Future candidates for indications of Helicobacter pylori eradication: Do the indications need to be revised?

Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Australia)

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 200-211

  Lee, Sun Young ^a  

^a Konkuk University School of Medicine   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Consensus; Eradication; Guideline; Helicobacter pylori; Indication

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE I; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR CDX2; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1;

ADENOMA; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTICLE; ATROPHIC GASTRITIS; AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS; BACTERIAL SKIN DISEASE; BILE DUCT CARCINOMA; BILE DUCT STONE; CANCER GROWTH; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHRONIC DISEASE; COLON DISEASE; COMMON BILE DUCT STONE; DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENDOSCOPIC ECHOGRAPHY; ENDOSCOPY; ENTEROPATHY; EYE INJURY; FOLLOW UP; GASTRITIS; HALITOSIS; HEADACHE; HELICOBACTER INFECTION; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HEMORRHAGIC GASTRITIS; HUMAN; HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM; HYPERPLASTIC GASTRIC POLYP; INFLAMMATION; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION; LIVER FIBROSIS; LYMPHOCYTIC GASTRITIS; MENETRIER DISEASE; MIGRAINE; NODULAR HYPERPLASIA; OVARY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; PREECLAMPSIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DEPLETION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; STOMACH CARCINOMA; STOMACH DISEASE; STOMACH POLYP; VAGINA SECRETION;

EID: 84862957104     PISSN: 08159319     EISSN: 14401746     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06961.x     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Kim N, Kim JJ, Choe YH etal. Diagnosis and treatment guidelines for Helicobacter pylori infection in Korea. Korean J. Gastroenterol. 2009; 54: 269-78.
2. Asaka M. Guidelines in the management of H. pylori infection in Japan. Nihon Rinsho 2009; 67: 2227-32.
3. Fock KM, Katelaris P, Sugano K etal. Second Asia-Pacific Consensus Guidelines for Helicobacter pylori infection. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2009; 24: 1587-600.
4. Hu FL, Hu PJ, Liu WZ etal. Third Chinese National Consensus Report on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection. J. Dig. Dis. 2008; 9: 178-84.
5. Chey WD, Wong BC. American College of Gastroenterology guideline on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2007; 102: 1808-25.
6. Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O'Morain C etal. Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection: the Maastricht III Consensus Report. Gut 2007; 56: 772-81.
7. Lee SY. Endoscopic gastritis: what does it mean? Dig. Dis. Sci. 2011; 56: 2209-11.
8. Miyamoto M, Haruma K, Yoshihara M etal. Nodular gastritis is caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2003; 48: 968-75.
9. Choi HJ, Lee SY, Lee JH etal. Two atypical cases of nodular gastritis: a poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma and a pseudo-low grade gastric MALT lymphoma. Gastroenterol. Res. 2010; 3: 41-5.
10. Khuroo MS, Khuroo NS, Khuroo MS. Diffuse duodenal nodular lymphoid hyperplasia: a large cohort of patients etiologically related to Helicobacter pylori infection. BMC Gastroenterol. 2011; 11: 36.
11. Mehmet S, Ozdal E, Kamil O etal. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori in follicular and nonfollicular gastritis. Hepatogastroenterology 2009; 56: 930-4.
12. Chen MJ, Shih SC, Wang TE etal. Endoscopic patterns and histopathological features after eradication therapy in Helicobacter pylori-associated nodular gastritis. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2008; 53: 1893-7.
13. Madisch A, Miehlke S, Neuber F etal. Healing of lymphocytic gastritis after Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy- a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre trial. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2006; 23: 473-9.
14. Shimatani T, Inoue M, Iwamoto K etal. Gastric acidity in patients with follicular gastritis is significantly reduced, but can be normalized after eradication for Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2005; 10: 256-65.
15. Chen XY, Liu WZ, Shi Y etal. Helicobacter pylori associated gastric diseases and lymphoid tissue hyperplasia in gastric antral mucosa. J. Clin. Pathol. 2002; 55: 133-7.
16. Müller H, Volkholz H, Stolte M. Healing of lymphocytic gastritis by eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Digestion 2001; 63: 14-9.
17. Hayat M, Arora DS, Dixon MF etal. Effects of Helicobacter pylori eradication on the natural history of lymphocytic gastritis. Gut 1999; 45: 495-8.
18. Sbeih F, Abdullah A, Sullivan S etal. Antral nodularity, gastric lymphoid hyperplasia, and Helicobacter pylori in adults. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 1996; 22: 227-30.
19. Stolte M, Bätz CH, Bayerdörffer E etal. Helicobacter pylori eradication in the treatment and differential diagnosis of giant folds in the corpus and fundus of the stomach. Z. Gastroenterol. 1995; 33: 198-201.
20. Avunduk C, Navab F, Hampf F etal. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with large gastric folds: evaluation and follow-up with endoscopic ultrasound before and after antimicrobial therapy. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1995; 90: 1969-73.
21. Nishibayashi H, Kanayama S, Kiyohara T etal. Helicobacter pylori-induced enlarged-fold gastritis is associated with increased mutagenicity of gastric juice, increased oxidative DNA damage, and an increased risk of gastric carcinoma. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2003; 18: 1384-91.
22. Miyazaki T, Murayama Y, Shinomura Y etal. E-cadherin gene promoter hypermethylation in H. pylori-induced enlarged fold gastritis. Helicobacter 2007; 12: 523-31.
23. Yasunaga Y, Shinomura Y, Kanayama S etal. Mucosal interleukin-1 beta production and acid secretion in enlarged fold gastritis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 1997; 11: 801-9.
24. Jung JH, Hong SJ, Lee MS. Resolution of Menetrier's disease after Helicobacter pylori eradication. Korean J. Gastroenterol. 2006; 48: 1-3.
25. Hizawa K, Kawasaki M, Yao T etal. Endoscopic ultrasound features of protein-losing gastropathy with hypertrophic gastric folds. Endoscopy 2000; 32: 394-7.
26. Nomura H, Miyake K, Kashiwagi S etal. A short-term eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori acute gastritis. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2000; 15: 1377-81.
27. Miyamoto M, Haruma K, Yoshihara M etal. Isolated granulomatous gastritis successfully treated by Helicobacter pylori eradication: a possible association between granulomatous gastritis and Helicobacter pylori. J. Gastroenterol. 2003; 38: 371-5.
28. Ruiz B, Garay J, Correa P etal. Morphometric evaluation of gastric antral atrophy: improvement after cure of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2001; 96: 3281-7.
29. Vannella L, Lahner E, Bordi C etal. Reversal of atrophic body gastritis after H. pylori eradication at long-term follow-up. Dig. Liver Dis. 2011; 43: 295-9.
30. Toyokawa T, Suwaki K, Miyake Y etal. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection improved gastric mucosal atrophy and prevented progression of intestinal metaplasia, especially in the elderly population: a long-term prospective cohort study. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2010; 25: 544-7.
31. Yang HB, Sheu BS, Wang ST etal. H. pylori eradication prevents the progression of gastric intestinal metaplasia in reflux esophagitis patients using long-term esomeprazole. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2009; 104: 1642-9.
32. Kim N, Park RY, Cho SI etal. Helicobacter pylori infection and development of gastric cancer in Korea: long-term follow-up. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2008; 42: 448-54.
33. You WC, Brown LM, Zhang L etal. Randomized double-blind factorial trial of three treatments to reduce the prevalence of precancerous gastric lesions. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2006; 98: 974-83.
34. Lahner E, Bordi C, Cattaruzza MS etal. Long-term follow-up in atrophic body gastritis patients: atrophy and intestinal metaplasia are persistent lesions irrespective of Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2005; 22: 471-81.
35. Lu B, Chen MT, Fan YH etal. Effects of Helicobacter pylori eradication on atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia: a 3-year follow-up study. World J. Gastroenterol. 2005; 11: 6518-20.
36. Leung WK, Lin SR, Ching JY etal. Factors predicting progression of gastric intestinal metaplasia: results of a randomised trial on Helicobacter pylori eradication. Gut 2004; 53: 1244-9.
37. Zhou L, Sung JJ, Lin S etal. A five-year follow-up study on the pathological changes of gastric mucosa after H. pylori eradication. Chin. Med. J. 2003; 116: 11-4.
38. Ohkusa T, Fujiki K, Takashimizu I etal. Improvement in atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia in patients in whom Helicobacter pylori was eradicated. Ann. Intern. Med. 2001; 134: 380-6.
39. Correa P, Fontham ET, Bravo JC etal. Chemoprevention of gastric dysplasia: randomized trial of antioxidant supplements and anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2000; 92: 1881-8.
40. Sung JJ, Lin SR, Ching JY etal. Atrophy and intestinal metaplasia one year after cure of H. pylori infection: a prospective, randomized study. Gastroenterology 2000; 119: 7-14.
41. van der Hulst RW, van der Ende A, Dekker FW etal. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on gastritis in relation to cagA: a prospective 1-year follow-up study. Gastroenterology. 1997; 113: 25-30.
42. Ahn SY, Lee SY, Hong SN etal. Endoscopic diagnosis of open-type atrophic gastritis is related to the histological diagnosis of intestinal metaplasia and Cdx2 expression. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2011; 56: 1119-26.
43. Hanaoka N, Uedo N, Shiotani A etal. Autofluorescence imaging for predicting development of metachronous gastric cancer after Helicobacter pylori eradication. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2010; 25: 1844-9.
44. Take S, Mizuno M, Ishiki K etal. Baseline gastric mucosal atrophy is a risk factor associated with the development of gastric cancer after Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in patients with peptic ulcer diseases. J. Gastroenterol. 2007; 42: 21-7.
45. Yanaoka K, Oka M, Ohata H etal. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori prevents cancer development in subjects with mild gastric atrophy identified by serum pepsinogen levels. Int. J. Cancer 2009; 125: 2697-703.
46. Shiotani A, Uedo N, Iishi H etal. Re-expression of sonic hedgehog and reduction of CDX2 after Helicobacter pylori eradication prior to incomplete intestinal metaplasia. Int. J. Cancer 2007; 121: 1182-9.
47. Urakami Y, Sano T. Long-term follow-up of gastric metaplasia after eradication of Helicobacter pylori. J. Med. Invest. 2003; 50: 48-54.
48. Watari J, Das KK, Amenta PS etal. Effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori on the histology and cellular phenotype of gastric intestinal metaplasia. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2008; 6: 409-17.
49. Ohkusa T, Miwa H, Hojo M etal. Endoscopic, histological and serologic findings of gastric hyperplastic polyps after eradication of Helicobacter pylori: comparison between responder and non-responder cases. Digestion 2003; 68: 57-62.
50. Ji F, Wang ZW, Ning JW etal. Effect of drug treatment on hyperplastic gastric polyps infected with Helicobacter pylori: a randomized, controlled trial. World J. Gastroenterol. 2006; 12: 1770-3.
51. Dirschmid K, Platz-Baudin C, Stolte M. Why is the hyperplastic polyp a marker for the precancerous condition of the gastric mucosa? Virchows Arch. 2006; 448: 80-4.
52. Ljubicić N, Banić M, Kujundzić M etal. The effect of eradicating Helicobacter pylori infection on the course of adenomatous and hyperplastic gastric polyps. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1999; 11: 727-30.
53. Saito K, Arai K, Mori M etal. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on malignant transformation of gastric adenoma. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2000; 52: 27-32.
54. Gotoda T, Saito D, Kondo H etal. Endoscopic and histological reversibility of gastric adenoma after eradication of Helicobacter pylori. J. Gastroenterol. 1999; 34: 91-6.
55. Futagami S, Hiratsuka T, Shindo T etal. Expression of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1 (APE-1) in H. pylori-associated gastritis, gastric adenoma, and gastric cancer. Helicobacter 2008; 13: 209-18.
56. Shin A, Park S, Shin HR etal. Population attributable fraction of infection-related cancers in Korea. Ann. Oncol. 2011; 22: 1435-42.
57. Seo TH, Lee SY, Uchida T etal. The origin of non-H. pylori-related positive Giemsa staining in human gastric biopsy specimens: a prospective study. Dig. Liver Dis. 2011; 43: 23-7.
58. Shin CM, Kim N, Yang HJ etal. Stomach cancer risk in gastric cancer relatives: interaction between Helicobacter pylori infection and family history of gastric cancer for the risk of stomach cancer. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2010; 44: e34-9.
59. Chang YW, Han YS, Lee DK etal. Role of Helicobacter pylori infection among offspring or siblings of gastric cancer patients. Int. J. Cancer 2002; 101: 469-74.
60. El-Omar EM, Oien K, Murray LS etal. Increased prevalence of precancerous changes in relatives of gastric cancer patients: critical role of H. pylori. Gastroenterology 2000; 118: 22-30.
61. Nam JH, Choi IJ, Cho SJ etal. Helicobacter pylori infection and histological changes in siblings of young gastric cancer patients. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2011; 26: 1157-63.
62. Masuda G, Tokunaga A, Shirakawa T etal. Helicobacter pylori infection, but not genetic polymorphism of CYP2E1, is highly prevalent in gastric cancer patients younger than 40years. Gastric Cancer 2007; 10: 98-103.
63. Venerito M, Malfertheiner P. Interaction of Helicobacter pylori infection and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in gastric and duodenal ulcers. Helicobacter 2010; 15: 239-50.
64. Lee SY, Tang SJ, Rockey DC etal. Managing anticoagulation and antiplatelet medications in GI endoscopy: a survey comparing the East and the West. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2008; 67: 1076-81.
65. Kuipers EJ, Lundell L, Klinkenberg-Knol EC etal. Atrophic gastritis and Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with reflux esophagitis treated with omeprazole or fundoplication. N. Engl. J. Med. 1996; 334: 1018-22.
66. Kuipers EJ, Nelis GF, Klinkenberg-Knol EC etal. Cure of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with reflux esophagitis treated with long term omeprazole reverses gastritis without exacerbation of reflux disease: results of a randomized controlled trial. Gut 2004; 53: 12-20.
67. Shiotani A, Okada K, Yanaoka K etal. Beneficial effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication in dermatologic diseases. Helicobacter 2001; 6: 60-5.
68. Yadav MK, Rishi JP, Nijawan S. Chronic urticaria and Helicobacter pylori. Indian J. Med. Sci. 2008; 62: 157-62.
69. Fukuda S, Shimoyama T, Umegaki N etal. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication in the treatment of Japanese patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. J. Gastroenterol. 2004; 39: 827-30.
70. Federman DG, Kirsner RS, Moriarty JP etal. The effect of antibiotic therapy for patients infected with Helicobacter pylori who have chronic urticaria. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2003; 49: 861-4.
71. Gaig P, García-Ortega P, Enrique E etal. Efficacy of the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with chronic urticaria. A placebo-controlled double blind study. Allergol. Immunopathol. 2002; 30: 255-8.
72. Greaves MW. Pathophysiology of chronic urticaria. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 2002; 127: 3-9.
73. Kandyil R, Satya NS, Swerlick RA. Chronic pruritus associated with Helicobacter pylori. J. Cutan. Med. Surg. 2002; 6: 103-8.
74. Dauden E, Jiménez-Alonso I, García-Díez A. Helicobacter pylori and idiopathic chronic urticaria. Int. J. Dermatol. 2000; 39: 446-52.
75. Schnyder B, Helbling A, Pichler WJ. Chronic idiopathic urticaria: natural course and association with Helicobacter pylori infection. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 1999; 119: 60-3.
76. Di Campli C, Gasbarrini A, Nucera E etal. Beneficial effects of Helicobacter pylori eradication on idiopathic chronic urticaria. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1998; 43: 1226-9.
77. Neri S, Ierna D, D'Amico RA etal. Helicobacter pylori and prurigo nodularis. Hepatogastroenterology 1999; 46: 2269-72.
78. Szlachcic A. The link between Helicobacter pylori infection and rosacea. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2002; 16: 328-33.
79. Herr H, You CH. Relationship between Helicobacter pylori and rosacea: it may be a myth. J. Korean Med. Sci. 2000; 15: 551-4.
80. Bamford JT, Tilden RL, Blankush JL etal. Effect of treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection on rosacea. Arch. Dermatol. 1999; 135: 659-63.
81. Reinauer S, Megahed M, Goerz G etal. Schönlein-Henoch purpura associated with gastric Helicobacter pylori infection. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1995; 33: 876-9.
82. Murakami K, Fujioka T, Nishizono A etal. Atopic dermatitis successfully treated by eradication of Helicobacter pylori. J. Gastroenterol. 1996; 31: 77-82.
83. Reinauer S, Goerz G, Ruzicka T etal. Helicobacter pylori in patients with systemic sclerosis: detection with the 13C-urea breath test and eradication. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1994; 74: 361-3.
84. Gasbarrini A, Massari I, Serricchio M etal. Helicobacter pylori eradication ameliorates primary Raynaud's phenomenon. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1998; 43: 1641-5.
85. Visy B, Füst G, Bygum A etal. Helicobacter pylori infection as a triggering factor of attacks in patients with hereditary angioedema. Helicobacter 2007; 12: 251-7.
86. Avci O, Ellidokuz E, Simşek I etal. Helicobacter pylori and Behçet's disease. Dermatology 1999; 199: 140-3.
87. Hernando-Harder AC, Booken N, Goerdt S etal. Helicobacter pylori infection and dermatologic diseases. Eur. J. Dermatol. 2009; 19: 431-44.
88. Wedi B, Kapp A. Helicobacter pylori infection in skin diseases: a critical appraisal. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 2002; 3: 273-82.
89. Sakurane M, Shiotani A, Furukawa F. Therapeutic effects of antibacterial treatment for intractable skin diseases in Helicobacter pylori-positive Japanese patients. J. Dermatol. 2002; 29: 23-7.
90. Lee WY, Yoon WT, Shin HY etal. Helicobacter pylori infection and motor fluctuations in patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 2008; 23: 1696-700.
91. Dobbs RJ, Dobbs SM, Weller C etal. Role of chronic infection and inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract in the etiology and pathogenesis of idiopathic parkinsonism. Part 1: eradication of Helicobacter in the cachexia of idiopathic parkinsonism. Helicobacter 2005; 10: 267-75.
92. Kountouras J, Boziki M, Gavalas E etal. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori may be beneficial in the management of Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurol. 2009; 256: 758-67.
93. Kountouras J, Boziki M, Gavalas E etal. Five-year survival after Helicobacter pylori eradication in Alzheimer disease patients. Cogn. Behav. Neurol. 2010; 23: 199-204.
94. Gasbarrini A, De Luca A, Fiore G etal. Beneficial effects of Helicobacter pylori eradication on migraine. Hepatogastroenterology 1998; 45: 765-70.
95. Kountouras J, Mylopoulos N, Chatzopoulos D etal. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori may be beneficial in the management of chronic open-angle glaucoma. Arch. Intern. Med. 2002; 162: 1237-44.
96. Saccà SC, Pascotto A, Venturino GM etal. Prevalence and treatment of Helicobacter pylori in patients with blepharitis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2006; 47: 501-8.
97. Rahbani-Nobar MB, Javadzadeh A, Ghojazadeh L etal. The effect of Helicobacter pylori treatment on remission of idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy. Mol. Vis. 2011; 17: 99-103.
98. Lee JS, Kwon KA, Jung HS etal. Korea red ginseng on Helicobacter pylori-induced halitosis: newer therapeutic strategy and a plausible mechanism. Digestion 2009; 80: 192-9.
99. Serin E, Gumurdulu Y, Kayaselcuk F etal. Halitosis in patients with Helicobacter pylori-positive non-ulcer dyspepsia: an indication for eradication therapy? Eur. J. Intern. Med. 2003; 14: 45-8.
100. Tiba M, Fawaz S, Osman H. Helicobacter pylori and its role in vocal folds' minimal lesions. Clin. Respir. J. 2010; 4: 237-40.
101. Karaca S, Seyhan M, Senol M etal. The effect of gastric Helicobacter pylori eradication on recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Int. J. Dermatol. 2008; 47: 615-7.
102. Bugdaci MS, Zuhur SS, Sokmen M etal. The role of Helicobacter pylori in patients with hypothyroidism in whom could not be achieved normal thyrotropin levels despite treatment with high doses of thyroxine. Helicobacter 2011; 16: 124-30.
103. Akamatsu T, Nakamura N, Kawamura Y etal. Possible relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and cap polyposis of the colon. Helicobacter 2004; 9: 651-6.
104. Geva A, Sabo E, Levy J etal. A search for Helicobacter pylori in localized vulvodynia. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 2008; 66: 152-6.
105. Zentilin P, Seriolo B, Dulbecco P. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori may reduce disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2002; 16: 1291-9.
106. Ki MR, Goo MJ, Park JK etal. Helicobacter pylori accelerates hepatic fibrosis by sensitizing transforming growth factor-β1-induced inflammatory signaling. Lab. Invest. 2010; 90: 1507-16.
107. Lee JW, Lee DH, Lee JI etal. Identification of Helicobacter pylori in gallstone, bile, and other hepatobiliary tissues of patients with cholecystitis. Gut Liver 2010; 4: 60-7.
108. Kanbay M, Kanbay A, Boyacioglu S. Helicobacter pylori infection as a possible risk factor for respiratory system disease: a review of the literature. Respir. Med. 2007; 101: 203-9.