Statistical characteristics of the total ion density in the topside ionosphere during the period 1996-2004 using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis

Annales Geophysicae

Volumn 23, Issue 12, 2005, Pages 3615-3631

  Zhao, B ^a,b,c   Wan, W ^a   Liu, L ^a   Yue, X ^a,b,c   Venkatraman, S ^d  

^a INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS   (China)

^b Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics   (China)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES   (China)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS   (United States)

Author keywords

Ionosphere (Equatorial ionosphere; Modeling and forecasting; Solar radiation and cosmic ray effects)

Indexed keywords

IONOSPHERE; CLIMATOLOGY; DATA SET; ELECTRIC FIELD; ELECTRON DENSITY; EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS; SPACECRAFT;

EID: 30744444674     PISSN: 09927689     EISSN: 14320576     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/angeo-23-3615-2005     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Bailey, G. J., Su, Y. Z., and Oyama, K. -I.: Yearly variations in the low-latitude top ionosphere, Ann. Geophys., 18, 789-798, 2000, SRef-ID: 1432-0576/ag/2000-18-789.
2. Balan, N., Otsuka, Y., Bailey, G. J., Fukao, S., and Abdu, M. A.: Annual variations of the ionosphere: A review based on the MU radar observations, Adv. Space Res, 25, 153-162, 2000.
3. Balan, N., Otsuka, Y., Bailey, G. J., and Fukao, S.: Equinoctial asymmetries in the ionosphere and thermosphere observed by the MU radar, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 9481-9495, 1998.
4. Basu, S., Basu, Su., Groves, K. M., Yeh, H. -C., Su, S. -Y., Rich, F. J., Sultan, P. J., and Keskinen, M. J.: Response of the equatorial ionosphere in the South Atlantic region to the great magnetic storm of July 15, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2000, 28, 3577-3580, 2001.
5. Blanc, M. and Richmond, A. D.: The ionospheric disturbance dynamo, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 1669-1686, 1980.
6. Brace, L. H., Reddy, B. M., and Maya, H. G.: Global Behavior of the ionosphere at 1000-kilometer altitude, J. Geophys. Res., 72, 265-283, 1967.
7. Brace, L. H., Maya, H. G., and Reddy, B. M.: The early effects of increasing solar activity upon the temperature and density of the 1000-kilometer ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 73, 1607-1615, 1968.
8. Chandra, S. and Rangaswamy, S.: Geomagnetic and solar control of ionization at 1000 km, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 29, 259-265, 1967.
9. Chen, Y., Wan, W., Liu, L., and Li, L.: A statistical TEC model based on the observation at Wuhan Ionopheric Observatory, Chinese J. Space Sci., 22, 27-35, 2002.
10. Daniell, R. E., Brown, L. D., Anderson, D. N., Fox, M. W., Doherty, P. H., Decker, D. T., Sojka, J. J., and Schunk, R. W.: Parameterized ionospheric model: a global ionospheric parameterization based on first principles models, Radio Sci., 30, 1499-1510, 1995.
11. Fejer, B. G.: The equatorial ionospheric electric fields: A review, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 43, 377-386, 1981.
12. Fejer, B. G.: Low latitude electrodynamic plasma drifts: A review, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 53, 677-693, 1991.
13. Fejer, B. G., Paula, E. R., Heelis, R. A., and Hanson, W. B.: Global equatorial ionospheric vertical plasma drifts measured by the AE-E satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 5769-5776,1995.
14. Fejer, B. G., Scherliess, L., and Paula, E. R.: Effects of the vertical plasma drift velocity on the generation and evolution of equatorial spread F, J. Geophys. Res., 104, A9, 19 859-19 869, 1999.
15. Foster, J. C., Coster, A. J., Goldstein, J., and Rich, F. J.: Ionospheric signatures of plasma tails, Geophys. Res. Letters, 29, 13, doi:10.1029/2002GL015067, 2002.
16. González, S. A., Fejer, B. G., Heelis, R. A., and Hanson, W. B.: Ion composition of the topside equatorial ionosphere during solar minimum, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 4299-4303, 1992.
17. González, S. A., Sulzer, M. P., Nicolls, M. J., and Kerr, R. B.: Solar cycle variability of nighttime topside helium ion concentrations over Arecibo, J. Geophys. Res., 109, A07302, doi:10.1029/2003JA010100, 2004.
18. Greenspan, M. E., Rasmussen, C. E., Burke, W. J., and Abdu, M. A.: Equatorial density depletions observed at 840 km during the great magnetic storm of March 1989, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 13 931-13 942, 1991.
19. Greenspan, M. E., Burke, W. J., Rich, F. J. Hughes, W. J., and Heelis, R. A.: DMSP F8 observations of the mid-latitude and low-latitude top ionosphere near solar minimum, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 3817-3826, 1994.
20. Hanson, W. B.: Electron temperatures in the upper atmosphere, Space Res., 3, 282-302, 1963.
21. Heelis, R. A., Bailey, G. J., and Hanson, W. B.: Ion temperature troughs and interhemispheric transport observed in the equatorial ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 3683-3689, 1978.
22. Heelis, R. A., and Hanson W. B.: Interhemispheric transport induced by neutral zonal winds in the F-region, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 3045-3047, 1980.
23. + at middle and equatorial latitudes during solar maximum, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 10 313-10 320, 1990.
24. Kil, H., Paxton, L. J., Pi, X., Hairston, M. R., and Zhang, Y.: Case study of the 15 July 2000 magnetic storm effects on the ionosphere-driver of the positive ionospheric storm in the winter hemisphere, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A11), 1391, doi:10.1029/2002JA009782, 2003.
25. + Transition level at solar maximum, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 2366-2372, 1980.
26. Lee, J. J., Min, K. W., Kim, V. P., Hegai, V. V., Oyama, K. -I., Rich, F. J., and Kim, J.: Large density depletions in the nighttime upper ionosphere during the magnetic storm of July 15, 2000, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(3), doi:10.1029/2001GL013991, 2002.
27. 2 layer, J. Atmos. and Solar-Terr. Phys., 65, 47-57, 2003.
28. + transition altitude over Arecibo, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 29 183-29 198, 1998.
29. Mayr, H. G., Brace, L. H., and Dunham, G. S.: Ion composition and temperature in the top ionosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 72, 4391-4404, 1967.
30. Mikhailov, A. V., Leschinskaya, T. Y., Förster, M.: Morphology of NmF2 nighttime increases in the Eurasian sector, Ann. Geophys., 18, 1422-1434, 2000, SRef-ID: 1432-0576/ag/2000-18-1422.
31. 2 layer seasonal and semi-annual variations, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 5149-5156, 1996.
32. Miyazaki, S.: Ion transition height distribution obtained with the satellite Taiyo, J. Geomagn. Geoelec., 31, 113-124, 1979.
33. Moffett, R. J. and Hanson, W. B.: Calculated distributions of hydrogen and helium ions in the low latitude ionosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 35, 207-222, 1973.
34. + distributions in the equatorial ionosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 32, 543-550, 1984.
35. Reddy, B. M., Brace, L. H., and Findlay, J. A.: The ionosphere at 640 kilometers on quiet and disturbed days, J. Geophys. Res., 72, 2709-2727, 1967.
36. Rich, F. J.: Technical description for the topside ionospheric plasma monitor (SSIES, SSIES-2 and SSIES-3) on spacecraft of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP), Tech. Rep. PLTR-94-2187, Air Force Phillips Lab., Bedford, Mass., 69, 1994.
37. Rich, F. J. and Hairston, M.: Large-scale convection patterns observed by DMSP, J. Geophys. Res., 99(A3), 3827-3844, 1994.
38. Rich, F. J., Sultan, P. J., and Burke, W. J.: The 27-day variations of plasma densities and temperatures in the topside onosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A7), 1297, doi:10.1029/2002JA009731, 2003.
39. 2-layer: II. Physical discussion, Ann. Geophys., 18, 945-956, 2000, SRef-ID: 1432-0576/ag/2000-18-945.
40. Storch, H. V. and Zwiers, F. W.: Statistical analysis in climate research, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
41. Su, Y. Z., Bailey, G. J., and Oyama, K.-I.: Annual and seasonal variations in the low-latitude topside ionosphere, Ann. Geophys., 16, 974-985, 1998, SRef-ID: 1432-0576/ag/l998-16-974.
42. Taylor, H. A., Maya, H. G., and Brinton, H. C.: Observations of hydrogen and helium ions during a period of rising solar activity, Space Res., 10, 663-678, 1970.
43. Titheridge, J. E.: Ion transition heights from topside electron density profiles, Planet. Space Sci., 24, 229-245, 1976.
44. Titheridge, J. E. and Buonsanto, M. J.: Annual variations in the electron content and height of the F-layer in the northern and southern hemispheres, related to neutral composition, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 45, 683-696, 1983.
45. 2-layer of the ionosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 35, 2237-2251, 1973.
46. Unnikrishnan, K., Nair, R. B., and Venugopal, C.: Harmonic analysis and an empirical model for TEC over Palehua, J. Atmos. and Solar-Terr. Phys., 64, 1833-1840, 2002.
47. Venkatraman, S. and Heelis, R. A.: Longitudinal and seasonal variations in nighttime plasma temperatures in the equatorial topside ionosphere during solar maximum, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 2603-2611, 1999a.
48. Venkatraman, S. and Heelis, R. A.: Effects of solar activity variations on adiabatic heating and cooling effects in the nighttime equatorial topside ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 17 117-17 126, 1999b.
49. Venkatraman, S. and Heelis, R. A.: Interhemispheric plasma flows in the equatorial topside ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 18 457-18 464, 2000.
50. Watt, T. M.: Ion distribution and temperature in the top ionosphere obtained from the Alouette satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 70, 5849-5859, 1965.
51. West, K. H. and Heelis, R. A.: Longitude variations in ion composition in the morning and evening topside equatorial ionosphere near solar minimum, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 7951-7960, 1996.
52. West, K. H., Heelis, R. A., and Rich, F. J.: Solar activity variations in the composition of low-latitude topside ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 295-305, 1997.
53. Xu, W.-Y. and Kamide, Y.: Decomposition of daily geomagnetic variations by using method of natural orthogonal component, J. Geophys. Res., 109, A05218, doi:10.1029/2003JA010216, 2004.
54. 2-layer at noon and midnight in the middle and low latitudes, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 33, 889-907, 1971.
55. Yu, T., Wan, W., Liu, L., and Zhao, B.: Global scale annual and semi-annual variations of daytime NmF2 in the high solar activity years, J. Atmos. and Solar-Terr. Phys., 66, 1691-1701, 2004.
56. 2-layer: I. Modelling, Ann. Geophys., 18, 927-944, 2000, SRef-ID: 1432-0576/ag/ 2000-18-927.