Why was the Arab world poised for revolution? Schooling, economic opportunities, and the Arab spring

Journal of Economic Perspectives

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 167-188

  Campante, Filipe R ^a   Chor, Davin ^b  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b SINGAPORE MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY   (Singapore)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84863102610     PISSN: None     EISSN: 08953309     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1257/jep.26.2.167     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Acemoglu, Daron, and James Robinson. 2001. "A Theory of Political Transitions." American Economic Review 91(4):938-63. (Pubitemid 33596438)
2. Acemoglu, Daron, and James Robinson. 2005. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
3. Acemoglu, Daron, Simon Johnson, James Robinson, and Pierre Yared. 2008. "Income and Democracy." American Economic Review 98(3):808-842.
4. Acemoglu, Daron, Simon Johnson, James Robinson, and Pierre Yared. 2009. "Reevaluating the Modernization Hypothesis." Journal of Monetary Economics 56(8):1043-1058.
5. Algan, Yann, Pierre Cahuc, and Andrei Shleifer. 2011. "Teaching Practices and Social Capital." http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/ shleifer/files/teaching-practices-oct2011.pdf.
6. Ammous, Saifedean, and Edmund Phelps. 2011. "Tunisians Set Off on the Road from Serfdom." Financial Times, January 24.
7. Barro, Robert. 1999. "Determinants of Democracy." Journal of Political Economy 107(S6):158-83.
8. Barro, Robert, and Jong-Wha Lee. 2001. "International Data on Educational Attainment: Updates and Implications." Oxford Economic Papers 53(3):541-63. (Pubitemid 32663582)
9. Barro, Robert, and Jong-Wha Lee. 2010. "A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950-2010." NBER Working Paper 15902.
10. Bénabou, Roland. 2000. "Unequal Societies: Income Distribution and the Social Contract." American Economic Review 90(1):96-129.
11. Berinsky, Adam J., and Gabriel S. Lenz. 2010. "Education and Political Participation: Uncovering the Causal Link." Political Behavior, forthcoming.
12. Besley, Timothy, and Torsten Persson. 2011. "The Logic of Political Violence." Quarterly Journal of Economics 126(3):1411-45.
13. Bobba, Matteo, and Decio Coviello. 2007. "Weak Instruments and Weak Identification in Estimating the Effects of Education on Democracy." Economic Letters 96(3):301-307.
14. Brady, Henry E., Sidney Verba, and Kay Lehman Schlozman. 1995. "Beyond SES: A Resource Model of Political Participation. " American Political Science Review 89(2):271-94.
15. Brückner, Markus, and Antonio Ciccone. 2011. "Rain and the Democratic Wndow of Opportunity." Econometrica 79(3):923-47.
16. Campante, Filipe R., and Davin Chor. 2011. "'The People Want the Fall of the Regime': Schooling, Political Protest and the Economy." HKS Faculty Research Working Paper RWP 11-018.
17. Campante, Filipe R., and Davin Chor. Forthcoming. "Schooling, Political Participation, and the Economy." Review of Economics and Statistics.
18. Campante, Filipe R., Davin Chor, and Quoc-Anh Do. 2009. "Instability and the Incentives for Corruption. " Economics and Politics 21(1):42-92.
19. Cassidy, John. 2011. "Prophet Motive." The New Yorker, February 28.
20. Charles, Kerwin Kof, and Melvin Stephens Jr. 2011. "Employment, Wages, and Voter Turnout." NBER Working Paper 17270.
21. Clemens, Michael A., Claudio E. Montenegro, and Lant Pritchett. 2009. "The Place Premium: Wage Differences for Identical Workers across the US Border." HKS Faculty Research Working Paper RWP 09-004.
22. Collier, Paul, and Anke Hoeffler. 2004. "Greed and Grievance in Civil War." Oxford Economic Papers 56(4):563-95. (Pubitemid 39393806)
23. Courbage, Youssef, and Emmanuel Todd. 2007. Le Rendez-vous des Civilisations. Paris: Seuil.
24. Daun, Holger, and Reza Arjmand. 2002. "Arab Countries: Oil Boom, Religious Revival and Non-Reform." In Educational Restructuring in the Context of Globalization and National Policy, edited by Holger Daun, 205-225. London: Routledge.
25. Davies, James. 1962. "Toward a Theory of Revolution. " American Sociological Review 27(1):5-19.
26. Dee, Thomas. 2004. "Are there Civic Returns to Education?" Journal of Public Economics 88(9-10):1697-1720. (Pubitemid 38544686)
27. Dewey, John. 1916. Democracy and Education. New York: The Macmillan Company.
28. Doing Business. 2011. Doing Business in the Arab World 2011. Washington, DC: World Bank.
29. Economist, The. 2011a. "The Shoe-Thrower's Index: Where Is the Next Upheaval?" February 10.
30. Economist, The. 2011b. "The Economics of the Arab Spring: Open for Business?" June 23.
31. Economist, The. 2011c. "The Arab Awakening: Revolution Spinning in the Wnd." July 14.
32. Eichengreen, Barry. 2011. "Why Egypt Should Worry China." Project Syndicate, February 8.
33. Fahim, Kareem. 2011. "Slap to Man's Pride Set Off Tumult in Tunisia." New York Times, 21 January.
34. Freeman, Richard B. 2004. "What, Me Vote?" In Social Inequality, edited by Kathryn M. Neckerman, 703-728. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
35. Friedman, Willa, Michael Kremer, Edward Miguel, and Rebecca Thornton. 2011. "Education as Liberation?" NBER Working Paper 16939.
36. Glaeser, Edward, Rafael La Porta, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes, and Andrei Shleifer. 2004. "Do Institutions Cause Growth?" Journal of Economic Growth 9(3):271-303. (Pubitemid 39168718)
37. Glaeser, Edward, Giacomo Ponzetto, and Andrei Shleifer. 2007. "Why Does Democracy Need Education?" Journal of Economic Growth 12(2):77-99.
38. Grossman, Herschel. 1991. "A General Equilibrium Model of Insurrection. " American Economic Review 81(4):912-21.
39. Hillygus, D. Sunshine. 2005 "The Missing Link: Exploring the Relationship between Higher Education and Political Engagement." Political Behavior 27(1):25-47. (Pubitemid 40550035)
40. Huntington, Samuel P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
41. International Republican Institute. 2011. "Egyptian Public Opinion Survey, April 14-April 27, 2011" http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/ 2011%20June%205%20Survey%20of%20 Egyptian%20Public%20Opinion, %20April%20 14-27, %202011-0.pdf.
42. Jacobs, Andrew. 2010. "China's Army of Graduates Struggles for Jobs." New York Times, December 11.
43. Kam, Cindy D., and Carl L. Palmer. 2008. "Reconsidering the Effects of Education on Political Participation. " Journal of Politics 70(3):612-31.
44. Lipset, Seymour. 1959. "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy" American Political Science Review 53(1):69-105.
45. Lipset, Seymour. 1960. Political Man: The Social Basis of Modern Politics, New York: Doubleday
46. Marshall, Monty G., and Keith Jaggers. 2011. "Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2010." Polity IV Project, University of Maryland. http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm.
47. Milligan, Kevin, Enrico Moretti, and Philip Oreopoulos. 2004. "Does Education Improve Citizenship? Evidence from the United States and the United Kingdom." Journal of Public Economics 88(9-10):1667-95. (Pubitemid 38544685)
48. Moral-Benito, Enrique, and Cristian Bartolucci. 2011. "Income and Democracy: Revisiting the Evidence." Banco de Espasña Working Paper 1115.
49. Noland, Marcus, and Howard Pack. 2007. The Arab Economies in a Changing World. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute.
50. Opp, Karl-Dieter. 1988. "Grievances and Participation in Social Movements." American Sociological Review 53(6):853-64.
51. Pande, Rohini. 2011. "Can Informed Voters Enforce Better Governance? Experiments in Low-Income Democracies." Annual Review of Economics 3:215-37.
52. Przeworski, Adam, Michael E. Alvarez, Jose A Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi. 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
53. Przeworski, Adam, and Fernando Limongi. 1997. "Modernization: Theories and Facts." World Politics 49(2):155-83. (Pubitemid 27302136)
54. Putnam, Robert D. 1995a. "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital." Journal of Democracy 6(1):65-78.
55. Putnam, Robert D. 1995b. "Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America." PS: Political Science & Politics 28(4):664-83.
56. Rosenstone, Steven J., and John M. Hansen. 1993. Mobilization, Participation and Democracy in America. New York: MacMillan.
57. Schlozman, Kay Lehman. 2002. "Citizen Participation in America: What Do We Know? Why Do We Care?" In The State of the Discipline, edited by Ira Katznelson and Helen Milner. New York: W W Norton.
58. Sondheimer, Rachel Milstein, and Donald P. Green. 2010. "Using Experiments to Estimate the Effects of Education on Voter Turnout." American Journal of Political Science 54(1):174-89.
59. Tenn, Steven. 2007. "The Effect of Education on Voter Turnout." Political Analysis 15(4):446-64.
60. Urdal, Henrik. 2006. "A Clash of Generations? Youth Bulges and Political Violence." International Studies Quarterly 50(3):607-629. (Pubitemid 44251857)
61. Verba, Sidney, and Norman H. Nie. 1987. Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
62. Verba, Sidney, Norman H. Nie, and Jae-On Kim. 1987. Participation and Political Equality: A Seven-Nation Comparison, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
63. Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press.