Modeling the global ionospheric total electron content with empirical orthogonal function analysis

Science China Technological Sciences

Volumn 55, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 1161-1168

  Wan, Wei Xing ^a   Ding, Feng ^a   Ren, Zhi Peng ^a   Zhang, Man Lian ^a   Liu, Li Bo ^a   Ning, Bai Qi ^a  

^a BEIJING INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY FOR MINERAL RESOURCES   (China)

Author keywords

Empirical orthogonal functions; Ionospheric modeling; Total electron content

Indexed keywords

CLIMATOLOGY; GEOMAGNETISM; IONOSPHERE; SOLAR ENERGY;

DIFFERENT TIME SCALE; EMPIRICAL ORTHOGONAL FUNCTION; EMPIRICAL ORTHOGONAL FUNCTION ANALYSIS; IONOSPHERIC ANOMALIES; IONOSPHERIC MODEL; IONOSPHERIC TOTAL ELECTRON CONTENT; IONOSPHERIC VARIATIONS; TOTAL ELECTRON CONTENT;

ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS;

EID: 84862807868     PISSN: 16747321     EISSN: 18691900     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11431-012-4823-8     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Schunk R W, Sojka J J, Schunk R W. Ionospheric Models. In: Kohl H, Ruester R, Schlegel K, eds. Modern Ionospheric Science. European Geophysical Society, 1996. 181-215
2. Cander L R, Leitinger R, Levy M F. Ionospheric Models Including the Auroral Environment. Workshop on Space Weather. The Netherlands: European Space Agency, 1999. 135-142
3. Bilitza D. Ionospheric Models for Radio Propagation Studies. The Review of Radio Science. Piscataway: IEEE Press, 2002. 625-679
4. Bent R B, Llewellyn S K, Walloch M K. Description and Evaluation of the Bent Ionospheric Model, Space & Missile Systems Organization. Report SAMSO TR-72-239, Los Angeles, California, 1972
5. Bent R B, Llewellyn S K, Nesterczuk G, et al. The Development of a Highly Successful Worldwide Empirical Ionosphere Model and Its Use in Certain Aspects of Space Communications and World-Wide Total Electron Content Investigations. In: Goodman J M, ed. Effects of the Ionosphere on Space Systems and Communications. Springfield: National Technical Information Service, 1975. 13-28
6. Rawer K, Ramakrishnan S, Bilitza D. International Reference Ionosphere 1978. Brussels: International Union of Radio Science, 1978
7. Rawer K, Lincoln J V, Conkright R O, eds. International Reference Ionosphere IRI-79. Report UAG-82, Boulder, Colorado, World Data Center A for Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 1981
8. Bilitza D. International Reference Ionosphere 1990. NSSDC Report 90-22. National Space Science Data Center, Greenbelt, USA, 1990
9. Bilitza D. International Reference Ionosphere 2000. Radio Sci, 2001, 36: 261-275 (Pubitemid 32432667)
10. Hochegger G, Nava B, Radicella S, et al. A Family of Ionospheric Models for Different Uses. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part C, 2000, 25: 307-310 (Pubitemid 30215586)
11. Radicella S M, Leitinger R. The Evolution of the DGR Approach to Model Electron Density Profiles. Adv Space Res, 2001, 27: 35-40 (Pubitemid 32554804)
12. Leitinger R, Radicella S, Hochegger G, et al. Diffusive Equilibrium Models for the Height Region above the F2 Peak. Adv Space Res, 2002, 29: 809-814 (Pubitemid 34490436)
13. Klobuchar J A. Ionospheric Time Delay Algorithm for Single Frequency GPS Users. IEEE T Aeros Electron Syst, 1987, 23: 325-331
14. Brown L D, Daniel R E, Fox M W, et al. Evaluation of six ionospheric models as predictors of total electron content. Radio Sci, 1991, 26: 1007-1015
15. Coïsson P, Radicell S M, Leitinger R, et al. Are models predicting a realistic picture of vertical, total electron content. Radio Sci, 2004, 39: RS1S14, doi:10.1029/2002RS002823
16. Poulter E M, Hargreaves J K. A harmonic analysis of ATS-6 electron content observation at Lancaster, UK, during 1975-6. Ann Geophys, 1981, 37: 405-415
17. Baruah S, Bhuyan P K, Tyagi T R. Modeling of ionospheric electron content over Lunping-An empirical approach. Indian J Radio Space Phys, 1993, 22: 325-330
18. Jain S, Vijay S K, Gwal A K. An empirical model for IEC over Lunping. Adv Space Res, 1996, 18: 263-266
19. Bradley P. PRIME (Prediction and Retrospective Ionospheric Modelling over Europe), Action 238, Final Report, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton Didcot, UK, European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research (COST), 1999
20. Hanbaba R. Improved Quality of Services in Ionospheric Telecommunication Systems Planning and Operation, Action 251, Final Report, Warsaw, Poland, Space Research Centre, European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research (COST), 1999
21. Gulyaeva T L. Regional Analytical Model of Ionospheric Total Electron Content: Monthly Mean and Standard Deviation. Radio Science, 1999, 34: 1507-1512 (Pubitemid 30518922)
22. Chen Y, Wan W, Liu L, et al. A statistical TEC model based on the observation at Wuhan Ionospheric Observatory. Chin J Space Sci, 2002, 34: 27-35
23. Unnikrishnan K, Balachandran R, Venugopal C. Harmonic analysis and an empirical model for TEC over Palehua. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys, 2002, 64: 1833-1840
24. Mao T, Wan W, Liu L. An EOF based empirical model of TEC over Wuhan. Chin J Geophys, 2005, 48: 827
25. Mao T, Wan W, Yue X, et al. An empirical orthogonal function model of total electron content over China. Radio Sci, 2008, 43, RS2009, doi:10.1029/2007RS003629
26. Mannucci A J, Wilson B D, Yuan D N, et al. A global mapping technique for GPS-derived ionospheric total electron content measurements. Radio Sci, 1998, 33: 565-582 (Pubitemid 128614213)
27. Orús R, Hernández-Pajares M, Juan J M, et al. Performance of different TEC models to provide GPS ionospheric corrections. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys, 2002, 64: 2055-2062 (Pubitemid 35259383)
28. Orús R, Hernández-Pajares M, Juan J M, et al. Improvement of global ionospheric VTEC maps by using Kriging interpolation technique. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys, 2005, 67: 1598-1609 (Pubitemid 41722689)
29. Storch H V, Zwiers F W. Statistical Analysis in Climate Research. Cambridge University Press, 2002
30. Zhao B, Wan W, Liu L, et al. Statistical characteristics of the total ion density in the topside ionosphere during the period 1996-2004 using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. Ann Geophy, 2005, 23: 3615-3631
31. Liu C, Zhang M L, Wan W, et al. Modeling M(3000)F2 based on empirical orthogonal function analysis method. Radio Sci, 2008, 43: RS1003, doi:10.1029/2007RS003694
32. Zhang M L, Liu C, Wan W, et al. A global model of the ionospheric F2 peak height based on EOF analysis. Ann Geophys, 2009, 27: 3203-3212
33. Zhang M L, Liu C, Wan W, et al. Evaluation of global modeling of M(3000)F2 and hmF2 based on alternative empirical orthogonal function expansions. Adv Space Res, 2010, 46: 1024-1031
34. Hernández-Pajares M. Performance of IGS Ionosphere TEC Maps. IGS IONO WG Report, Research Group of Astronomy and Geomatics, Barcelona Technical University of Catalonia (gAGE/UPC), Spain, 2003
35. Iijima B A, Harris I L, Ho C M, et al. Automated daily process for global ionospheric total electron content maps and satellite ocean altimeter ionospheric calibration based on Global Positioning System data. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys, 1999, 61: 1205
36. Afraimovich E L, Astafyeva E I, Zhivetiev I V. Solar activity and global electron content. Doklady Earth Sci, 2006, 409: 921-924 (Pubitemid 44944844)
37. She C, Wan W, Xu G. Climatological analysis and modeling of the ionospheric global electron content. Chin Sci Bull, 2008, 53: 282-288 (Pubitemid 351230537)
38. Rishbeth H, Muller-Wodar I C F, Zou L, et al. Annual and semiannual variations in the ionospheric F2-layer: II. Physical discussion. Ann Geophys, 2000, 18: 945-956
39. Rishbeth H, Muller-Wodarg I C F. Why is there more ionosphere in January than in July? The annual asymmetry in the F2-layer. Ann Geophys, 2006, 24: 3293-3311 (Pubitemid 46031772)
40. Zou L, Rishbeth H, Muller-Wodarg I C F, et al. Annual and semiannual variations in the ionospheric F2-layer: I. Modelling. Ann Geophys, 2000, 18: 927-944
41. Yu T, Wan W, Liu L, et al. Global scale annual and semi-annual variations of daytime NmF2 in the high solar activity years. J Atmosph Solar-Terr Phys, 2004, 66: 1691-1701 (Pubitemid 39615651)
42. Liu L, Zhao B, Wan W, et al. Seasonal variations of the ionospheric electron densities retrieved from Constellation Observing System for Meteorology. Ionosphere, and Climate mission radio occultation measurements. J Geophy Res, 2009, 114, doi:10.1029/2008JA013819
43. Codrescu M V, Palo S E, Zhang X, et al. TEC climatology derived from TOPEX/POSEIDON measurements. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys, 1999, 61: 281-298 (Pubitemid 29231538)
44. Codrescu M V, Beierle K L, Fuller-Rowell T J, et al. More total electron content climatology from TOPEX/Poseidon measurements. Radio Sci, 2001, 36: 325-333 (Pubitemid 32432671)
45. Jee G, Schunk R W, Scherliess L. Analysis of TEC data from the TOPEX/Poseidon mission. J Geophys Res, 2004, 109: A01301, doi:10.1029/ 2003JA010058
46. Mendillo M, Huang C L, Pi X, et al. The global ionospheric asymmetry in total electron content. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys, 2005, 67: 1377-1387 (Pubitemid 41487601)
47. Rishbeth H. How the thermospheric circulation affects the ionospheric F2-layer. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys, 1998, 60(14): 1385-1402 (Pubitemid 129521922)
48. Fuller-Rowell T J. The "thermospheric spoon": A mechanism for the semiannual density variation. J Geophys Res, 1998, 103: 3951-3956 (Pubitemid 128665060)
49. Zeng Z, Burns A, Wang W, et al. Ionospheric annual asymmetry observed by the COSMIC radio occultation measurements and simulated by the TIEGCM. J Geophys Res, 2008, 113: A07305, doi: 10.1029/2007JA012897