The burden of liver disease in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients

Seminars in Liver Disease

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 103-113

  Puoti, Massimo ^a   Moioli, Mariacristina ^a   Travi, Giovanna ^a   Rossotti, Roberto ^a  

^a OSPEDALE NIGUARDA CA GRANDA   (Italy)

Author keywords

alcoholic hepatitis; cirrhosis; hepatitis C virus; human immunodeficiency virus; liver related mortality; nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; noncirrhotic portal hypertension

Indexed keywords

DIDANOSINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; NEVIRAPINE; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA2A; RIBAVIRIN; RITONAVIR; STAVUDINE; TACROLIMUS; TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL; TIPRANAVIR; ZIDOVUDINE;

ARTICLE; CAUSE OF DEATH; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG SAFETY; GENOTYPE; HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HEPATITIS E; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNOGENICITY; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER DISEASE; LIVER INJURY; LIVER TOXICITY; LONG TERM CARE; MIXED INFECTION; MORTALITY; NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; PORTAL HYPERTENSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TOXIC HEPATITIS; VACCINATION; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; VIRUS LOAD;

ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; CARCINOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; LIVER; LIVER DISEASES; LIVER NEOPLASMS;

EID: 84863220875     PISSN: 02728087     EISSN: 10988971     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1316473     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS 2010 Global report. Available at: http://www.unaids.org/globalreport/documents/20101123-GlobalReport-full-en.pdf Accessed April 1, 2012
2. Mocroft A, Brettle R, Kirk O., et al. EuroSIDA study group Changes in the cause of death among HIV positive subjects across Europe: results from the EuroSIDA study. AIDS: 2002; 16 12 1663 1671
3. Weber R, Sabin CA, Friis-Moller N., et al. Liver-related deaths in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: the D:A:D study. Arch Intern Med: 2006; 166 15 1632 1641
4. Salmon-Ceron D, Lewden C, Morlat P., et al. Mortality 2000 study group Liver disease as a major cause of death among HIV infected patients: role of hepatitis C and B viruses and alcohol. J Hepatol: 2005; 42 6 799 805
5. Soriano V, Puoti M, Garcia-Gascó P., et al. Antiretroviral drugs and liver injury. AIDS: 2008; 22 1 1 13
6. Ingiliz P, Valantin MA, Duvivier C., et al. Liver damage underlying unexplained transaminase elevation in human immunodeficiency virus-1 mono-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. Hepatology: 2009; 49 2 436 442
7. Vispo E, Morello J, Rodriguez-Novoa S, Soriano V. Noncirrhotic portal hypertension in HIV infection. Curr Opin Infect Dis: 2011; 24 1 12 18
8. Fonquernie L, Meynard JL, Charrois A, Delamare C, Meyohas MC, Frottier J. Occurrence of acute hepatitis A in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis: 2001; 32 2 297 299
9. Jardi R, Crespo M, Homs M., et al. HIV, HEV and cirrhosis: evidence of a possible link from eastern Spain. HIV Med: 2012;; Jan 18 [Epub ahead of print]
10. Smith C, Sabin CA, Lundgren JD., et al. Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV drugs (D:A:D) Study Group Factors associated with specific causes of death amongst HIV-positive individuals in the D:A:D Study. AIDS: 2010; 24 1537 1548
11. Lifson AR, Belloso WH, Carey C., et al. INSIGHT Cause of Death Writing Group Determination of the underlying cause of death in three multicenter international HIV clinical trials. HIV Clin Trials: 2008; 9 3 177 185
12. th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 27-March 2, 2011; Boston, MA
13. Salmon-Ceron D, Rosenthal E, Lewden C., et al. ANRS EN19 Mortalité Study Group and Mortavic. Emerging role of hepatocellular carcinoma among liver-related causes of deaths in HIV-infected patients: The French National Mortalité 2005 Study. J Hepatol: 2009; 50 4 736 745
14. Leone S, Gregis G, Quinzan G., et al. Causes of death and risk factors among HIV-infected persons in the HAART era: analysis of a large urban cohort. Infection: 2011; 39 1 13 20
15. Mocroft A, Soriano V, Rockstroh J., et al. EuroSIDA Study Group Is there evidence for an increase in the death rate from liver-related disease in patients with HIV? AIDS: 2005; 19 18 2117 2125
16. Núñez-Fernández C, Martín-Carbonero L, Valencia ME., et al. Liver complications have reached a plateau as cause of hospital admission and death in HIV patients in Madrid. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses: 2009; 25 4 383 385
17. Tuma P, Medrano J, Resino S., et al. Incidence of liver cirrhosis in HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis B or C in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Antivir Ther: 2010; 15 6 881 886
18. Phillips AA, Justman JE. Screening HIV-infected patients for non-AIDS-defining malignancies. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep: 2009; 6 2 83 92
19. Ocama P, Nambooze S, Opio CK, Shiels MS, Wabinga HR, Kirk GD. Trends in the incidence of primary liver cancer in Central Uganda, 1960-1980 and 1991-2005. Br J Cancer: 2009; 100 5 799 802
20. Williams JH, Grubb JA, Davis JW., et al. HIV and hepatocellular and esophageal carcinomas related to consumption of mycotoxin-prone foods in sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Clin Nutr: 2010; 92 1 154 160
21. Petoumenos K, Hui E, Kumarasamy N., et al. TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database. Cancers in the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database (TAHOD): a retrospective analysis of risk factors. J Int AIDS Soc: 2010; 13 51
22. Bierhoff E, Fischer HP, Willsch E., et al. Liver histopathology in patients with concurrent chronic hepatitis C and HIV infection. Virchows Arch: 1997; 430 4 271 277
23. Soto B, Sánchez-Quijano A, Rodrigo L., et al. Human immunodeficiency virus infection modifies the natural history of chronic parenterally-acquired hepatitis C with an unusually rapid progression to cirrhosis. J Hepatol: 1997; 26 1 1 5
24. Pol S, Fontaine H, Carnot F., et al. Predictive factors for development of cirrhosis in parenterally acquired chronic hepatitis C: a comparison between immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. J Hepatol: 1998; 29 1 12 19
25. Pol S, Lamorthe B, Thi NT., et al. Retrospective analysis of the impact of HIV infection and alcohol use on chronic hepatitis C in a large cohort of drug users. J Hepatol: 1998; 28 6 945 950
26. Benhamou Y, Bochet M, Di Martino V., et al. The Multivirc Group Liver fibrosis progression in human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus coinfected patients. Hepatology: 1999; 30 4 1054 1058
27. Puoti M, Bonacini M, Spinetti A., et al. HIV-HCV Coinfection Study Group Liver fibrosis progression is related to CD4 cell depletion in patients coinfected with hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis: 2001; 183 1 134 137
28. Serfaty L, Costagliola D, Wendum D., et al. Impact of early-untreated HIV infection on chronic hepatitis C in intravenous drug users: a case-control study. AIDS: 2001; 15 15 2011 2016
29. Di Martino V, Rufat P, Boyer N., et al. The influence of human immunodeficiency virus coinfection on chronic hepatitis C in injection drug users: a long-term retrospective cohort study. Hepatology: 2001; 34 6 1193 1199
30. Mohsen AH, Easterbrook PJ, Taylor C., et al. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on the progression of liver fibrosis in hepatitis C virus infected patients. Gut: 2003; 52 7 1035 1040
31. Tural C, Fuster D, Tor J., et al. Time on antiretroviral therapy is a protective factor for liver fibrosis in HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infected patients. J Viral Hepat: 2003; 10 2 118 125
32. Martinez-Sierra C, Arizcorreta A, Díaz F., et al. Progression of chronic hepatitis C to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients coinfected with hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis: 2003; 36 4 491 498
33. Sterling RK, Contos MJ, Sanyal AJ., et al. The clinical spectrum of hepatitis C virus in HIV coinfection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr: 2003; 32 1 30 37
34. Martín-Carbonero L, Benhamou Y, Puoti M., et al. Incidence and predictors of severe liver fibrosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C: a European collaborative study. Clin Infect Dis: 2004; 38 1 128 133
35. Mariné-Barjoan E, Saint-Paul MC, Pradier C., et al. Registre des Ponctions-Biopsies Hépatiques. Impact of antiretroviral treatment on progression of hepatic fibrosis in HIV/hepatitis C virus co-infected patients. AIDS: 2004; 18 16 2163 2170
36. Macías J, Castellano V, Merchante N., et al. Effect of antiretroviral drugs on liver fibrosis in HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C: harmful impact of nevirapine. AIDS: 2004; 18 5 767 774
37. Fuster D, Planas R, Muga R., et al. Advanced liver fibrosis in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients on antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses: 2004; 20 12 1293 1297
38. Arribas JR, González-García JJ, Lorenzo A., et al. Single (B or C), dual (BC or BD) and triple (BCD) viral hepatitis in HIV-infected patients in Madrid, Spain. AIDS: 2005; 19 13 1361 1365
39. González-García JJ, Mahillo B, Hernández S., et al. [Prevalences of hepatitis virus coinfection and indications for chronic hepatitis C virus treatment and liver transplantation in Spanish HIV-infected patients. The GESIDA 29/02 and FIPSE 12185/01 Multicenter Study]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin: 2005; 23 6 340 348
40. Marks KM, Petrovic LM, Talal AH, Murray MP, Gulick RM, Glesby MJ. Histological findings and clinical characteristics associated with hepatic steatosis in patients coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus. J Infect Dis: 2005; 192 11 1943 1949
41. Bräu N, Salvatore M, Ríos-Bedoya CF., et al. Slower fibrosis progression in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients with successful HIV suppression using antiretroviral therapy. J Hepatol: 2006; 44 1 47 55
42. Rockstroh JK, Mocroft A, Soriano V., et al. EuroSIDA Study Group Influence of hepatitis C virus infection on HIV-1 disease progression and response to highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis: 2005; 192 6 992 1002
43. Soriano V, Grint D, d'Arminio Monforte A., et al. Hepatitis delta in HIV-infected individuals in Europe. AIDS: 2011; 25 16 1987 1992
44. Aranzabal L, Casado JL, Moya J., et al. Influence of liver fibrosis on highly active antiretroviral therapy-associated hepatotoxicity in patients with HIV and hepatitis C virus coinfection. Clin Infect Dis: 2005; 40 4 588 593
45. McGovern BH, Ditelberg JS, Taylor LE., et al. Hepatic steatosis is associated with fibrosis, nucleoside analogue use, and hepatitis C virus genotype 3 infection in HIV-seropositive patients. Clin Infect Dis: 2006; 43 3 365 372
46. Food and Drug Administration. Aptivus (package insert). Available at: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda-docs/label/2011/021814s011lbl.pdf. Accessed March 26, 2012
47. Portilla J. [Safety and tolerability of etravirine]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin: 2009; 27 Suppl 2 21 26
48. Macías J, Neukam K, Portilla J., et al. HEPRAL study team Liver tolerance of raltegravir-containing antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Antimicrob Chemother: 2011; 66 6 1346 1350
49. Genebat M, Ruiz-Mateos E, Pulido I., et al. Long-term immunovirogical effect and tolerability of a maraviroc-containing regimen in routine clinical practice. Curr HIV Res: 2010; 8 6 482 486
50. Crum-Cianflone N, Dilay A, Collins G., et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among HIV-infected persons. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr: 2009; 50 5 464 473
51. Crum-Cianflone N, Collins G, Medina S., et al. Prevalence and factors associated with liver test abnormalities among human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol: 2010; 8 2 183 191
52. Borghi V, Puoti M, Mussini C., et al. HIV coinfection and antiretroviral therapy enhances liver steatosis in patients with hepatitis C, but only in those infected by HCV genotype other than 3. Antivir Ther: 2008; 13 8 1057 1065
53. López-Diéguez M, Montes ML, Pascual-Pareja JF., et al. GESIDA 37/03-FIPSE 36465/03-NEAT IG5 Study Group The natural history of liver cirrhosis in HIV-hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients. AIDS: 2011; 25 7 899 904
54. Ingiliz P, Valantin MA, Duvivier C., et al. Liver damage underlying unexplained transaminase elevation in human immunodeficiency virus-1 mono-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. Hepatology: 2009; 49 2 436 442
55. Samet JH, Phillips SJ, Horton NJ, Traphagen ET, Freedberg KA. Detecting alcohol problems in HIV-infected patients: use of the CAGE questionnaire. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses: 2004; 20 2 151 155
56. Bertholet N, Cheng DM, Samet JH, Quinn E, Saitz R. Alcohol consumption patterns in HIV-infected adults with alcohol problems. Drug Alcohol Depend: 2010; 112 1-2 160 163
57. Galvan FH, Bing EG, Fleishman JA., et al. The prevalence of alcohol consumption and heavy drinking among people with HIV in the United States: results from the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study. J Stud Alcohol: 2002; 63 2 179 186
58. Szabo G, Zakhari S. Mechanisms of alcohol-mediated hepatotoxicity in human-immunodeficiency-virus-infected patients. World J Gastroenterol: 2011; 17 20 2500 2506
59. Maida I, Garcia-Gasco P, Sotgiu G., et al. Antiretroviral-associated portal hypertension: a new clinical condition? Prevalence, predictors and outcome. Antivir Ther: 2008; 13 1 103 107
60. Vispo E, Morello J, Rodriguez-Novoa S, Soriano V. Noncirrhotic portal hypertension in HIV infection. Curr Opin Infect Dis: 2011; 24 1 12 18
61. Franco E, Giambi C, Ialacci R, Coppola RC, Zanetti AR. Risk groups for hepatitis A virus infection. Vaccine: 2003; 21 19-20 2224 2233
62. Urbanus AT, van Houdt R, van de Laar TJ, Coutinho RA. Viral hepatitis among men who have sex with men, epidemiology and public health consequences. Euro Surveill: 2009; 14 47 19421
63. Pini A, Tomasoni LR, Cristini G., et al. Hepatitis A in men having sex with men (MSMs) in northern Italy. Infez Med: 2010; 18 2 113 114
64. Bordia L, Rozeraa G, Scognamiglio P., et al. Monophyletic outbreak of hepatitis A involving HIV-infected men who have sex with men, Rome, Italy 2008-2009. J Clin Virol: 2012; 54 26 29
65. Ridolfo AL, Rusconi S, Antinori S, Balotta C, Galli M. Persisting HIV-1 replication triggered by acute hepatitis A virus infection. Antivir Ther: 2000; 5 1 15 17
66. Wallace MR, Hill HE, Tasker SA, Miller LK. Hepatitis A in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis: 1998; 27 3 651 653
67. Vento S, Garofano T, Renzini C., et al. Fulminant hepatitis associated with hepatitis A virus superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis C. N Engl J Med: 1998; 338 5 286 290
68. Bodsworth NJ, Neilsen GA, Donovan B. The effect of immunization with inactivated hepatitis A vaccine on the clinical course of HIV-1 infection: 1-year follow-up. AIDS: 1997; 11 6 747 749
69. Laurence JC. Hepatitis A and B immunizations of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Med: 2005; 118 Suppl 10A 75S 83S
70. Kemper CA, Haubrich R, Frank I., et al. California Collaborative Treatment Group Safety and immunogenicity of hepatitis A vaccine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Infect Dis: 2003; 187 8 1327 1331
71. Shire NJ, Welge JA, Sherman KE. Efficacy of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in HIV-infected patients: a hierarchical bayesian meta-analysis. Vaccine: 2006; 24 3 272 279
72. Crum-Cianflone NF, Wilkins K, Lee AW., et al. Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program HIV Working Group Long-term durability of immune responses after hepatitis A vaccination among HIV-infected adults. J Infect Dis: 2011; 203 12 1815 1823
73. Neilsen GA, Bodsworth NJ, Watts N. Response to hepatitis A vaccination in human immunodeficiency virus-infected and -uninfected homosexual men. J Infect Dis: 1997; 176 4 1064 1067
74. Santagostino E, Gringeri A, Rocino A, Zanetti A, de Biasi R, Mannucci PM. Patterns of immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in anti-HIV positive and negative hemophilic patients. Thromb Haemost: 1994; 72 4 508 510
75. Wallace MR, Brandt CJ, Earhart KC., et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine among HIV-infected subjects. Clin Infect Dis: 2004; 39 8 1207 1213
76. Saksawad R, Likitnukul S, Warachit B, Hanvivatvong O, Poovorawan Y, Puripokai P. Immunogenicity and safety of a pediatric dose virosomal hepatitis A vaccine in Thai HIV-infected children. Vaccine: 2011; 29 29-30 4735 4738
77. Weinberg A, Gona P, Nachman SA., et al. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 1008 Team Antibody responses to hepatitis A virus vaccine in HIV-infected children with evidence of immunologic reconstitution while receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis: 2006; 193 2 302 311
78. Siberry GK, Coller RJ, Henkle E., et al. Antibody response to hepatitis A immunization among human immunodeficiency virus-infected children and adolescents. Pediatr Infect Dis J: 2008; 27 5 465 468
79. Weinberg A, Huang S, Fenton T., et al. IMPAACT P1008 Team Virologic and immunologic correlates with the magnitude of antibody responses to the hepatitis A vaccine in HIV-infected children on highly active antiretroviral treatment. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr: 2009; 52 1 17 24
80. Spada E, Genovese D, Tosti ME., et al. An outbreak of hepatitis A virus infection with a high case-fatality rate among injecting drug users. J Hepatol: 2005; 43 6 958 964
81. Viral Hepatitis Statement WHO A62/22. Available at: http://apps.who.int/ gb/ebwhal/pdf-files/A62/A62-22-en.pdf. Accessed March 26, 2012
82. Mushahwar IK. Hepatitis E virus: molecular virology, clinical features, diagnosis, transmission, epidemiology, and prevention. J Med Virol: 2008; 80 4 646 658
83. Viswanathan R. Epidemiology. Indian J Med Res: 1957; 45 Suppl. 1 29
84. Lewis HC, Boisson S, Ijaz S., et al. Hepatitis E in England and Wales. Emerg Infect Dis: 2008; 14 1 165 167
85. Amon JJ, Drobeniuc J, Bower WA., et al. Locally acquired hepatitis E virus infection, El Paso, Texas. J Med Virol: 2006; 78 6 741 746
86. Balayan MS, Andjaparidze AG, Savinskaya SS., et al. Evidence for a virus in non-A, non-B hepatitis transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Intervirology: 1983; 20 1 23 31
87. Mushahwar IK. Hepatitis E virus: molecular virology, clinical features, diagnosis, transmission, epidemiology, and prevention. J Med Virol: 2008; 80 4 646 658
88. Lu L, Li C, Hagedorn CH. Phylogenetic analysis of global hepatitis E virus sequences: genetic diversity, subtypes and zoonosis. Rev Med Virol: 2006; 16 1 5 36
89. Chandra V, Kalia M, Hajela K, Jameel S. The ORF3 protein of hepatitis E virus delays degradation of activated growth factor receptors by interacting with CIN85 and blocking formation of the Cbl-CIN85 complex. J Virol: 2010; 84 8 3857 3867
90. Teo CG. Much meat, much malady: changing perceptions of the epidemiology of hepatitis E. Clin Microbiol Infect: 2010; 16 1 24 32
91. Purcell RH, Emerson SU. Hepatitis E: an emerging awareness of an old disease. J Hepatol: 2008; 48 3 494 503
92. Dalton HR, Hazeldine S, Banks M, Ijaz S, Bendall R. Locally acquired hepatitis E in chronic liver disease. Lancet: 2007; 369 9569 1260
93. Feagins AR, Opriessnig T, Guenette DK, Halbur PG, Meng XJ. Detection and characterization of infectious Hepatitis E virus from commercial pig livers sold in local grocery stores in the USA. J Gen Virol: 2007; 88 Pt 3 912 917
94. Kuniholm MH, Purcell RH, McQuillan GM, Engle RE, Wasley A, Nelson KE. Epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in the United States: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. J Infect Dis: 2009; 200 1 48 56
95. Said B, Ijaz S, Kafatos G., et al. Hepatitis E Incident Investigation Team Hepatitis E outbreak on cruise ship. Emerg Infect Dis: 2009; 15 11 1738 1744
96. Matsubayashi K, Kang JH, Sakata H., et al. A case of transfusion- transmitted hepatitis E caused by blood from a donor infected with hepatitis E virus via zoonotic food-borne route. Transfusion: 2008; 48 7 1368 1375
97. Bihl F, Castelli D, Marincola F, Dodd RY, Brander C. Transfusion- transmitted infections. J Transl Med: 2007; 5 25
98. Montella F, Rezza G, Di Sora F, Pezzotti P, Recchia O. Association between hepatitis E virus and HIV infection in homosexual men. Lancet: 1994; 344 8934 1433
99. Mansuy JM, Abravanel F, Miedouge M., et al. Acute hepatitis E in south-west France over a 5-year period. J Clin Virol: 2009; 44 1 74 77
100. Balayan MS, Fedorova OE, Mikhailov MI., et al. Antibody to hepatitis E virus in HIV-infected individuals and AIDS patients. J Viral Hepat: 1997; 4 4 279 283
101. Crum-Cianflone NF, Curry J, Drobeniuc J., et al. Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program HIV Working Group Hepatitis E virus infection in HIV-infected persons. Emerg Infect Dis: 2012; 18 3 502 506
102. Fainboim H, González J, Fassio E., et al. Prevalence of hepatitis viruses in an anti-human immunodeficiency virus-positive population from Argentina. A multicentre study. J Viral Hepat: 1999; 6 1 53 57
103. Jardi R, Crespo M, Homs M., et al. HIV, HEV and cirrhosis: evidence of a possible link from eastern Spain. HIV Med: 2012;; In press
104. Kaba M, Richet H, Ravaux I., et al. Hepatitis E virus infection in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. J Med Virol: 2011; 83 10 1704 1716
105. Keane F, Gompels M, Bendall R., et al. Hepatitis E virus coinfection in patients with HIV infection. HIV Med: 2012; 13 1 83 88
106. Kenfak-Foguena A, Schöni-Affolter F, Bürgisser P., et al. Data Center of the Swiss HIV Cohort Study, Lausanne, Switzerland. Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence and chronic infections in patients with HIV, Switzerland. Emerg Infect Dis: 2011; 17 6 1074 1078
107. Madejón A, Vispo E, Bottecchia M, Sánchez-Carrillo M, García-Samaniego J, Soriano V. Lack of hepatitis E virus infection in HIV patients with advanced immunodeficiency or idiopathic liver enzyme elevations. J Viral Hepat: 2009; 16 12 895 896
108. Ng KP, He J, Saw TL, Lyles CM. A seroprevalence study of viral hepatitis E infection in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infected subjects in Malaysia. Med J Malaysia: 2000; 55 1 58 64
109. Maylin S, Stephan R, Molina JM., et al. Prevalence of antibodies and RNA genome of hepatitis E virus in a cohort of French immunocompromised. J Clin Virol: 2012; 53 4 346 349
110. Pischke S, Heim A, Bremer B., et al. Hepatitis E: an emerging infectious disease in Germany? Z Gastroenterol: 2011; 49 9 1255 1257
111. Gérolami R, Moal V, Colson P. Chronic hepatitis E with cirrhosis in a kidney-transplant recipient. N Engl J Med: 2008; 358 8 859 860
112. Haagsma EB, van den Berg AP, Porte RJ., et al. Chronic hepatitis E virus infection in liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl: 2008; 14 4 547 553
113. Kamar N, Selves J, Mansuy JM., et al. Hepatitis E virus and chronic hepatitis in organ-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med: 2008; 358 8 811 817
114. Ollier L, Tieulie N, Sanderson F., et al. Chronic hepatitis after hepatitis E virus infection in a patient with non-Hodgkin lymphoma taking rituximab. Ann Intern Med: 2009; 150 6 430 431
115. le Coutre P, Meisel H, Hofmann J., et al. Reactivation of hepatitis E infection in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Gut: 2009; 58 5 699 702
116. Dalton HR, Bendall RP, Keane FE, Tedder RS, Ijaz S. Persistent carriage of hepatitis E virus in patients with HIV infection. N Engl J Med: 2009; 361 10 1025 1027
117. Colson P, Gérolami R, Moreau J, Borentain P, Brouqui P. Concurrent autochthonous acute hepatitis E and hepatitis B reverse seroconversion in an HIV-1-infected patient: one virus may hide another. Int J Infect Dis: 2010; 14 4 e357
118. Takahashi M, Kusakai S, Mizuo H., et al. Simultaneous detection of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgM antibodies against hepatitis E virus (HEV) is highly specific for diagnosis of acute HEV infection. J Clin Microbiol: 2005; 43 1 49 56
119. Kamar N, Garrouste C, Haagsma EB., et al. Factors associated with chronic hepatitis in patients with hepatitis E virus infection who have received solid organ transplants. Gastroenterology: 2011; 140 5 1481 1489
120. Dalton HR, Keane FE, Bendall R, Mathew J, Ijaz S. Treatment of chronic hepatitis E in a patient with HIV infection. Ann Intern Med: 2011; 155 7 479 480
121. Kamar N, Abravanel F, Garrouste C., et al. Three-month pegylated interferon-alpha-2a therapy for chronic hepatitis E virus infection in a haemodialysis patient. Nephrol Dial Transplant: 2010; 25 8 2792 2795
122. Jagjit Singh GK, Ijaz S, Rockwood N., et al. Chronic hepatitis E as a cause for cryptogenic cirrhosis in HIV. J Infect: 2011;; Dec 06 [Epub ahead of print]
123. Kamar N, Rostaing L, Abravanel F., et al. Ribavirin therapy inhibits viral replication on patients with chronic hepatitis e virus infection. Gastroenterology: 2010; 139 5 1612 1618