Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: Autoimmunity to anchoring fibril collagen

Autoimmunity

Volumn 45, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 91-101

  Chen, Mei ^a   Kim, Gene H ^a   Prakash, Lori ^a   Woodley, David T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Anchoring fibrils; Autoimmunity; Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita; Skin; Type VII collagen

Indexed keywords

AUTOANTIBODY; COLCHICINE; COLLAGEN; COLLAGEN TYPE 1; COLLAGEN TYPE 4; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C7; CYCLOSPORIN; DAPSONE; FIBRONECTIN; GLUCOCORTICOID; HLA DR2 ANTIGEN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G ANTIBODY; INFLIXIMAB; KALININ; PREDNISONE; RITUXIMAB;

AMYLOIDOSIS; ARTICLE; AUTOIMMUNITY; BINDING AFFINITY; BULLOUS SKIN DISEASE; CHRONIC LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA; CROHN DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DIARRHEA; DISEASE MODEL; DRUG MEGADOSE; ENTERITIS; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; EOSINOPHIL; EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA ACQUISITA; ESOPHAGUS STENOSIS; FAMILY HISTORY; FIBER; HIRSUTISM; HISTOLOGY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HYGIENE; IMMUNOELECTRON MICROSCOPY; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE; INCIDENCE; LUNG FIBROSIS; NEUTROPHIL; NONHUMAN; ONSET AGE; PATHOGENESIS; PEMPHIGOID; PERRY SYNDROME; PHENOTYPE; PLASMAPHERESIS; POLYENDOCRINOPATHY; PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PUVA; QUALITY OF LIFE; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; THYMOMA; THYROIDITIS; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; ULCERATIVE COLITIS; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; WESTERN BLOTTING;

ANIMALS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; AUTOIMMUNITY; COLLAGEN TYPE VII; EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA ACQUISITA; HUMANS;

EID: 84863011000     PISSN: 08916934     EISSN: 1607842X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2011.606450     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Elliott GT. Two cases of epidermolysis bullosa. J Cutan Genitourin Dis 1895;13:10.
2. Roenigk HH, Ryan JG, Bergfeld WF. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: Report of three cases and review of all published cases. Arch Dermatol 1971;103:1-10.
3. Yaoita H, Briggaman A, Lawley TJ. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: Ultrastructural and immunological studies. J Invest Dermatol 1981;76:288-292. (Pubitemid 12237714)
4. Nieboer C, Boorsma DM, Woerdeman MJ. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: Immunofluorescence, electron microscopic and immunoelectron microscopic studies in four patients. Br J Dermatol 1980;102:383-392. (Pubitemid 10147022)
5. Gammon WR, Briggaman RA, Woodley DT, Heald PW, Wheeler CE, Jr. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita-a pemphigoid like disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984;11:820-832. (Pubitemid 15201324)
6. Woodley DT. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Prog Dermatol 1988;22:1.
7. Dahl MG. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita-a sign of cicatricial pemphigoid? Br J Dermatol 1979;101:475-483.
8. Kurzhals G, Stolz W, Meurer M, Kunze J, Braun-Falco O, Krieg T. Acquired epidermolysis bullosa with the clinical feature of Brunsting-Perry cicatricial bullous pemphigoid. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:391-395.
9. Richter BJ, McNutt NS. The spectrum of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Arch Dermatol 1979;115:1325-1328. (Pubitemid 10156831)
10. Woodley DT, Briggaman RA, O'Keefe EJ, Inman AO, Queen LL, Gammon WR. Identification of the skin basement membrane autoantigen in epidermolysis bullosa aquisita. N Engl J Med 1984;310:1007-1015.
11. Woodley DT, Burgeson RE, Lunstrum G, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Reese MJ, Briggaman RA. The epidermolysis bullosa acquisita antigen is the globular carboxyl terminus of type VII procollagen. J Clin Invest 1988;81:683-687. (Pubitemid 18079715)
12. Gammon WR, Woodley DT, Dole KC, Briggaman RA. Evidence that basement membrane zone antibodies in bullous eruption of systemic lupus erythematosus recognize epidermolysis bullosa acquisita autoantigens. J Invest Dermatol 1985;84:472-476. (Pubitemid 15053199)
13. Gammon WR, Heise ER, Burke WA, Fine JD, Woodley DT, Briggaman RA. Increased frequency of HLA-DR2 in patients with autoantibodies to epidermolysis bullosa acquisita antigen: Evidence that the expression of autoimmunity to type VII collagen is HLA class II allele associated. J Invest Dermatol 1988;91:228-232.
14. Gammon WR, Briggaman RA. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita and bullous systemic lupus erythematosus: Disease of autoimmunity to type VII collagen. Dermatol Clin 1993; 11:535-547. (Pubitemid 23229736)
15. Lee CW. Prevalences of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita among Korean/ oriental papulations. Dermatology 1998;197:187. (Pubitemid 28395852)
16. Arpey CJ, Elewski BE, Moritz DK, Gammon WR. Childhood epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: Report of three cases and review of literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;24:706-714.
17. Gammon WR. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Semin Dermatol 1988;7:218-224. (Pubitemid 18263210)
18. Keene DR, Sakai LY, Lunstrum GP, Morris NP, Burgeson RE. Type VII collagen forms an extended network of anchoring fibrils. J Cell Biol 1987;104:611-621. (Pubitemid 17024716)
19. Chen M, Marinkovich MP, Veis A, Cai X, Rao CN, O'Toole EA, Woodley DT. Interactions of the amino-terminal noncollagenous (NC1) domain of type VII collagen with extracellular matrix components. A potential role in epidermal-dermal adherence in human skin. J Biol Chem 1997;272:14516-14522. (Pubitemid 27251710)
20. Lapiere JC, Woodley DT, Parente MG. Epitope mapping of type VII collagen: Identification of discrete peptide sequences recognized by sera from patients with acquired epidermolysis bullosa. J Clin Invest 1993;92:1831-1839. (Pubitemid 23304550)
21. Jones DA, Hunt SWIII, Prisayanh PS, Briggaman RA, Gammon WR. Immunodominant autoepitopes of type VII collagen are short, paired peptide sequences within the fibronectin type III homology region of the noncollagenous (NC1) domain. J Invest Dermatol 1995;104:231-235.
22. Woodley DT, O'Keefe EJ, McDonald JA, Reese MJ, Briggaman RA, Gammon WR. Specific affinity between fibronectin and the epidermolysis bullosa acquisita antigen. J Clin Invest 1987;179:1826-1830. (Pubitemid 17117291)
23. Park SB, Cho KH, Youn JL, Hwang DH, Kim SC, Chung JH. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita in childhood-a case mimicking chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood. Clin Exp Dermatol 1997;22:220-222. (Pubitemid 28066712)
24. Callot-Mellot C, Bodemer C, Caux F, Bourgault-Villada I, Fraitag S, GoudiéG, Heller M, de Prost Y, Prost C. Epidermolysis bullosa aquisita in childhood. Arch Dermatol 1997;133:1122-1126.
25. Tanaka H, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Hashimoto T, Hiramoto K, Harada T, Kawachi Y, Shimizu H, Tanaka T, Kishiyama K, Höpfner B, Takahashi H, Iizuka H, Bruckner-Tuderman L. A novel variant of acquired epidermolysis bullosa with autoantibodies against the central triple-helical domain of type VII collagen. Lab Invest 1997;77:623-632. (Pubitemid 28018783)
26. Lapiere JC, Chen JD, Iwasaki T, Hu L, Uitto J,Woodley DT. Type VII collagen specifically binds fibronectin via a unique subdomain within the collagenous triple helix. J Invest Dermatol 1994;103:637-641. (Pubitemid 24350127)
27. Chen M, Keene DR, Costa FK, Tahk SH,Woodley DT. The carboxyl terminus of type VII collagen mediates antiparallel dimer formation and constitutes a new antigenic epitope for epidermolysis bullosa acquisita autoantibodies. J Biol Chem 2001;276:21649-21655.
28. Sitaru C, Kromminga A, Hashimoto T, Bröcker EB, Zillikens D. Autoantibodies to type VII collagen mediate Fcgammadependen granulocyte activation and induce dermal-epidermal separation in cryosections of human skin. Am J Pathol 2002;161:301-311. (Pubitemid 34760796)
29. Woodley DT, Chang C, Saadat P, Ram R, Liu Z, Chen M. Evidence that anti-type VII collagen antibodies are pathogenic and responsible for the clinical, histological, and immunological features of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. J Invest Dermatol 2005;124:958-964. (Pubitemid 40629096)
30. Sitaru C, Mihai S, Otto C, Chiriac MT, Hausser I, Dotterweich B, Saito H, Rose C, Ishiko A, Zillikens D. Induction of dermal-epidermal separation in mice by passive transfer of antibodies specific to type VII collagen. J Clin Invest 2005;115:870-878. (Pubitemid 40489391)
31. Woodley DT, Ram R, Doostan A, Bandyopadhyay P, Huang Y, Remington J, Hou Y, Keene DR, Liu Z, Chen M. Induction of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita in mice by passive transfer of autoantibodies from patients. J Invest Dermatol 2006;126:1323-1330. (Pubitemid 43997915)
32. Woodley DT, Doostan A, Bandyopadhyay P, Remington J, Wang X, Hou Y, Liu Z, Woodley DT. The cartilage matrix protein subdomain of type VII collagen is a newly recognized antigenic and pathogenic epitope for epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Am J Pathol 2007;170:2009-2018. (Pubitemid 47339274)
33. Sitaru C, ChiriacMT,Mihai S, Büning J, Gebert A, Ishiko A, Zillikens D. Induction of complement-fixing autoantibodies against type VII collagen results in subepidermal blistering in mice. J Immunol 2006;177:3461-3468. (Pubitemid 44277867)
34. Sitaru C. Experiment models of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Exp Dermatol 2007;16:520-531. (Pubitemid 46845396)
35. Harman KE, Whittam LR, Wakelin SH, Black MM. Severe, refractory epidermolysis bullosa acquisita complicated by an oesophageal stricture responding to intravenous immune globulin. Br J Dermatol 1998;139:1126-1127. (Pubitemid 29010570)
36. Stewart MI, Woodley DT, Briggaman RA. Acquired epidermolysis bullosa and associated symptomatic esophageal webs. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:373-377.
37. Gammon WR, Briggaman RA, Wheeler CE, Jr. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita presenting as an inflammatory bullous disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982;7:382-387. (Pubitemid 12051522)
38. Wieme N, Lambert J, Moerman M, Geerts ML, Temmerman L, Naeyaert JM. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with combined features of bullous pemphigoid and cicatricial pemphigoid. Dermatology 1999;198:310-313. (Pubitemid 29281427)
39. Tokuda Y, Amagai M, Yaoita H, Kawachi S, Ito T, Matsuyama I, Tsuchiya S, Saida T. A case of inflammatory variant of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: Chronic bullous dermatosis associated with non scarring mucosal blisters and circulating IgG anti-type-VII-collagen antibody. Dermatology 1998;197:58-61. (Pubitemid 28327841)
40. Yancey KB. Cicatricial pemphigoid. In: Fitzpatrick TB, Eisen AZ, editors. Dermatology in general medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1998. p 674-679.
41. Hashimoto T, Ishiko A, Shimizu H, Tanaka T, Dodd HJ, Bhogal BS, Black MM, Nishikawa T. A case of linear IgA bullous dermatosis with IgA anti-type VII collagen autoantibodies. Br J Dermatol 1996;134:336-339. (Pubitemid 26053592)
42. RusenkoKW,GammonWR,BriggamanRA.TypeVII collagen is the antigen recognized by IgA anti-sub lamina densa autoantibodies. J Invest Dermatol 1989;92:510, Abstract.
43. Bauer JW, Schaeppi H, Metze D, Muss W, Pohla-Gubo G, Hametner R, Ruckhofer J, Grabner G, Hintner H. Ocular involvement in IgA-epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Br J Dermatol 1999;141:887-892.
44. Lee CW. Serum IgA autoantibodies in patients with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: A high frequency of detection. Dermatology 2000;200:83-84. (Pubitemid 30088349)
45. Edwards S, Wakelin SH, Wojnarowska F, Marsden RA, Kirtschig G, Bhogal B, Black MM. Bullous pemphigoid and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: Presentation, prognosis, and immunopathology in 11 children. Pediatr Dermatol 1998;15: 184-190. (Pubitemid 28277977)
46. Lever WF, Schaumburg-Lever G. Congenital disease (genodermatoses). In: Lever WF, Schaumburg-Lever G, editors. Histopathologyof the skin.Philadephia: Lippincott; 1990. p 78.
47. Ackerman AB. Histologic disease of inflammatory skin diseases. In: Bennis B, Reichel M, Rondall MB, editors. An algorithmic method based on pattern analysis. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1978. p 379-440.
48. Ray TL, Levine JB,WeissW,Ward PA. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita and inflammatory bowel disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982;6:242-252. (Pubitemid 12165017)
49. Fine JD,Tyring S,GammonWR. The presence of intra-lamina lucida blister formation in epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: Possible role of leukocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1989;92:27-32. (Pubitemid 19027687)
50. Briggaman RA, Wheeler CE, Jr. The epidermal-dermal junction. J Invest Dermatol 1975;65:71-84.
51. Briggaman RA, Schechter NM, Fraki J. Degradation of the epidermal-dermal junction by proteolytic enzymes from human skin and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Exp Med 1980;160:1027-1042.
52. Klein GF, Hintner H, Schuler G, Fritsch P. Junctional blisters in acquired bullous disorders of the dermal-epidermal junction zone: Role of the lamina lucida as the mechanical locus minoris resistentiae. Br J Dermatol 1983; 109:499-508. (Pubitemid 14245055)
53. Kushniruk W. The immunopathology of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Can Med Assoc J 1973;108:1143-1146.
54. Epstein JH, Tuffanelli DL, Epstein WL. Cutaneous changes in the porphyrias. A microscopic study. Arch Dermatol 1973; 107:689-698.
55. Paller AS, Queen LL, Woodley DT, Lane AT, Gammon WR, Briggaman RA. Organ-specific, phylogenetic, and ontogenetic distribution of the epidermolysis bullosa acquisita antigen. J Invest Dermatol 1986;86:376-379. (Pubitemid 16050012)
56. Woodley DT, Sauder D, Talley MJ, SilverM, Grotendorst G, Qwarnstrom E. Localization of basement membrane components after dermal-epidermal junction separation. J Invest Dermatol 1983;81:149.
57. Gammon WR, Briggaman RA, Inman AO. Differentiating anti-lamina lucida and antisublamina densa anti-BMZ antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence on 1.0Msodium chloride-separated skin. J Invest Dermatol 1984;82:139-144. (Pubitemid 14184252)
58. Ghohestani RF, Nicolas JF, Roussele P. Diagnostic value of indirect immunofluorescence on sodium chloride-split skin in differential diagnosis of subepidermal autoimmune bullous dermatoses. Arch Dermatol 1997;133:1102-1107. (Pubitemid 27408213)
59. Mayuzumi M, Akiyama M, Nishie W, Ukae S, Abe M, Sawamura D, Hashimoto T, Shimizu H. Childhood epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with autoantibodies against the noncollagenous 1 and 2 domains of type VII collagen: Case report and review of the literature. Br J Dermatol 2006;155:1048-1052. (Pubitemid 44564519)
60. Domloge-Hultsch N, Anhalt GJ, Gammon WR, Lazarova Z, Briggaman R, Welch M, Jabs DA, Huff C, Yancey KB. Antiepiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid. A subepithelial bullous disorder. Arch Dermatol 1994;130:1521-1529. (Pubitemid 24381900)
61. Chan LS, Fine JD, Briggaman RA, Woodley DT, Hammerberg C, Drugge RJ, Cooper KD. Identification and partial characterization of a novel 105-kDalton lower lamina lucida autoantigen associated with a novel immune-mediated subepidermal blistering disease. J Invest Dermatol 1993; 101:262-267. (Pubitemid 23269894)
62. ZillikensD, Ishiko A, JonkmanMF, Chimanovitch I, Shimizu H, Hashimoto T, Bröcker EB. Autoantibodies in anti-p200 pemphigoid stain skin lacking laminin 5 and type VII collagen. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:1043-1049.
63. Vodegel RM, Kiss M, De Jong MCJM, Pas HH, Altmayer A, Molnar K, Husz S, Van Der Meer JB, Jonkman MF. The use of skin substrates deficient in basement membrane molecules for the diagnosis of subepidermal autoimmune bullous disease. Eur J Dermatol 1998;8:83-85. (Pubitemid 28149838)
64. Jonkman MF, Schuur J, Dijk F, Heeres K, de Jong MC, van der Meer JB, Yancey KB, Pas HH. Inflammatory variant of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with IgG autoantibodies against type VII collagen and laminin a3. Arch Dermatol 2000;136:227-231. (Pubitemid 30090762)
65. Feliciani C, Di Muzio M, Mohammad Pour S, Allegretti T, Amerio P, Toto P, Coscione G, Proietto G, Amerio P. "Suction split" as a routine method to differentiate epidermolysis bullosa acquisita from bullous pemphigoid. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1998;10:243-247. (Pubitemid 28238513)
66. Hoang-Xuan T, Robin H, Heller M, Caux F, Prost C. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita diagnosed by direct immunoelectron microscopy of the conjunctiva. Ophthalmology 1997;104:1414-1420. (Pubitemid 28116807)
67. Prost C, Dubertret L, Fosse M, Wechsler J, Touraine R. A routine immuno-electron microscopic technique for localizing an auto-antibody on epidermal basement membrane. Br J Dermatol 1984;110:1-7. (Pubitemid 14212912)
68. Chen M, Costa FK, Lindvay CR, Han YP, Woodley DT. The recombinant expression of full-length type VII collagen and characterization ofmolecularmechanisms underlying dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. J Biol Chem 2002;277:2118-2124. (Pubitemid 34968796)
69. Chen M, Chan LS, Cai X, O'Toole EA, Sample JC,Woodley DT. Development of an ELISA for rapid detection of antitype VII collagen autoantibodies in epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. J Invest Dermatol 1997;108:68-72. (Pubitemid 27019847)
70. De Jong MC, Bruins S, Heeres K, Jonkman MF, Nieboer C, Boorsma DM, Pas HH, van der Meer JB. Bullous pemphigoid and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: Differentiation by fluorescence overlay antigen mapping. Arch Dermatol 1996; 132:151-157. (Pubitemid 26058503)
71. Kazama T, Yamamoto Y, Hashimoto T, Komai A, Ito M. Application of confocal laser scanning microscopy to differential diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Br J Dermatol 1998;138:593-601. (Pubitemid 28212241)
72. Chan LS, Ahmed AR, Anhalt GJ, Bernauer W, Cooper KD, Elder MJ, Fine JD, Foster CS, Ghohestani R, Hashimoto T, Hoang-Xuan T, Kirtschig G, Korman NJ, Lightman S, Lozada-Nur F, Marinkovich MP, Mondino BJ, Prost-Squarcioni C, Rogers RS, 3rd, Setterfield JF, West DP, Wojnarowska F, Woodley DT, Yancey KB, Zillikens D, Zone JJ. The first international consensus on mucous membrane pemphigoid: Definition, diagnostic criteria, pathogenic factors, medical treatment, and prognostic indicators. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:370-379. (Pubitemid 34226335)
73. Hundorfean G, Neurath MF, Sitaru C. Autoimmunity against type VII collagen in inflammatory bowel disease. J Cell Mol Med 2010;10:2393-2403.
74. Chan LS,Woodley DT. Pemphigoid: Bullous and cicatricial. In: Lichtenstein LM, Fauci AS, editors. Current therapy in allergy, immunology and rhematology.Mosby St Louis: 1996. p 5-93.
75. Chen M, O'Toole EA, Sanghavi J, Mahmud N. Kelleher D Type VII collagen exists in human intestine and serves as an antigenic target in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Invest Dermatol 1997;108:542.
76. Oostingh GJ, Sitaru C, Zillikens D, Kromminga A, Lührs H, Kromminga A, Lührs H. Subclass distribution of type VII collagen-specific autoantibodies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Dermatol Sci 2005;37:182-184. (Pubitemid 40331930)
77. Lohi J, Leivo I, Tani T, Kiviluoto T, Kivilaakso E, Burgeson RE, Virtanen I. Laminins, tenascin and type VII collagen in colorrectal mucosa. Histochem J 1996;28:431-440. (Pubitemid 26280859)
78. Chan LS, Vanderlugt CJ, Hashimoto T, Nishikawa T, Zone JJ, Black MM, Wojnarowska F, Stevens SR, Chen M, Fairley JA,Woodley DT, Miller SD, Gordon KB. Epitope spreading: Lessons from autoimmune skin diseases. J Invest Dermatol 1998;110:103-109. (Pubitemid 28105841)
79. Mekori YA, Chowers Y, Ducker I, Klajman A. Inhibition of delayed hypersensitivity reaction by colchicine: Colchicine inhibits interferon-gamma-induced expression of HLA-DR on a epithelial cell line. Clin Exp Immunol 1989;78:230-232. (Pubitemid 20009848)
80. Megahed M, Scharfetter-Kochnek K. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita-successful treatment with colchicine. Arch Dermatol Res 1984;286:35-46.
81. Cunningham BB, Kirchmann TT, Woodley DT. Colchicine for epidermolysis bullosa (EBA). J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 34:781-784.
82. Ishii N, Hamada T, Dainichi T, Karashima T, Nakama T, Yasumoto S, Zillikens D, Hashimoto T. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: What's new? J Dermatol 2010;37:220-230.
83. Saha M, Cutler T, Bhogal B, Black MM, Groves RW. Refractory epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: Successful treatment with rituximab. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009;34:979-980.
84. Schmidt E, Benoit S, Brocker EB, Zillikens D, Goebeler M. Successful adjuvant treatment of recalcitrant epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with anti-CD20 antibody rituximab. Arch Dermatol 2006;142:147-150. (Pubitemid 43276525)
85. Crichlow SM, Mortimer NJ, Harman KE. A successful therapeutic trial of rituximab in the treatment of a patient with recalcitrant, high-titre epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Br J Dermatol 2007;156:194-196. (Pubitemid 44924179)
86. Neidermeier A, Eming R, PfützeM, Neumann CR, HappelC, Reich K, HertlM. Clinical response of severe mechanobullous epidermolysis bullosa acquisita to combined treatment with immunoadsorption and rituximab (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies). Arch Dermatol 2007;143:192-198. (Pubitemid 46294584)
87. Sadler E, Schafleitner B, Lanschuetzer C, Laimer M, Pohla-Gubo G, Hametner R, Hintner H, Bauer JW. Treatmentresistant classical epidermolysis bullosa acquisita responding to rituximab. Br J Dermatol 2007;157:417-419. (Pubitemid 47083877)
88. Hallel-Halevy D, Nadelman C, Chen M, Woodley DT. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: Update and review. Clin Dermatol 2001;19:712-718. (Pubitemid 33035021)
89. Engineer L, Ahmed AR. Emerging treatment for epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:818-828. (Pubitemid 32391171)
90. Mutasim DF. Management of autoimmune bullous diseases: Pharmacology and therapeutics. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 51:859-877. (Pubitemid 39592999)
91. Kirtschig G, Murrell D, Wojnarowska F, Khumalo N. Interventions for mucous membrane pemphigoid/cicatricial pemphigoid and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: A systematic literature review. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:380-384. (Pubitemid 34226336)
92. KoflerH,Wambacher-Gasser B,ToparG,WeinlichG, Schuler G, Hintner H, Romani N, Fritsch P. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in therapy-resistant epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;36:331-335. (Pubitemid 27078899)
93. Caldwell JB, Yancey KB, Engler RJ, James WD. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: Efficacy of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;31:827-828. (Pubitemid 24340768)
94. Mohr C, Sunderkotter C, Hildebrand A, Biel K, Rütter A, Rütter GH, Luger TA, Kolde G. Successful treatment of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita using intravenous immunoglobulins. Br J Dermatol 1995;132:824-826.
95. Harman KE, Black MM. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of autoimmune blistering diseases: An evaluation of its use in 14 cases. Br J Dermatol 1999;140: 864-874.
96. Gourgiotou K, Exadaktylou D, Aroni K, Rallis E, Nicolaidou E, Paraskevakou H, Katsambas AD. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: Treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2002;16:77-80. (Pubitemid 34202011)
97. Campos M, Silvente C, Lecona M, Suárez R, Lázaro P. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: Diagnosis by fluorescence overlay antigen mapping and clinical response to high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin. Clin Exp Dermatol 2006;31: 71-73.
98. Segura S, Iranzo P, Mart́nez DE, Mascaró JM, Jr, Alsina M, Herrero J, Herrero C. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulins for the treatment of autoimmune mucocutaneous blistering diseases: Evaluation of its use in 19 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56:960-967. (Pubitemid 46720202)
99. Miller JK, Stricklin GP, Fine JD, King LE, Arzubiaga MC, Ellis DL. Remission of severe epidermolysis bullosa acquisita induced by extracorporeal photochemotherapy. Br J Dermatol 1995;133:467-471.
100. Rook AH, Jegasothy BV, Heald P, Nahass GT, Ditre C, Witmer WK, Lazarus GS, Edelson RL. Extracoporeal photochemotherapy for drug-resistant pemphigus vulgaris. Ann Intern Med 1990;112:303-305. (Pubitemid 20055357)
101. Gordon KB, Chan LS,Woodley DT. Treatment of refractory epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with extracorporeal photochemotherapy. Br J Dermatol 1997;136:415-420. (Pubitemid 27105871)
102. Crow LL, Finkle JP, Gammon WR, Woodley DT. Cleaning of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita on cyclosporine. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;19:937-942. (Pubitemid 18266018)
103. Connolly SM, Sander HM. Treatment of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with cyclosporine. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;16:890. (Pubitemid 17055893)
104. Gammon WR, Murrell DF, Jenison MW, Padilla KM, Prisyanh PS, Jones DA, Briggaman RA, Hunt SW Jr. Autoantibodies to type VII collagen recognize epitopes in a fibronectin-like region of the noncollagenous (NC1) domain. J Invest Dermatol 1993;100:618-622. (Pubitemid 23128355)
105. Gammon WR, Inman AO 3rd, Wheeler CE Jr. Differences in complement-dependent chemotactic activity generated by bullous pemphigoid and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita immune complexes: demonstration by leukocytic attachment and organ culture methods. J Invest Dermatol 1984;83: 57-61. (Pubitemid 14080902)