Management and treatment of chronic hepatitis C in HIV patients

Seminars in Liver Disease

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 138-146

  Barreiro, Pablo ^a   Vispo, Eugenia ^a   Labarga, Pablo ^a   Soriano, Vincent ^a  

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO LA PAZ   (Spain)

Author keywords

boceprevir; direct acting antivirals; hepatitis C; HIV; human immunodeficiency virus; IL28B; interferon; ribavirin; telaprevir

Indexed keywords

ABACAVIR; ATAZANAVIR; ATAZANAVIR PLUS RITONAVIR; ATORVASTATIN; BOCEPREVIR; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; DARUNAVIR; DARUNAVIR PLUS RITONAVIR; DIDANOSINE; EFAVIRENZ; ESCITALOPRAM; ESOMEPRAZOLE; ETRAVIRINE; FOSAMPRENAVIR PLUS RITONAVIR; INOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE; INTERLEUKIN 28B; KETOCONAZOLE; MARAVIROC; METHADONE; MIDAZOLAM; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA; PHOSPHATASE; RALTEGRAVIR; RIBAVIRIN; RITONAVIR; STAVUDINE; TELAPREVIR; TENOFOVIR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ZIDOVUDINE;

ANEMIA; ANTIVIRAL RESISTANCE; ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; ARTICLE; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DECOMPENSATED LIVER CIRRHOSIS; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INHIBITION; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ELASTOGRAPHY; HEALTH CARE COST; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; JAUNDICE; LEUKOPENIA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER FIBROSIS; LIVER TOXICITY; LOW DRUG DOSE; MITOCHONDRIAL TOXICITY; MIXED INFECTION; NEPHROTOXICITY; PANCREATITIS; PHARMACOGENOMICS; PORTAL HYPERTENSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TREATMENT RESPONSE; VIRUS STRAIN; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ANTI-RETROVIRAL AGENTS; ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; COINFECTION; FEMALE; HEPACIVIRUS; HEPATITIS C, CHRONIC; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALIZED MEDICINE; INTERLEUKINS; MALE; PHARMACOGENETICS; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC;

EID: 84863219039     PISSN: 02728087     EISSN: 10988971     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1316469     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Soriano V, Puoti M, Sulkowski M., et al. Care of patients coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus: 2007 updated recommendations from the HCV-HIV International Panel. AIDS: 2007; 21 9 1073 1089
2. Rallón NI, Naggie S, Benito JM., et al. Association of a single nucleotide polymorphism near the interleukin-28B gene with response to hepatitis C therapy in HIV/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients. AIDS: 2010; 24 8 F23 F29
3. Rallón NI, Morello J, Labarga P., et al. Peginterferon Ribavirin Coinfection Team. Impact of inosine triphosphatase gene variants on the risk of anemia in HIV/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients treated for chronic hepatitis C. Clin Infect Dis: 2011; 53 12 1291 1295
4. Soriano V, Sherman KE, Rockstroh J., et al. Challenges and opportunities for hepatitis C drug development in HIV-hepatitis C virus-co-infected patients. AIDS: 2011; 25 18 2197 2208
5. Rockstroh JK, Mocroft A, Soriano V., et al. EuroSIDA Study Group Influence of hepatitis C virus infection on HIV-1 disease progression and response to highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis: 2005; 192 6 992 1002
6. Rouet F, Chaix ML, Inwoley A., et al. ANRS 1236 DITRAME-B&C Study Group HBV and HCV prevalence and viraemia in HIV-positive and HIV-negative pregnant women in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire: the ANRS 1236 study. J Med Virol: 2004; 74 1 34 40
7. Modi AA, Feld JJ. Viral hepatitis and HIV in Africa. AIDS Rev: 2007; 9 1 25 39
8. Soriano V, Mocroft A, Rockstroh J., et al. EuroSIDA Study Group Spontaneous viral clearance, viral load, and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in HIV-infected patients with anti-HCV antibodies in Europe. J Infect Dis: 2008; 198 9 1337 1344
9. Danta M, Brown D, Bhagani S., et al. HIV and Acute HCV (HAAC) group Recent epidemic of acute hepatitis C virus in HIV-positive men who have sex with men linked to high-risk sexual behaviours. AIDS: 2007; 21 8 983 991
10. European AIDS Treatment Network (NEAT) Acute Hepatitis C Infection Consensus Panel Acute hepatitis C in HIV-infected individuals: recommendations from the European AIDS Treatment Network (NEAT) consensus conference. AIDS: 2011; 25 399 409
11. Yeung LT, King SM, Roberts EA. Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus. Hepatology: 2001; 34 2 223 229
12. Conte D, Fraquelli M, Prati D, Colucci A, Minola E. Prevalence and clinical course of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and rate of HCV vertical transmission in a cohort of 15,250 pregnant women. Hepatology: 2000; 31 3 751 755
13. European Paediatric Hepatitis C Virus Network A significant sexbut not elective cesarean sectioneffect on mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus infection. J Infect Dis: 2005; 192 11 1872 1879
14. European Paediatric Hepatitis C Virus Network Effects of mode of delivery and infant feeding on the risk of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus. BJOG: 2001; 108 4 371 377
15. Airoldi J, Berghella V. Hepatitis C and pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv: 2006; 61 10 666 672
16. Grebely J, Raffa JD, Lai C, Krajden M, Conway B, Tyndall MW. Factors associated with spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus among illicit drug users. Can J Gastroenterol: 2007; 21 7 447 451
17. Vispo E, Martinez-Alarcon J, Poveda E, Toro C, Soriano V. Initial spontaneous clearance and re-infection with a distinct hepatitis C virus genotype leading to chronic hepatitis C in an HIV+ intravenous drug user. AIDS: 2008; 22 2 318
18. Eyster M, Diamondstone L, Lien JM, Ehmann W, Quan S, Goedert J. Natural history of hepatitis C virus infection in multitransfused hemophiliacs: effect of coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus. The Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr: 1993; 6 6 602 610
19. Soto B, Sanchez-Quijano A, Rodrigo L., et al. Human immunodeficiency virus infection infection modifies the natural history of chronic parenterally-acquired hepatitis C with an unusually rapid progression to cirrhosis. J Hepatol: 1997; 26 1 5
20. Benhamou Y, Bochet M, Di Martino V., et al. Liver fibrosis progression in human immunodeficiency virus infection and hepatitis C virus coinfected patients. Hepatology: 1999; 30 1054 1058
21. Martin-Carbonero L, Benhamou Y, Puoti M., et al. Incidence and predictors of severe liver fibrosis in human immunodeficiency virus infection infected patients with chronic hepatitis C - a European collaborative study. Clin Infect Dis: 2004; 38 128 133
22. Pineda JA, Aguilar-Guisado M, Rivero A., et al. Grupo para el Estudio de las Hepatitis Víricas (HEPAVIR) de la Sociedad Andaluza de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Natural history of compensated hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis in HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis: 2009; 49 8 1274 1282
23. Puoti M, Bruno R, Soriano V., et al. HIV HCC Cooperative Italian-Spanish Group Hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV-infected patients: epidemiological features, clinical presentation and outcome. AIDS: 2004; 18 17 2285 2293
24. Kuntzen T, Tural C, Li B., et al. Intrahepatic mRNA expression in hepatitis C virus and HIV/hepatitis C virus co-infection: infiltrating cells, cytokines, and influence of HAART. AIDS: 2008; 22 2 203 210
25. Tuyama AC, Hong F, Saiman Y., et al. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infects human hepatic stellate cells and promotes collagen I and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression: implications for the pathogenesis of HIV/hepatitis C virus-induced liver fibrosis. Hepatology: 2010; 52 2 612 622
26. Daar ES, Lynn H, Donfield S., et al. Hemophilia Growth and Development Study. Relation between HIV-1 and hepatitis C viral load in patients with hemophilia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr: 2001; 26 5 466 472
27. Bonacini M, Govindarajan S, Blatt L, Schmid P, Conrad A, Lindsay K. Patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus demonstrate higher levels of hepatic HCV RNA. J Viral Hepat: 1999; 6 203 208
28. Dutoit V, Ciuffreda D, Comte D, Gonvers JJ, Pantaleo G. Differences in HCV-specific T cell responses between chronic HCV infection and HIV/HCV co-infection. Eur J Immunol: 2005; 35 12 3493 3504
29. Kim AY, Lauer GM, Ouchi K., et al. The magnitude and breadth of hepatitis C virus-specific CD8+ T cells depend on absolute CD4+ T-cell count in individuals coinfected with HIV-1. Blood: 2005; 105 3 1170 1178
30. Rallón NI, Soriano V, Restrepo C., et al. HCV-specific T-cell responses in HIV/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy are comparable to those observed in hepatitis C virus-monoinfected individuals. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr: 2011; 57 1 1 8
31. Medrano J, Resino S, Vispo E., et al. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment uptake and changes in the prevalence of HCV genotypes in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. J Viral Hepat: 2011; 18 5 325 330
32. Poveda E, Vispo E, Barreiro P., et al. Predicted effect of direct acting antivirals in the current HIV-HCV-coinfected population in Spain. Antivir Ther: 2011;; In press
33. Núñez M, Lana R, Mendoza J, Martín-Carbonero L, Soriano V. Risk factors for severe hepatic injury following the introduction of of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr: 2001; 27 426 431
34. Sulkowski M, Thomas D, Chaisson R, Moore R. Hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus and the role of hepatitis C or B virus infection. JAMA: 2000; 283 74 80
35. Soriano V, Puoti M, Garcia-Gascó P., et al. Antiretroviral drugs and liver injury. AIDS: 2008; 22 1 1 13
36. Núñez M. Clinical syndromes and consequences of antiretroviral-related hepatotoxicity. Hepatology: 2010; 52 3 1143 1155
37. Labarga P, Soriano V, Vispo ME., et al. Hepatotoxicity of antiretroviral drugs is reduced after successful treatment of chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients. J Infect Dis: 2007; 196 5 670 676
38. Barreiro P, Labarga P, Martín-Carbonero L., et al. Sustained virological response following HCV therapy is associated with non-progression of liver fibrosis in HCV/HIV-coinfected patients. Antivir Ther: 2006; 11 7 869 877
39. Soriano V, Labarga P, Ruiz-Sancho A, Garcia-Samaniego J, Barreiro P. Regression of liver fibrosis in hepatitis C virus/HIV-co-infected patients after treatment with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin. AIDS: 2006; 20 17 2225 2227
40. Soriano V, Maida I, Núñez M., et al. Long-term follow-up of HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection treated with interferon-based therapies. Antivir Ther: 2004; 9 6 987 992
41. Berenguer J, Alvarez-Pellicer J, Martín P., et al. Sustained virological response to interferon plus ribavirin reduces liver-related complications and mortality in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus. Hepatology: 2009; 50 407 413
42. Mauss S, Valenti W, DePamphilis J., et al. Risk factors for hepatic decompensation in patients with HIV/HCV coinfection and liver cirrhosis during interferon-based therapy. AIDS: 2004; 18 13 F21 F25
43. Bani-Sadr F, Carrat F, Pol S., et al. ANRS HCo2-Ribavic Study Team. Risk factors for symptomatic mitochondrial toxicity in HIV/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients during interferon plus ribavirin-based therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr: 2005; 40 47 52
44. Garcia-Benayas T, Blanco F, Soriano V. Weight loss in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med: 2002; 347 16 1287 1288
45. Bani-Sadr F, Denoeud L, Morand P., et al. Recherche contre le SIDA et les Hépatites ViralesHCo2-Ribavic Study Team. Early virologic failure in HIV-coinfected hepatitis C patients treated with pegIFN-RBV combination: does abacavir play a role? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr: 2007; 45 123 125
46. Vispo E, Barreiro P, Pineda JA., et al. Low response to pegylated interferon plus ribavirin in HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with abacavir. Antivir Ther: 2008; 13 3 429 437
47. Amorosa VK, Slim J, Mounzer K., et al. The influence of abacavir and other antiretroviral agents on virological response to HCV therapy among antiretroviral-treated HIV-infected patients. Antivir Ther: 2010; 15 1 91 99
48. Núñez M, Ocampo A, Aguirrebengoa K., et al. PRESCO Team. Incidence of anaemia and impact on sustained virological response in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients treated with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin. J Viral Hepat: 2008; 15 5 363 369
49. Sánchez-Conde M, Gil P, Sánchez-Somolinos M, Gonzalez-Lahoz J, Soriano V. Hepatic and renal safety profile of tenofovir in HIV-infected patients with hepatitis C, including patients on interferon plus ribavirin. HIV Clin Trials: 2005; 6 5 278 280
50. Sulkowski MS, Mast EE, Seeff LB, Thomas DL. Hepatitis C virus infection as an opportunistic disease in persons infected with HIV. Clin Infect Dis: 2000; 30 Suppl 1 S77 S84
51. Qurishi N, Kreuzberg C, Lüchters G., et al. Effect of antiretroviral therapy on liver-related mortality in patients with HIV and hepatitis C virus coinfection. Lancet: 2003; 362 9397 1708 1713
52. Blanco F, Barreiro P, Ryan P., et al. Risk factors for advanced liver fibrosis in HIV-infected individuals: role of antiretroviral drugs and insulin resistance. J Viral Hepat: 2011; 18 1 11 16
53. Ingiliz P, Valantin MA, Duvivier C., et al. Liver damage underlying unexplained transaminase elevation in human immunodeficiency virus-1 monoinfected patients on antiretroviral therapy. Hepatology: 2009; 49 436 442
54. Mariné-Barjoan E, Saint-Paul MC, Pradier C., et al. Registre des Ponctions-Biopsies Hépatiques. Impact of antiretroviral treatment on progression of hepatic fibrosis in HIV/hepatitis C virus co-infected patients. AIDS: 2004; 18 16 2163 2170
55. Mehta SH, Thomas DL, Torbenson M., et al. The effect of antiretroviral therapy on liver disease among adults with HIV and hepatitis C virus coinfection. Hepatology: 2005; 41 1 123 131
56. Moodie EE, Pant Pai N, Klein MB. Is antiretroviral therapy causing long-term liver damage? A comparative analysis of HIV-mono-infected and HIV/hepatitis C co-infected cohorts. PLoS ONE: 2009; 4 2 e4517
57. Vispo E, Mena A, Maida I., et al. Hepatic safety profile of raltegravir in HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Antimicrob Chemother: 2010; 65 3 543 547
58. Vispo E, Morello J, Rodriguez-Novoa S, Soriano V. Noncirrhotic portal hypertension in HIV infection. Curr Opin Infect Dis: 2011; 24 1 12 18
59. Vispo E, Moreno A, Maida I., et al. Noncirrhotic portal hypertension in HIV-infected patients: unique clinical and pathological findings. AIDS: 2010; 24 8 1171 1176
60. Vispo E, Maida I, Barreiro P, Moreno V, Soriano V. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding may unmask didanosine-associated portal hepatopathy in HIV/HCV co-infected patients. HIV Clin Trials: 2008; 9 6 440 444
61. Merchante N, Girón-González JA, González-Serrano M., et al. Grupo Andaluz para el Estudio de las Enfermedades Infecciosas. Survival and prognostic factors of HIV-infected patients with HCV-related end-stage liver disease. AIDS: 2006; 20 1 49 57
62. Aranzabal L, Casado JL, Moya J., et al. Influence of liver fibrosis on highly active antiretroviral therapy-associated hepatotoxicity in patients with HIV and hepatitis C virus coinfection. Clin Infect Dis: 2005; 40 4 588 593
63. Tuma P, Jarrin I, Del Amo J., et al. Survival of HIV-infected patients with compensated liver cirrhosis. AIDS: 2010; 24 5 745 753
64. Barreiro P, Rodríguez-Novoa S, Labarga P., et al. Influence of liver fibrosis stage on plasma levels of antiretroviral drugs in HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Infect Dis: 2007; 195 7 973 979
65. Ge D, Fellay J, Thompson AJ., et al. Genetic variation in IL28B predicts hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearance. Nature: 2009; 461 7262 399 401
66. Tanaka Y, Nishida N, Sugiyama M., et al. Genome-wide association of IL28B with response to pegylated interferon-alpha and ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Nat Genet: 2009; 41 10 1105 1109
67. Suppiah V, Moldovan M, Ahlenstiel G., et al. IL28B is associated with response to chronic hepatitis C interferon-alpha and ribavirin therapy. Nat Genet: 2009; 41 10 1100 1104
68. Rauch A, Kutalik Z, Descombes P., et al. Swiss Hepatitis C Cohort Study; Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Genetic variation in IL28B is associated with chronic hepatitis C and treatment failure: a genome-wide association study. Gastroenterology: 2010; 138 4 1338 1345, 1345, e1-e7
69. Pineda JA, Caruz A, Rivero A., et al. Prediction of response to pegylated interferon plus ribavirin by IL28B gene variation in patients coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus. Clin Infect Dis: 2010; 51 7 788 795
70. Afdhal NH, McHutchison JG, Zeuzem S., et al. Pharmacogenetics and Hepatitis C Meeting Participants. Hepatitis C pharmacogenetics: state of the art in 2010. Hepatology: 2011; 53 1 336 345
71. McCarthy JJ, Li JH, Thompson A., et al. Replicated association between an IL28B gene variant and a sustained response to pegylated interferon and ribavirin. Gastroenterology: 2010; 138 7 2307 2314
72. Moghaddam A, Melum E, Reinton N., et al. IL28B genetic variation and treatment response in patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 3 infection. Hepatology: 2011; 53 3 746 754
73. Scherzer TM, Hofer H, Staettermayer AF., et al. Early virologic response and IL28B polymorphisms in patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 3 treated with peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin. J Hepatol: 2011; 54 5 866 871
74. Mangia A, Thompson AJ, Santoro R., et al. An IL28B polymorphism determines treatment response of hepatitis C virus genotype 2 or 3 patients who do not achieve a rapid virologic response. Gastroenterology: 2010; 139 3 821 827, 827, e1
75. Zhang L, Jilg N, Shao R-X., et al. IL28B inhibits hepatitis C virus replication through the JAK-STAT pathway. J Hepatol: 2011; 55 2 289 298
76. Rallón N, Naggie S, Restrepo C., et al. IL28B plasma levels significantly increase after 4 weeks of therapy with P/R only in patients with the protective IL28B/rs12979860 genotype. Paper presented at: 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 27-March 2, 2011; Boston, MA: 2011
77. Bochud P-Y, Bibert S, Negro F., et al. IL28B polymorphisms predict reduction of HCV RNA from the first day of therapy in chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol: 2011; 55 5 980 988
78. Labarga P, Soriano V, Caruz A., et al. CoRIS. Association between IL28B gene polymorphisms and plasma HCV-RNA levels in HIV/HCV-co-infected patients. AIDS: 2011; 25 6 761 766
79. Urban TJ, Thompson AJ, Bradrick SS., et al. IL28B genotype is associated with differential expression of intrahepatic interferon-stimulated genes in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology: 2010; 52 6 1888 1896
80. Moghaddam A, Melum E, Reinton N., et al. IL28B genetic variation and treatment response in patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 3 infection. Hepatology: 2011; 53 3 746 754
81. Rallón NI, Soriano V, Naggie S., et al. IL28B gene polymorphisms and viral kinetics in HIV/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. AIDS: 2011; 25 8 1025 1033
82. Poordad F, Bronowicki J-P, Gordon S., et al. IL28B polymorphisms predicts virologic response in patients with hepatitis C genotype 1 treated with boceprevir combination therapy. J Hepatol: 2011; 54 Suppl 1 6
83. Jacobson IM, Catlett I, Marcellin P., et al. Telaprevir substantially improved SVR rates across all IL28B genotypes in the ADVANCE trial. J Hepatol: 2011; 54 Suppl 1 S542 S543
84. Akuta N, Suzuki F, Hirakawa M., et al. Amino acid substitution in hepatitis C virus core region and genetic variation near the interleukin 28B gene predict viral response to telaprevir with peginterferon and ribavirin. Hepatology: 2010; 52 2 421 429
85. Pol S, Aerssens J, Zeuzem S., et al. Similar SVR rates in IL28B CC, CT or TT prior relapser partial- or null-responder patients treated with telaprevir/peginterferon/ribavirin: retrospective analysis of the REALIZE study. J Hepatol: 2011; 54 Suppl 1 6 7
86. Aerssens J, Fanning G, Scholliers A., et al. Impact of IL28B genotype and pretreatment serum IP-10 in treatment-naive genotype-1 HCV patients treated with TMC435 in combination with peginterferon a-2a and ribavirin in PILLAR study. J Hepatol: 2011; 54 Suppl 1 5 6
87. Thomas DL, Thio CL, Martin MP., et al. Genetic variation in IL28B and spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus. Nature: 2009; 461 7265 798 801
88. Montes-Cano MA, García-Lozano JR, Abad-Molina C., et al. Interleukin-28B genetic variants and hepatitis virus infection by different viral genotypes. Hepatology: 2010; 52 1 33 37
89. Neukam K, Nattermann J, Rallón N., et al. Different distributions of hepatitis C virus genotypes among HIV-infected patients with acute and chronic hepatitis C according to interleukin-28B genotype. HIV Med: 2011; 12 8 487 493
90. Nattermann J, Vogel M, Nischalke HD., et al. Genetic variation in IL28B and treatment-induced clearance of hepatitis C virus in HIV-positive patients with acute and chronic hepatitis C. J Infect Dis: 2011; 203 5 595 601
91. Abe H, Ochi H, Maekawa T., et al. Common variation of IL28 affects gamma-GTP levels and inflammation of the liver in chronically infected hepatitis C virus patients. J Hepatol: 2010; 53 3 439 443
92. Bochud P-Y, Bibert S, Kutalik Z., et al. IL28B polymorphisms linked to poor response to treatment are associated with low necroinflammatory activity and slow fibrosis progression in HCV genotype non-1-infected patients. J Hepatol: 2011; 54 Suppl 1 539
93. Barreiro P, Pineda JA, Rallón N., et al. Influence of interleukin-28B single-nucleotide polymorphisms on progression to liver cirrhosis in human immunodeficiency virus-hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis: 2011; 203 1629 1636
94. Aghemo A, Marabita F, De Nicola S., et al. Fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C is not influenced by IL28B polymorphisms. J Hepatol: 2011; 54 Suppl 1 519
95. Medrano J, Neukam K, Rallón N., et al. Modeling the probability of sustained virological response to therapy with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin in patients coinfected with hepatitis C virus and HIV. Clin Infect Dis: 2010; 51 10 1209 1216
96. Medrano J, de Ledinghen V, Taupin J-L., et al. Baseline prediction of response to pegIFN-RBV in chronic hepatitis C using the Prometheus score. Hepatology: 2012;; In press
97. Soriano V, Vispo E, Poveda E., et al. Directly acting antivirals against hepatitis C virus. J Antimicrob Chemother: 2011; 66 8 1673 1686
98. Dieterich D, Soriano V, Shermann K., et al. Telaprevir in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin in HCV/HIV co-infected patients: 24-week treatment interim analysis. 19th CROI, Seattle, March 5-8, 2012 [abstract 46]
99. Mallolas J, Pol S, Rivero A., et al. Boceprevir plus peginterferon/ ribavirin for the treatment of HIV-HCV coinfected patients: end of treatment week 48 interim results. 47th EASL, Barcelona, April 2012. Abstract 366
100. Van Heeswijk R, Vandevoorde A, Boogaerts G., et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions between ARV agents and the investigational HCV protease inhibitor TVR in healthy volunteers. Paper presented at: 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 27-March 2, 2011; Boston, MA
101. Ghosal A, Yuan Y, Tong W., et al. Characterization of human liver enzymes involved in the biotransformation of boceprevir, a hepatitis C virus protease inhibitor. Drug Metab Dispos: 2011; 39 3 510 521
102. Kasserra C, Hughes E, Treitel M, Gupta S, O'Mara E. Clinical pharmacology of boceprevir: metabolism, excretion and drug-drug interactions. Paper presented at: 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 27-March 2, 2011; Boston, MA
103. Soriano V, Perelson AS, Zoulim F. Why are there different dynamics in the selection of drug resistance in HIV and hepatitis B and C viruses? J Antimicrob Chemother: 2008; 62 1 1 4
104. Rong L, Dahari H, Ribeiro RM, Perelson AS. Rapid emergence of protease inhibitor resistance in hepatitis C virus. Sci Transl Med: 2010; 2 30 30ra32
105. Soriano V, Peters MG, Zeuzem S. New therapies for hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Infect Dis: 2009; 48 3 313 320
106. Sarrazin C, Zeuzem S. Resistance to direct antiviral agents in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Gastroenterology: 2010; 138 2 447 462
107. Halfon P, Locarnini S. Hepatitis C virus resistance to protease inhibitors. J Hepatol: 2011; 55 1 192 206
108. Kieffer TL, Kwong AD, Picchio GR. Viral resistance to specifically targeted antiviral therapies for hepatitis C (STAT-Cs). J Antimicrob Chemother: 2010; 65 2 202 212
109. Bartels DJ, Zhou Y, Zhang EZ., et al. Natural prevalence of hepatitis C virus variants with decreased sensitivity to NS3.4A protease inhibitors in treatment-naive subjects. J Infect Dis: 2008; 198 6 800 807
110. Kuntzen T, Timm J, Berical A., et al. Naturally occurring dominant resistance mutations to hepatitis C virus protease and polymerase inhibitors in treatment-naïve patients. Hepatology: 2008; 48 6 1769 1778
111. Gaudieri S, Rauch A, Pfafferott K., et al. Hepatitis C virus drug resistance and immune-driven adaptations: relevance to new antiviral therapy. Hepatology: 2009; 49 4 1069 1082
112. Sun SC, Bae A, Qi X., et al. Natural variation in drug susceptibility to HCV polymerase inhibitors in treatment-naïve HCV patient isolates. J Viral Hepat: 2011; 18 12 861 870
113. Treviño A, de Mendoza C, Parra P., et al. Natural polymorphisms associated with resistance to new antivirals against HCV in newly diagnosed HIV-HCV-coinfected patients. Antivir Ther: 2011; 16 3 413 416
114. Plaza Z, Soriano V, Gonzalez MdelM., et al. Impact of antiretroviral therapy on the variability of the HCV NS5B polymerase in HIV/HCV co-infected patients. J Antimicrob Chemother: 2011; 66 12 2838 2842