2002/03/044
97. K. Behrndt and M. Cvetic, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 0556-2821 65, 126007 (2002). 10.1103/PhysRevD.65.126007 (Pubitemid 44628329)
98. J. Louis and S. Vaula, J. High Energy Phys. JHEPFG 1029-8479 08 (2006) 058. 10.1088/1126-6708/2006/08/058
99. S.R. Coleman and F. De Luccia, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 0556-2821 21, 3305 (1980). 10.1103/PhysRevD.21.3305
100. S. Deser and C. Teitelboim, Phys. Rev. Lett. 39, 249 (1977). PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.249
101. C.M. Hull, Commun. Math. Phys. 90, 545 (1983). CMPHAY 0010-3616 10.1007/BF01216185
102. E. Witten, Commun. Math. Phys. 80, 381 (1981). CMPHAY 0010-3616 10.1007/BF01208277
103. S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 1776 (1982). PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.48.1776
104. M. Dine, G. Festuccia, A. Morisse, and K. van den Broek, J. High Energy Phys. JHEPFG 1029-8479 06 (2008) 014. 10.1088/1126-6708/2008/06/014
105. M. Ibe, Y. Nakayama, and T.T. Yanagida, Phys. Lett. B 671, 378 (2009). PYLBAJ 0370-2693 10.1016/j.physletb.2008.12.043
106. R. Kallosh and A. Linde, J. High Energy Phys. JHEPFG 1029-8479 12 (2004) 004. 10.1088/1126-6708/2004/12/004
107. J.P. Conlon, R. Kallosh, A. Linde, and F. Quevedo, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 1475-7516 09 (2008) 011. 10.1088/1475-7516/2008/09/011
108. L. Susskind, The Cosmic Landscape (Little, Brown, and Company, New York, 2005).
109. C.P. Burgess, R. Kallosh, and F. Quevedo, J. High Energy Phys. JHEPFG 1029-8479 10 (2003) 056. 10.1088/1126-6708/2003/10/056
110. E. Silverstein, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 1550-7998 77, 106006 (2008). 10.1103/PhysRevD.77.106006
111. For a discussion of the Schwarzschild-de Sitter metric, see e.g. Z. Stuchlik and J. Kovar, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 17, 2089 (2008). IMPDEO 0218-2718 10.1142/S021827180801373X
112. R. Bousso and S.W. Hawking, Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 0556-2821 59, 103501 (1999); 10.1103/PhysRevD.59.103501
113. R. Bousso S.W. Hawking Phys. Rev. D PRVDAQ 0556-2821 60, 109903(E) (1999). 10.1103/PhysRevD.60.109903 (Pubitemid 40647532)
114. L. Dyson, M. Kleban, and L. Susskind, J. High Energy Phys. JHEPFG 1029-8479 10 (2002) 011. 10.1088/1126-6708/2002/10/011