I want to be expropriated!: The politics of xiaochanquanfang land development in suburban China

Journal of Contemporary China

Volumn 21, Issue 74, 2012, Pages 261-279

  Paik, Wooyeal ^a   Lee, Kihyun ^b  

^a Sungkyunkwan University   (South Korea)

^b Korea Institute for National Unification   (South Korea)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GOVERNMENT; HOUSING; LAND MANAGEMENT; SUBURBAN AREA; TOWNSHIP AND VILLAGE ENTERPRISE;

CHINA;

EID: 84863137508     PISSN: 10670564     EISSN: 14699400     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10670564.2012.635930     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Yongshun Cai, 'Collective ownership or cadre's ownership?: The non-agricultural use of farmland in China', The China Quarterly 175, (2003), pp. 622-680.
2. Yongshun Cai, 'Local governments and the suppression of popular resistance in China', The China Quarterly 193, (2008), pp. 24-42.
3. Xiaolin Guo, 'Land expropriation and rural conflicts in China', The China Quarterly 173, (2001), pp. 422-439.
4. Kevin J. O'Brien and Lianjiang Li, Rightful Resistance in Rural China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
5. Cai, 'Collective ownership or cadre's ownership?'; Peter Ho, 'Who owns China's land? Policies, property rights, and deliberate institutional ambiguity', The China Quarterly 173, (2001), pp. 394-412.
6. Samuel P. S. Ho and George C. S. Lin, 'Emerging land markets in rural and urban China: policies and practices', The China Quarterly 175, (2003), pp. 682-707.
7. Samuel P. S. Ho and George C. S. Lin, 'Non-agricultural land use in post reform China', The China Quarterly no. 176, (2004), pp. 758-781.
8. Lianjiang Li, 'Political trust in rural China', Modern China 30(2), (2004), pp. 228-258.
9. Lianjiang Li, 'Political trust and petitioning in the Chinese countryside', Comparative Politics 40(2), (2008), pp. 209-226.
10. O'Brien and Li, Rightful Resistance in Rural China.
11. Ethan Michelson, 'Justice from above or below? Popular strategies for resolving grievances in rural China', The China Quarterly 193, (2008), pp. 43-64.
12. Ethan Michelson, 'Justice from above or below? Popular strategies for resolving grievances in rural China', The China Quarterly 193, (2008)., p. 55.
13. We are grateful to David Kelly and Daniel A. Bell for their help with translation.
14. 'Xiaochanquanfang "Weifa" Zhenglun Beihude Liyi Boyi', Jinrezhongguo [China Today Forum], (September 2007), pp. 68-71.
15. 'Beijing Xiaochanquanfang Zhan Shoululiang Liangcheng Kaifa Chengben Shengyiban', Zhongguojingjishibao, (4 July 2007).
16. 'Liyi Qudong Chuanqi Xiaochanquanfang Kaifalian', Xinjingbao, (11 May 2007).
17. 'Chengdu Wu: Xiaochanquanfangde ZhunheFahua Yangben', 21shijijingjibaodao, (16 December 2007).
18. Jingjicankaobao, (10 December 2007).
19. 'Chungqing Xiaochanquanfang Houshi Nanban', Shidaixinbao, (19 December 2007).
20. 'BeijingGuotuyu Jiaoting XiaochanquanbiyaWeigui JiansheXiangmu', CCTV1, Jingjibanxiaoshi, (21 June 2007).
21. For example, the 'Yilanxiaozhen' XCQF community's land developer is the village committee (cunminweiyuanhui) of Huicheng Village, Liulihe Township, Fanshan District, Beijing City.
22. Jingjicankaobao, (10 December 2007).
23. Interview, Huilongguan Village, Beijing, 11 June 2008.
24. In 1989, there were already about 30 million migrant workers, which increased to 62 million in 1993, and reached approximately 210 million by the mid-2000s.
25. G. C. Zheng and F. L. Huang, eds, Zhongguo Nongmingong Wenti yu Shehui Baohu [Rural-Urban Migrant Workers in China: Issues and Social Protection ] (Beijing: Renmin Chubanshe, 2007), pp. 9-35.
26. Cindy C. Fan, China on the Move: Migration, the State, and the Household (New York: Routledge, 2008).
27. Zhongguojingjishibao, (4 July 2007).
28. 21shijijingjibaodao, (16 December 2007).
29. A land development expert, Jiang Chunhai, made a similar estimation: land developers (20-30%, up to 40%), local governments (30-40%, including provincial, city/county, township, and village), bank (5-10%) and abnormal loss (feizhengchang liushi) (5-10%). He did not find it worth mentioning the peasant's share as it is so negligible: "Xiaochanquanfang' Anzhan Tudi Shouyi', Zhongguoxinwenzhoukan, (23 July 2007).
30. Note that this proportion may vary in different regions. One land issue expert argues that the peasants' addedvalue profit can be dozens and up to 100 times greater under XCQF development than non-XCQF land development.
31. Lin Wang, 'Zhongguo Tesede Paleituo Gaijin-Xiaochanquanfangde Chuxian' ['Pareto improvement with Chinese characteristics-XCQF's emergence'], Keqichuangxindaobao [Science and Technology Innovation Herald] 4, (2008), p. 116.
32. For the detailed laws and regulations on the XCQF, see the Urban and City Development Law (Chengxiangguihuafa,); the Land Management Law (tudiguanlifa, Chinese Source) article 41; and Guowuyuan Bangongting Guauyu Jiaqiang Tudizhuanrang Guanli Yanjin Chaomaimai Tudi de Tongzhi [Politburo Directive on Enforcing Land Transfer Management and Banning Speculation in Land ] no. 39, (1999).
33. Dongfangzaobao, (25 December 2007). This number does not include the rural collective land for other purposes, mainly, farmland (nongcun gengdi Chinese Source,).
34. Jingjicankaobao, (4 March 2008); Diyicaijingribao, (14 March 2008); Jinanfandichanwang, (9 March 2007), available at: http://house.sohu.com/news/2007-03-09/289383.html (accessed 18 October 2008); Tianjinfandichanwang, (6 July 2007), available at: http://house.sohu.com/news/2007-07-06/333085.html (accessed 9 May 2008).
35. Jinanfandichanwang, (9 March 2007).
36. 'Xiaochanquanfang Beijing Remain', Xinjingbao, (11 May 2007).
37. For the complete list of sources, contact the author.
38. Xianfangdicanwang, (5 July 2007).
39. Interview, Beijing, 11 June 2008. Individually, we visited another big XCQF community with 52 apartment buildings at Huilongguan Community, Chaoyang District, Beijing, where residents and real estate agents clearly acknowledge the legal status of their XCQF.
40. For the details, see Ho and Lin, 'Emerging land markets in rural and urban China'.
41. George C. S. Lin, 'Reproducing spaces of Chinese urbanisation: new city-based and land-centered urban transformation', Urban Studies 44(9), (2007), pp. 1827-1855.
42. X. B. Zhang et al., 'Industrialization, urbanization, and land use in China', Journal of Chinese Economics and Business Studies 2(3), (2004), pp. 207-224.
43. Xinhuanet, (12 December 2007), available at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/house/2007-12/12/content_7232599.htm (assessed 18 October 2008).
44. Jinghuashibao, (4 December 2007).
45. Jinghuashibao, (20 and 27 March 2008); 'Xianjianfang Guanli Banfa Gongbu Zhixing' ['Implementation of price limited house management manual'], Jinghuashibao, (16 April 2008); 'Jingshefang Liangxianfang Nizhu Shoubingju' ['Simultaneously renting and selling economical housing and limited-price/size housing'], Jinghuashibao, (27 March 2008). For more information, see Ying Li et al., Fangdichan Kaifa [Real Estate Development ] (Beijing: Beijing Daxue Chubanshe, 2007), ch. 7.
46. Yongshun Cai, 'Power Structure andRegimeResilience:Contentious Politics inChina', British Journal of Political Science, 38, (2008), pp. 411-432.
47. Li, 'Political trust in rural China';
48. O'Brien and Li, Rightful Resistance in Rural China.
49. Li, 'Political trust in rural China', p. 228.
50. For the political and economic coalition between local authorities and entrepreneurs in market reform China.
51. Bruce J. Dickson, Red Capitalist in China: The Party, Private Entrepreneurs, and Prospects for Political Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
52. Margaret M. Pearson, China's New Business Elite: The Political Consequences of Economic Reform (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997).
53. David L. Wank, Commodifying Communism: Business, Trust, and Politics in a Chinese City (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
54. The XCQF owners also petition on this unfair issue: Renminxinfang [People and Petition ], (March 2003), p. 25.
55. Interview, Changchun, 11 May 2008.
56. For detailed information, refer to the following sources: http://house.focus.cn/ztdir/xiangchanquan/, http://www.soufun.com/news/zt/200712/house01.html, and http://news.xinhuanet.com/house/2007/08/10/content_6506342.htm (all accessed 10 August 2008).
57. Xinhuanet, (10 August 2007), available at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/house/2007-08/10/content_6505228. htm (accessed 10 August 2008).
58. Interview, Beijing, 11 June 2008
59. Philip S. Hsu, 'Deconstructing decentralization in China: fiscal incentive versus local autonomy in policy implementation', Journal of Contemporary China 13, (2004), pp. 567-599.
60. Linda C. L. Li, 'Differentiated actors: central-local politics in China's rural tax reforms', Modern Asian Studies 40(1), (2006), pp. 151-174.
61. Jean C. Oi, Rural China Takes Off: Institutional Foundations of Economic Reform (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999), pp. 38-43, 163-190.
62. R. S. Eckaus, 'Some consequences of fiscal reliance on extrabudgetary revenues in China', China Economic Review 14, (2003), pp. 72-88.
63. Linda C. L. Li, 'Working for the peasants? Strategic interactions and unintended consequences in the Chinese rural tax reform', The China Journal 57, (2007), p. 101.
64. Ray Yep, '"Tax-for-fee" reform reduce rural tension in China? The process, progress, and limitations', The China Quarterly 177, (2004), pp. 43-70.
65. Jean C. Oi and Shukai Zhao, 'Fiscal crisis in China's townships: causes and consequences', in Elizabeth J. Perry and Merle Goldman, eds, Grassroots Political Reform in Contemporary China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), pp. 75-96.
66. Zhongguoxinwenzhoukan, (23 July 2007), pp. 25-26.
67. Elizabeth J. Perry and Merle Goldman, eds, Grassroots Political Reform in Contemporary China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007)., pp. 25-28.
68. Jinghuashibao, (17 January 2008).
69. Zhongguoxinwenzhoukan, (23 July 2007), p. 27.
70. 21shijijingjibaodao, (15 December 2007).
71. Interviews, Beijing, 12 June 2008.
72. Interview at a village XCQF sales department, Fangshan District, Beijing, 11 June 2008. Also, one sales woman for an XCQF named 'Sunshine e-Apartment' (Yangguang e-Ju) in the Beijing suburb Tongzhou District said, 'The government stipulated the ban on XCQF trade. Yet about 10,000 households are living in our community now. Can [these XCQFs] be demolished?' (Beijingribao, 16 January 2008).
73. We can find similar cases in other policy areas such as the mass resistance movements against the massive privatization of state-owned enterprises in the late 1990s and early 2000s as well as those against tax, environmental pollution, and birth control organized by township and village leaders in the 2000s.
74. M. Thornton, 'Comrades and collectives in arms: tax resistance, evasion, and avoidance strategies in post-Mao China', in Peter Hays Gries and Stanley Rosen, eds, State and Society in 21st-Century China: Crisis, Contention, and Legitimation (New York: Routledge, 2004), p. 90.
75. Edward Cody, 'China's rising tide of protest sweeping up party officials', The Washington Post, (12 September 2005).
76. Wang, 'Zhongguo Tesede Paleituo Gaijin'.