Did the expansion of C 4 plants drive extinction and massive range contraction of micromammals? Inferences from food preference and historical biogeography of pikas

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Volumn 326-328, Issue , 2012, Pages 160-171

  Ge, Deyan ^a   Zhang, Zhaoqun ^b   Xia, Lin ^a   Zhang, Qian ^a   Ma, Yong ^a   Yang, Qisen ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF ZOOLOGY   (China)

^b INSTITUTE OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY AND PALEOANTHROPOLOGY   (China)

Author keywords

C 4 plants expansion; Dispersal Vicariance Analysis (DIVA); Forage selection; Historical biogeography; Ochotonidae; Qinghai Tibet Plateau (QHTP)

Indexed keywords

BIOCHRONOLOGY; C4 PLANT; DISPERSAL; FOSSIL RECORD; LAGOMORPH; MICROFOSSIL; MICROPALEONTOLOGY; PALEOBIOGEOGRAPHY; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; RANGE EXPANSION; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; VICARIANCE;

CHINA; QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU;

MAMMALIA; OCHOTONA; OCHOTONIDAE;

EID: 84862779026     PISSN: 00310182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.02.016     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. Agadjanian A.K., Erbajeva M.A. Late Cenozoic rodents and lagomorphs of the USSR. 11th Congress of INQUA Moscow, 1982 1983, Nauka, Moscow.
2. Andrushko A.M. Rodents of the eastern part of Karaganda Region (Kazakhstan) and their influence on pastures vegetation. Scientific Notes of Leningrad State University 1952, 141:45-109. (In Russian).
3. Angelone C. Family Ochotonidae (Lagomorpha) and its application in biochronology: some case studies from the Plio-Quaternary of Eurasia. Quaternary International 2008, 179:5-8.
4. Bair, A.R., 2006. North American archaic ochotonids Hesperolagomys and Russellagus (Mammalia: Lagomorpha) and geometric constraints on the evolution of hypsodonty in lagomorphs. University of Nebraska, PhD thesis. 1-273.
5. Baldocchi D. Global change: the grass response. Nature 2011, 476:160-161.
6. Bannikov A.G. Mammals of the Mongolian Peoples' Republic, Works of the Mongolian Comission. No. 53 1954, 1-669. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, (in Russian).
7. Barbero E., Palestrini C., Roggero A. Systematics and phylogeny of Eodrepanus, a new Drepanocerine genus, with comments on biogeographical data (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Oniticellini). Journal of Natural History 2009, 43:1835-1878.
8. Barry J.C., Morgan M.E., Flynn L.J., Pilbeam D., Behrensmeyer A.K., Raza S.M., Khan I.A., Badgley C., Hicks J., Kelley J. Faunal and environmental change in the Late Miocene Siwaliks of northern Pakistan. Paleobiology 2002, 28:1-71.
9. Beever E., Smith A.T. Ochotona princeps. IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011, Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on 07 February.
10. Beever E.A., Brussard P.F., Berger J. Patterns of apparent extirpation among isolated populations of pikas (Ochotona princeps) in the Great Basin. Journal of Mammalogy 2003, 84:37-54.
11. Beever E.A., Ray C., Mote P.W., Wilkening J.L. Testing alternative models of climate-mediated extirpations. Ecological Applications 2010, 20:164-178.
12. Beever E.A., Ray C., Wilkening J.L., Brussard P.F., Mote P.W. Contemporary climate change alters the pace and drivers of extinction. Global Change Biology 2011, 17:2054-2070.
13. Beever E.A., Wilkening J.L., McIvor D.E., Weber S.S., Brussard P.E. American pikas (Ochotona princeps) in northwestern Nevada: a newly discovered population at a low-elevation site. Western North American Naturalist 2008, 68:8-14.
14. Bininda-Emonds O.R., Cardillo M., Jones K.E., MacPhee R.D., Beck R.M., Grenyer R., Price S.A., Vos R.A., Gittleman J.L., Purvis A. The delayed rise of present-day mammals. Nature 2007, 446:507-512.
15. Borisova N.G., Starkov A.I., Sazonov G.I., Rudneva L.V. On the ecology of the Daurian pika in south-western Transbaikalia. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 2001, 288:163-179.
16. Cerling T.E., Ehleringer J.R., Harris J.M. Carbon dioxide starvation, the development of C4 ecosystems, and mammalian evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 1998, 353:159-170.
17. Cerling T.E., Harris J.M., MacFadden B.J., Leakey M.G., Quade J., Eisenmann V., Ehleringer J.R. Global vegetation change through the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. Nature 1997, 389:153-158.
18. Chivers D.J. Adaptations of digestive systems in non-ruminant herbivores. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 1989, 48:59-67.
19. Conroy C.J., van Tuinen M. Extracting time from phylogenies: positive interplay between fossil and genetic data. Journal of Mammalogy 2003, 84:444-455.
20. Dawson M.R. On two ochotonids (Mammalia, Lagomorpha) from the Later Tertiary of Inner Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 1961, 2061:1-15.
21. Dawson M.R. Lagomorpha. Small Mammals, Xenarthrans, and Marine Mammals 2008, Volume 2:293-310. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York etc. C.M. Janis, G.F. Gunnell, M.D. Uhen (Eds.).
22. Dearing M.D. Effects of Acomastylis rossii tannins on a mammalian herbivore, the North American pika, Ochotona princeps. Oecologia 1997, 109:122-131.
23. Dearing M.D. The manipulation of plant toxins by a food-hoarding herbivore, Ochotona princeps. Ecology 1997, 78:774-781.
24. Dearing M.D., Foley W.J., McLean S. The influence of plant secondary metabolites on the nutritional ecology of herbivorous terrestrial vertebrates. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 2005, 36:169-189.
25. Drummond A.J., Rambaut A. BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2007, 7:214.
26. Edwards E.J., Osborne C.P., Strömberg C.A.E., Smith S.A., Consortium C.G. The origins of C4 grasslands: integrating evolutionary and ecosystem science. Science 2010, 328:587-591.
27. 2 as a global change driver influencing plant-animal interactions. Integrative and Comparative Biology 2002, 42:424-430.
28. Ehleringer J.R., Monson R.K. Evolutionary and ecological aspects of photosynthetic pathway variation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1993, 24:411-439.
29. Eick G.N., Jacobs D.S., Matthee C.A. A nuclear DNA phylogenetic perspective on the evolution of echolocation and historical biogeography of extant bats (Chiroptera). Molecular Biology and Evolution 2005, 22:1869-1886.
30. Elliott C.L. Quantitative analysis of pika (Ochotona princeps) hay piles in central Idaho. Northwest Science 1980, 54:207-209.
31. Erbajeva M.A. Cenozoic Pikas (Taxonomy, Systematics, Phylogeny) 1988, Nauka Press, Moscow, (In Russian).
32. Erbajeva M.A. Phylogeny and evolution of Ochotonidae with emphasis on Asian ochotonids. National Science Museum Monographs 1994, 8:1-13.
33. Erbajeva M.A., Mead J.I., Alexeeva N.V., Angelone C., Swift S.L. Taxonomic diversity of Late Cenozoic Asian and North American ochotonid an overview. Palaeontologia Electronica 2011, 14:42A. 49pp.
34. Fan N.C., Jing Z.C., Zhang D.H. Studies on the food resource niches of plateau pika and Daurian pika. Acta Theriologica Sinica 1995, 15:36-40. (In Chinese with English summary).
35. Fattorini S. Hovenkamp's ostracized vicariance analysis: testing new methods of historical biogeography. Cladistics 2008, 24:611-622.
36. Fostowicz-Frelik L., Frelik G.J., Gasparik M. Morphological phylogeny of pikas (Lagomorpha: Ochotona), with a description of a new species from the Pliocene/Pleistocene transition of Hungary. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 2010, 159:97-117.
37. Franken R.J., Hik D.S. Influence of habitat quality, patch size and connectivity on colonization and extinction dynamics of collared pikas Ochotona collaris. Journal of Animal Ecology 2004, 73:889-896.
38. Galbreath K.E., Hafner D.J., Zamudio K.R. When cold is better: climate-driven elevation shifts yield complex patterns of diversification and demography in an alpine specialist (American pika, Ochotona princeps). Evolution 2009, 63:2848-2863.
39. Galbreath K.E., Hafner D.J., Zamudio K.R., Agnew K. Isolation and introgression in the Intermountain West: contrasting gene genealogies reveal the complex biogeographic history of the American pika (Ochotona princeps). Journal of Biogeography 2010, 37:344-362.
40. Ge D.Y., Lissovsky A.A., Xia L., Cheng C., Smith A., Yang Q.S. Reevaluation of several taxa of Chinese lagomorphs (Mammalia: Lagomorpha) described on the basis of pelage phenotype variation. Mammalian Biology 2012, 77:113-123.
41. Gliwicz J., Pagacz S., Witczuk J. Strategy of food plant selection in the Siberian northern pika, Ochotona hyperborea. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 2006, 38:54-59.
42. Grayson D.K. A brief history of Great Basin pikas. Journal of Biogeography 2005, 32:2103-2111.
43. Grimes S.I., Collinson M.E., Hooker J.J., Mattey D.P. Is small beautiful? A review of the advantages and limitations of using small mammal teeth and the direct laser fluorination analysis technique in the isotope reconstruction of past continental climate change. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 2008, 266:39-50.
44. Hackmann T.J., Spain J.N. Ruminant ecology and evolution: perspectives useful to ruminant livestock research and production. Journal of Dairy Science 2010, 93:1320-1334.
45. Hafner D.J. Pikas and permafrost: post-Wisconsin historical zoogeography of Ochotona in the southern Rocky Mountains, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research 1994, 26:375-382.
46. Harris A.J., Xiang Q.Y. Estimating ancestral distributions of lineages with uncertain sister groups: a statistical approach to Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis and a case using Aesculus L. (Sapindaceae) including fossils. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 2009, 47:349-368.
47. Harrison T., Gu Y. Taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of early Miocene catarrhines from Sihong, China. Journal of Human Evolution 1999, 37:225-277.
48. Harzhauser M., Kroh A., Mandic O., Piller W.E., Göhlich U., Reuter M., Berning B. Biogeographic responses to geodynamics: a key study all around the Oligo-Miocene Tethyan Seaway. Zoologischer Anzeiger A, Journal of Comparative Zoology 2007, 246:241-256.
49. Hawkins B.A., DeVries P.J. Tropical niche conservatism and the species richness gradient of North American butterflies. Journal of Biogeography 2009, 36:1698-1711.
50. Hirakawa H. Coprophagy in leporids and other mammalian herbivores. Mammal Review 2001, 31:61-80.
51. Hoffmann R.S., Smith A.T. Order Lagomorpha. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 2005, Johns Hopkins University Press, London. D.E. Wilson, D.M. Reeder (Eds.).
52. Hordijk, K., 2010. Perseverance of pikas in the Miocene. Interplay of climate and competition in the evolution of Spanish Ochotonidae (Lagomorpha, Mammalia). PhD thesis. Utrecht University. No. 333.
53. Hovenkamp P. Vicariance events, not areas, should be used in biogeographical analysis. Cladistics 1997, 13:63-79.
54. Huntly N.J. Influence of refuging consumers (pikas: Ochotona princeps) on subalpine meadow vegetation. Ecology 1987, 68:274-283.
55. Jass C.N. Pleistocene lagomorphs from Cathedral Cave, Nevada. Paleobios 2009, 29:1-12.
56. Jiang Z., Xia W. Utilization of the food resources by plateau pika. Acta Theriologica Sinica 1985, 5:251-262. (In Chinese).
57. 2. Nature 2011, 475:177-178.
58. Krapp M., Jungclaus J.H. The Middle Miocene climate as modelled in an atmosphere-ocean-biosphere model. Climate of the Past Discussions 2011, 7:1935-1972.
59. Lanier H.C., Olson L.E. Inferring divergence times within pikas (Ochotona spp.) using mtDNA and relaxed molecular dating techniques. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2009, 53:1-12.
60. 4 plants in alpine locality of Qinghai Plateau. Acta Botanica Boreali-occidentalia Sinica 2005, 25:1046-1050.
61. Li M.C., Zhu J.J., Li L.X. Occurrence and altitudinal pattern of C4 plants on Qinghai Plateau, Qinghai province, China. Photosynthetica 2009, 47:298-303.
62. Li M.R. A list of C4 photosynthesis plants. Plant Physiology Communication 1993, 29:221-240. (In Chinese).
63. Li W.D., Smith A.T. Dramatic decline of the threatened Ili pika Ochotona iliensis (Lagomorpha: Ochotonidae) in Xinjiang, China. Oryx 2005, 39:30-34.
64. Lopatin A.V., Averianov A.O. Eocene Lagomorpha (Mammalia) of Asia: 2. Strenulagus and Gobiolagus (Strenulagidae). Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 2006, 2:79-88.
65. 4 plants in the high altitude regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Chinese Science Bulletin 2004, 49:1290-1293. (In Chinese with English summary).
66. Luo Z.X. Transformation and diversification in early mammal evolution. Nature 2007, 450:1011-1019.
67. MacArthur R.A., Wang L.C.H. Behavioural thermoregulation in the pika Ochotona princeps: a field study using radiotelemetry. Canadian Journal of Zoology 1974, 52:353-358.
68. MacFadden B.J., Cerling T.E. Fossil horses, carbon isotopes and global change. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 1994, 9:481-486.
69. Manning T., Hagar J.C. Use of nonalpine anthropogenic habitats by American pikas (Ochotona princeps) in western Oregon. Western North American Naturalist 2011, 71:106-112.
70. Martin T. Evolution of incisor enamel microstructure in Lagomorpha. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2004, 24:411-426.
71. Matthew W.D., Granger W. Nine new rodents from the Oligocene of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 1923, 102:1-10.
72. May-Collado L., Agnarsson I. Cytochrome b and Bayesian inference of whale phylogeny. Molecular Phylogenetic and Evolution 2006, 38:344-354.
73. Mead J.I., Spaulding W.G. Pika (Ochotona) and paleoecological reconstructions of the Intermountain West, Nevada and Utah. The Mammoth Site of Hot Springs, South Dakota Scientific Paper 1995, 3:165-186. D.W. Steadman, J.I. Mead (Eds.).
74. Meredith R.W., Janecka J.E., Gatesy J., Ryder O.A., Fisher C.A., Teeling E.C., Goodbla A., Eizirik E., Simao T.L., Stadler T., Rabosky D.L., Honeycutt R.L., Flynn J.J., Ingram C.M., Steiner C., Williams T.L., Robinson T.J., Burk-Herrick A., Westerman M., Ayoub N.A., Springer M.S., Murphy W.J. Impacts of the cretaceous terrestrial revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification. Science 2011, 334:521-524.
75. Metais G., Chaimanee Y., Jaeger J.-J., Ducrocq S. New remains of primitive ruminants from Thailand: evidence of the early evolution of the Ruminantia in Asia. Zoologica Scripta 2001, 30:231-248.
76. Mihlbachler M.C., Rivals F., Solounias N., Semprebon G.M. Dietary change and evolution of horses in North America. Science 2011, 331:1178-1181.
77. Millar C.I., Westfall R.D. Distribution and climatic relationships of the American pika (Ochotona princeps) in the Sierra Nevada and Western Great Basin, USA; periglacial landforms as refugia in warming climates. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 2010, 42:76-88.
78. Millar J.S., Zwickel F.C. Characteristics and ecological signficance of hay piles of pikas. Mammalia 1972, 36:657-667.
79. Morgan J.A., LeCain D.R., Pendall E., Blumenthal D.M., Kimball B.A., Carrillo Y., Williams D.G., Heisler-White J., Dijkstra F.A., West M. C4 grasses prosper as carbon dioxide eliminates desiccation in warmed semi-arid grassland. Nature 2011, 476:202-205.
80. Morrison S.F., Hik D.S. Demographic analysis of a declining pika Ochotona collaris population: linking survival to broad-scale climate patterns via spring snowmelt patterns. Journal of Animal Ecology 2007, 76:899-907.
81. Niu Y.D., Wei F.W., Li M., Liu X.M., Feng Z.J. Phylogeny of pikas (Lagomorpha, Ochotona) inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences. Folia Zoologica 2004, 53:141-155.
82. Nylander J.A.A., Olsson U., Alstrom P., Sanmartin I. Accounting for phylogenetic uncertainty in biogeography: a Bayesian approach to dispersal-vicariance analysis of the thrushes (Aves: Turdus). Systematic Biology 2008, 57:257-268.
83. 4) grasslands?. Journal of Ecology 2008, 96:35-45.
84. Osborne C.P., Beerling D.J. Nature's green revolution: the remarkable evolutionary rise of C4 plants. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2006, 361:173-194.
85. 4 grasses. Science 1999, 285:876-879.
86. Pshennikov A.E., Alekseev V.G., Koryakin I.I., Gnutov D.Y. Coprophagy in Ochotona hyperboreae in Yakutiya. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 1990, 69:106-114.
87. Qiu Z.D. Middle Miocene Micromammalian Fauna from Tunggur, Nei Mongol 1996, Academia Sinica, Beijing.
88. Quade J., Cerling T.E., Bowman J.R. Development of Asian monsoon revealed by marked ecological shift during the latest Miocene in northern Pakistan. Nature 1989, 342:163-166.
89. Rambaut, A., Drummond, A. J., 2004 Tracer v. 1.3. Available at http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/tracer/.
90. Rausch R.L. Notes on the collared pika, Ochotona collaris (Nelson), in Alaska. The Murrelet 1962, 42:22-24.
91. Renner S.S. Relaxed molecular clocks for dating historical plant dispersal events. Trends in Plant Science 2005, 10:550-558.
92. Rodhouse T.J., Beever E.A., Garrett L.K., Irvine K.M., Jeffress M.R., Munts M., Ray C. Distribution of American pikas in a low-elevation lava landscape: conservation implications from the range periphery. Journal of Mammalogy 2010, 91:1287-1299.
93. Ronquist F. Dispersal-vicariance analysis: a new approach to the quantification of historical biogeography. Systematic Biology 1997, 46:195-203.
94. Rose K.D., DeLeon V.B., Missiaen P., Rana R.S., Sahni A., Singh L., Smith T. Early Eocene lagomorph (Mammalia) from Western India and the early diversification of Lagomorpha. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 2008, 275:1203-1208.
95. Sage R.F., Li M.R., Monson R.K. The taxonomic distribution of C4 photosynthesis. C4 Plant Biology 1999, 551-584. Academy Press, San Diego. R.F. Sage, K.M. Russell (Eds.).
96. Sapragel'dyev M. Ecology of Afghan Pika in Turkmenistan 1987, Ylym, Ashkhabad, 141pp. (In Russian).
97. Schneider S.H. Detecting climatic change signals: are there any "fingerprints"?. Science 1994, 263:341-347.
98. Shotwell J.A. Hemphillian mammalian assemblage from northeastern Oregon. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 1956, 67:717-738.
99. Simon M.F., Grether R., de Queiroz L.P., Skema C., Pennington R.T., Hughes C.E. Recent assembly of the Cerrado, a neotropical plant diversity hotspot, by in situ evolution of adaptations to fire. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2009, 106:20359-20364.
100. Simpson W.G. American pikas inhabit low-elevation sites outside the species' previously described bioclimatic envelope. Western North American Naturalist 2009, 69:243-250.
101. Smith A.T. The distribution and dispersal of pikas: influences of behavior and climate. Ecology 1974, 55:1368-1376.
102. Smith A.T., Formozov N.A., Hoffmann R.S., Zheng C., Erbajeva M.A. The pikas. Rabbits, Hares and Pikas 1990, 14-60. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. J.A. Chapman, J.E.C. Flux (Eds.).
103. Smith A.T., Johnston C.H. Ochotona argentata. IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008, Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on 07 February 2012.
104. Smith A.T., Johnston C.H. Ochotona iliensis. IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008, Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on 07 February 2012.
105. Smith A.T., Johnston C.H. Ochotona koslowi. IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008, Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on 07 February 2012.
106. Smith A.T., Johnston C.H. Ochotona hoffmanni. IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008, Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on 07 February 2012.
107. Smith A.T., Weston M.L. Ochotona princeps. Mammalian Species 1990, 1-8.
108. Smith F.A., Boyer A.G., Brown J.H., Costa D.P., Dayan T., Ernest S.K., Evans A.R., Fortelius M., Gittleman J.L., Hamilton M.J., Harding L.E., Lintulaakso K., Lyons S.K., McCain C., Okie J.G., Saarinen J.J., Sibly R.M., Stephens P.R., Theodor J., Uhen M.D. The evolution of maximum body size of terrestrial mammals. Science 2010, 330:1216-1219.
109. Sokolov V.E., Ivanitskaya E.Y., Gruzdev V.V., Geptner V.G. Mammals of Russia and Adjacent Regions. Lagomorpha 1994, Nauka, Moskva.
110. Sorensen J.S., McLister J.D., Dearing M.D. Plant secondary metabolites compromise the energy budgets of specialist and generalist mammalian herbivores. Ecology 2005, 86:125-139.
111. Springer M.S., Murphy W.J., Eizirik E., O'Brien S.J. Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2003, 100:1056-1061.
112. Su J., Lian X., Zhang T., Cui Q., Liu J. Hay-pile caches as winter food by Gansu pikas and its biological significance. Acta Theriologica Sinica 2004, 24:23-29. (In Chinese with English summary).
113. Tang H.P., Liu S.R., Zhang X. The C4 plants in inner Mongolia and their eco-geographical characteristics. Acta Botanica Sinica 1999, 41:420-424. (In Chinese with English summary).
114. Uno K.T., Cerling T.E., Harris J.M., Kunimatsu Y., Leakey M.G., Nakatsukasa M., Nakaya H. Late Miocene to Pliocene carbon isotope record of differential diet change among East African herbivores. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2011, 108:6509-6514.
115. Wang J.M., Zhang Y.M., Wang D.H. Seasonal thermogenesis and body mass regulation in plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae). Oecologia 2006, 149:373-382.
116. Wang R.Z. Photosynthetic pathways and life forms in different grassland types from north China. Photosynthetica 2002, 40:243-250.
117. Wang R.Z. Photosynthetic pathways, life forms, and reproductive types for forage species along the desertification gradient on hunshandake desert, north China. Photosynthetica 2002, 40:321-329.
118. Weston, M.L., 1982. A numerical revision of the genus Ochotona (Lagomorpha:Mammalia) and an examination of its phylgenetic relationships. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
119. Wilkening J.L., Ray C., Beever E.A., Brussard P.F. Modeling contemporary range retraction in Great Basin pikas (Ochotona princeps) using data on microclimate and microhabitat. Quaternary International 2011, 235:77-88.
120. Williams A.P., Allen C.D., Millar C.I., Swetnam T.W., Michaelsen J., Still C.J., Leavitt S.W. Forest responses to increasing aridity and warmth in the southwestern United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010, 107:21289-21294.
121. Wolff E.W. Global change: methane and monsoons. Nature 2011, 470:49-50.
122. Yang J., Wang Z.L., Zhao X.Q., Wang D.P., Qi D.L., Xu B.H., Ren Y.H., Tian H.F. Natural selection and adaptive evolution of leptin in the Ochotona family driven by the cold environmental stress. PLoS One 2008, 3:e1472. 10.1371/journal.pone.0001472.
123. Yang Z., Rannala B. Bayesian estimation of species divergence times under a molecular clock using multiple fossil calibrations with soft bounds. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2006, 23:212-226.
124. Yi X.F., Li L.X., Zhang X.A., Zhao L., Li M.C. Influence of artificial food on stable carbon and nitrogen isotope composition of plateau pikas. Zoological Research 2004, 25:232-235. (In Chinese with English summary).
125. Yi X.F., Yang Y.Q., Zhang X.A., Li L.X., Zhao L. No C4 plants found at the Haibei alpine meadow ecosystem research station in Qinghai, China: evidence from stable carbon isotope studies. Acta Botanica Sinica 2003, 45:1291-1296. (In Chinese with English summary).
126. Yin L.J., Li M.R. A study on the geographic distribution and ecological of C4 plants in China: C4 plant distribution in China and their relationship with regional climatic condition. Acta Ecologica Sinica 1997, 17:350-363. (In Chinese with English summary).
127. Yu N., Zheng C., Zhang Y.P., Li W.H. Molecular systematics of pikas (genus Ochotona) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2000, 16:85-95.
128. Yu Y., Harris A.J., He X. S-DIVA (Statistical Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis): a tool for inferring biogeographic histories. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2010, 56:848-850.
129. Zachos J., Pagani M., Sloan L., Thomas E., Billups K. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science 2001, 292:686-693.
130. Zhang C., Wang Y., Deng T., Wang X., Biasatti D., Xu Y., Li Q. C4 expansion in the central Inner Mongolia during the latest Miocene and early Pliocene. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2009, 287:311-319.
131. Zhou X. Miocene ochotonid (Mammalia, Lagomorpha) from Xinzhou, Shanxi. Vertebrata Palasiatica 1988, 26:139-148. (In Chinese with English summary).