Diabetes mellitus and the heart

International Journal of Clinical Practice

Volumn 66, Issue 7, 2012, Pages 640-647

  Mercer, B N ^a   Morais, S ^a   Cubbon, R M ^a   Kearney, M T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONIST; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CLOPIDOGREL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; EPLERENONE; FIBRINOGEN RECEPTOR; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INSULIN; METFORMIN; PIOGLITAZONE; PRASUGREL; ROSIGLITAZONE; SPIRONOLACTONE; SULFONYLUREA; TICAGRELOR;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG USE; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE REVASCULARIZATION; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; PATHOGENESIS; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; STENT THROMBOSIS; TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; BLOOD GLUCOSE; CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHIES; DIURETICS; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; LIFE STYLE; MYOCARDIAL REVASCULARIZATION; PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITORS; PROGNOSIS;

EID: 84862727081     PISSN: 13685031     EISSN: 17421241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2012.02924.x     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, et al., Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabet care 2004; 27: 1047-53. (Pubitemid 38579764)
2. Booth GL, Kapral MK, Fung K, et al., Relation between age and cardiovascular disease in men and women with diabetes compared with non-diabetic people: a population-based retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2006; 368: 29-36. (Pubitemid 43947203)
3. Cubbon RM, Wheatcroft SB, Grant PJ, et al., Temporal trends in mortality of patients with diabetes mellitus suffering acute myocardial infarction: a comparison of over 3000 patients between 1995 and 2003. Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 540-5. (Pubitemid 47355504)
4. Mosterd A, Cost B, Hoes AW, et al., The prognosis of heart failure in the general population: the Rotterdam Study. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 1318-27. (Pubitemid 32737624)
5. Lenzen M, Ryden L, Ohrvik J, et al., Diabetes known or newly detected, but not impaired glucose regulation, has a negative influence on 1-year outcome in patients with coronary artery disease: a report from the Euro Heart Survey on diabetes and the heart. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 2969-74. (Pubitemid 44950440)
6. Ovbiagele B, Markovic D, Fonarow GC,. Recent US patterns and predictors of prevalent diabetes among acute myocardial infarction patients. Cardiology res prac 2011; 2011:145615.
7. Norhammar A, Tenerz A, Nilsson G, et al., Glucose metabolism in patients with acute myocardial infarction and no previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: a prospective study. Lancet 2002; 359: 2140-4. (Pubitemid 34694020)
8. Scholte A, Schuijf J, Kharagjitsingh A, et al., Prevalence of coronary artery disease and plaque morphology assessed by multi-slice computed tomography coronary angiography and calcium scoring in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes. Heart 2008; 94: 290-5. (Pubitemid 351303418)
9. Thrainsdottir IS, Aspelund T, Thorgeirsson G, et al., The association between glucose abnormalities and heart failure in the population-based Reykjavik study. Diabet care 2005; 28: 612-6. (Pubitemid 40315321)
10. Davies M, Hobbs F, Davis R, et al., Prevalence of left-ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart failure in the Echocardiographic Heart of England Screening study: a population based study. Lancet 2001; 358: 439-44. (Pubitemid 32769849)
11. Amato L, Paolisso G, Cacciatore F, et al., Congestive heart failure predicts the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the elderly. The Osservatorio Geriatrico Regione Campania Group. Diabet Met 1997; 23: 213-8. (Pubitemid 27288299)
12. From AM, Leibson CL, Bursi F, et al., Diabetes in heart failure: prevalence and impact on outcome in the population. Am J Med 2006; 119: 591-9. (Pubitemid 44041273)
13. Schramm TK, Gislason GH, Køber L, et al., Diabetes patients requiring glucose-lowering therapy and nondiabetics with a prior myocardial infarction carry the same cardiovascular risk: a population study of 3.3 million people. Circulation 2008; 117: 1945-54. (Pubitemid 351543470)
14. Haffner SM, Lehto S, Rönnemaa T, et al., Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 229-34. (Pubitemid 28350165)
15. Hunt SA, Baker DW, Chin MH, et al., ACC/AHA guidelines for the evaluation and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: executive summary a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to revise the 1995 Guideli. Circulation 2001; 104: 2996-3007. (Pubitemid 33139116)
16. Maron DJ, Boden WE, Spertus JA, et al., Impact of metabolic syndrome and diabetes on prognosis and outcomes with early percutaneous coronary intervention in the COURAGE (Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation) trial. J Am Coll Cardio 2011; 58: 131-7.
17. Kahn MB, Cubbon RM, Mercer B, et al., Association of diabetes with increased all-cause mortality following primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in the contemporary era. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2012; 9: 3-9.
18. Mather AN, Crean A, Abidin N, et al., Relationship of dysglycemia to acute myocardial infarct size and cardiovascular outcome as determined by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2010; 12: 61.
19. Kosiborod M, Rathore SS, Inzucchi SE, et al., Admission glucose and mortality in elderly patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction: implications for patients with and without recognized diabetes. Circulation 2005; 111: 3078-86. (Pubitemid 40847785)
20. Meta-analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure. The survival of patients with heart failure with preserved or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2011; PMID: 21821849 [epub ahead of print] doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr254.
21. MacDonald MR, Jhund PS, Petrie MC, et al., Discordant short- and long-term outcomes associated with diabetes in patients with heart failure: importance of age and sex: a population study of 5.1 million people in Scotland. Circ Heart Fail 2008; 1: 234-41.
22. MacDonald MR, Petrie MC, Varyani F, et al., Impact of diabetes on outcomes in patients with low and preserved ejection fraction heart failure: an analysis of the Candesartan in Heart failure: assessment of reduction in mortality and morbidity (CHARM) programme. Eur Heart J 2008; 29: 1377-85. (Pubitemid 351806482)
23. Suskin N, McKelvie RS, Burns RJ, et al., Glucose and insulin abnormalities relate to functional capacity in patients with congestive heart failure. Eur Heart J 2000; 21: 1368-75. (Pubitemid 30599132)
24. Aguilar D, Deswal A, Ramasubbu K, et al., Comparison of patients with heart failure and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction among those with versus without diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 2010; 105: 373-7.
25. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, et al., Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ 2000; 321: 405-12. (Pubitemid 30609442)
26. Nichols GA, Gullion CM, Koro CE, et al., The incidence of congestive heart failure in type 2 diabetes: an update. Diabet care 2004; 27: 1879-84. (Pubitemid 38989226)
27. Mente A, Yusuf S, Islam S, et al., Metabolic syndrome and risk of acute myocardial infarction a case-control study of 26,903 subjects from 52 countries. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55: 2390-8.
28. Gami AS, Witt BJ, Howard DE, et al., Metabolic syndrome and risk of incident cardiovascular events and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49: 403-14. (Pubitemid 46135879)
29. Alberti KGMM, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, et al., Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International. Circulation 2009; 120: 1640-5.
30. Ross R,. Atherosclerosis-an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 115-26. (Pubitemid 29054847)
31. Melikian N, Chowienczyk P, MacCarthy PA, et al., Determinants of endothelial function in asymptomatic subjects with and without the metabolic syndrome. Atherosclerosis 2008; 197: 375-82. (Pubitemid 351278409)
32. Thorne S, Mullen MJ, Clarkson P, et al., Early endothelial dysfunction in adults at risk from atherosclerosis: different responses to L-arginine. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32: 110-6. (Pubitemid 28351050)
33. Galderisi M, Anderson KM, Wilson PW, et al., Echocardiographic evidence for the existence of a distinct diabetic cardiomyopathy (the Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol 1991; 68: 85-9.
34. Bella JN, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, et al., Separate and joint effects of systemic hypertension and diabetes mellitus on left ventricular structure and function in American Indians (the Strong Heart Study). Am J Cardiol 2001; 87: 1260-5. (Pubitemid 32493866)
35. Murarka S, Movahed MR,. Diabetic cardiomyopathy. J Card Fail 2010; 16: 971-9.
36. Boudina S, Abel ED,. Diabetic cardiomyopathy, causes and effects. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2010; 11: 31-9.
37. Boudina S, Abel ED,. Diabetic cardiomyopathy revisited. Circulation 2007; 115: 3213-23. (Pubitemid 47012236)
38. Falcão-Pires I, Hamdani N, Borbély A, et al., Diabetes mellitus worsens diastolic left ventricular dysfunction in aortic stenosis through altered myocardial structure and cardiomyocyte stiffness. Circulation 2011; 124: 1151-9.
39. Rydén L, Standl E, Bartnik M, et al., Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases: executive summary. The Task Force on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 88-136. (Pubitemid 46137814)
40. Gaede P, Lund-Andersen H, Parving H-H, et al., Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Eng J Med 2008; 358: 580-91. (Pubitemid 351214285)
41. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 2002; 324: 71-86.
42. Ajjan R, Storey RF, Grant PJ,. Aspirin resistance and diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 385-90.
43. Graham I, Atar D, Borch-Johnsen K, et al., European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary: Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice. Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 2375-414. (Pubitemid 47542237)
44. Hamm CW, Bassand J-P, Agewall S, et al., ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevatio. Eur Heart J 2011; 32: 2999-3054.
45. Bhatt DL, Marso SP, Hirsch AT, et al., Amplified benefit of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients with diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 2002; 90: 625-8. (Pubitemid 35264538)
46. Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, et al., Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Eng J Med 2001; 345: 494-502. (Pubitemid 32758501)
47. Roffi M, Chew DP, Mukherjee D, et al., Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors reduce mortality in diabetic patients with non-ST-segment-elevation acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2001; 104: 2767-71. (Pubitemid 33126648)
48. Giugliano RP, White JA, Bode C, et al., Early versus delayed, provisional eptifibatide in acute coronary syndromes. N Eng J Med 2009; 360: 2176-90.
49. Angiolillo DJ,. Antiplatelet therapy in diabetes: efficacy and limitations of current treatment strategies and future directions. Diabet care 2009; 32: 531-40.
50. Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, Angiolillo DJ, et al., Greater clinical benefit of more intensive oral antiplatelet therapy with prasugrel in patients with diabetes mellitus in the trial to assess improvement in therapeutic outcomes by optimizing platelet inhibition with prasugrel-Thrombolysis in Myocardial I. Circulation 2008; 118: 1626-36.
51. James S, Angiolillo DJ, Cornel JH, et al., Ticagrelor vs. clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes and diabetes: a substudy from the PLATelet inhibition and patient Outcomes (PLATO) trial. Eur Heart J 2010; 31: 3006-16.
52. Reiner Z, Catapano AL, De Backer G, et al., ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J 2011; 32: 1769-818.
53. Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, et al., Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet 2010; 376: 1670-81.
54. Sattar N, Preiss D, Murray HM, et al., Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials. Lancet 2010; 375: 735-42.
55. Colhoun H,. After FIELD: should fibrates be used to prevent cardiovascular disease in diabetes? Lancet 2005; 366: 1829-31. (Pubitemid 41690101)
56. Frye RL, August P, Brooks MM, et al., A randomized trial of therapies for type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. N Eng J Med 2009; 360: 2503-15.
57. Boden WE, O'Rourke RA, Teo KK, et al., Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease. N Eng J Med 2007; 356: 1503-16. (Pubitemid 46588415)
58. Hlatky MA, Boothroyd DB, Bravata DM, et al., Coronary artery bypass surgery compared with percutaneous coronary interventions for multivessel disease: a collaborative analysis of individual patient data from ten randomised trials. Lancet 2009; 373: 1190-7.
59. Kapur A, Hall RJ, Malik IS, et al., Randomized comparison of percutaneous coronary intervention with coronary artery bypass grafting in diabetic patients. 1-year results of the CARDia (Coronary Artery Revascularization in Diabetes) trial. J Am Coll Cardi 2010; 55: 432-40.
60. Stettler C, Allemann S, Wandel S, et al., Drug eluting and bare metal stents in people with and without diabetes: collaborative network meta-analysis. BMJ 2008; 337: a1331.
61. Lagerqvist B, Husted S, Kontny F, et al., 5-year outcomes in the FRISC-II randomised trial of an invasive versus a non-invasive strategy in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome: a follow-up study. Lancet 2006; 368: 998-1004. (Pubitemid 44353692)
62. Damman P, Hirsch A, Windhausen F, et al., 5-year clinical outcomes in the ICTUS (Invasive versus Conservative Treatment in Unstable coronary Syndromes) trial a randomized comparison of an early invasive versus selective invasive management in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55: 858-64.
63. Cannon CP, Weintraub WS, Demopoulos LA, et al., Comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in patients with unstable coronary syndromes treated with the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1879-87. (Pubitemid 32564900)
64. Timmer JR, Ottervanger JP, de Boer M-J, et al., Primary percutaneous coronary intervention compared with fibrinolysis for myocardial infarction in diabetes mellitus: results from the primary coronary angioplasty vs thrombolysis-2 trial. Arch Int Med 2007; 167: 1353-9. (Pubitemid 47052432)
65. Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, Deja MA, et al., Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 1607-16.
66. Fang JC,. Underestimating medical therapy for coronary disease. again. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 1671-3.
67. Wlodarczyk JH, Keogh A, Smith K, et al., CHART: congestive cardiac failure in hospitals, an Australian review of treatment. Heart Lung Circ 2003; 12: 94-102. (Pubitemid 37265886)
68. Haas SJ, Vos T, Gilbert RE, et al., Are beta-blockers as efficacious in patients with diabetes mellitus as in patients without diabetes mellitus who have chronic heart failure? A meta-analysis of large-scale clinical trials. Am Heart J 2003; 146: 848-53. (Pubitemid 37378574)
69. Dickstein K, Cohen-Solal A, Filippatos G, et al., ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2008 of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2008; 29: 2388-442.
70. Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, et al., 2009 focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2009; 119: e391-479.
71. Shekelle PG, Rich MW, Morton SC, et al., Efficacy of angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers in the management of left ventricular systolic dysfunction according to race, gender, and diabetic status: a meta-analysis of major clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardio 2003; 41: 1529-38. (Pubitemid 36543372)
72. Cohn JN, Tognoni G,. A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1667-75. (Pubitemid 33126822)
73. Young JB, Dunlap ME, Pfeffer MA, et al., Mortality and morbidity reduction with Candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction: results of the CHARM low-left ventricular ejection fraction trials. Circulation 2004; 110: 2618-26. (Pubitemid 39456438)
74. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Lancet 2000; 355: 253-9.
75. Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J, et al., Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 1547-59. (Pubitemid 351522739)
76. Weber MA, Bakris GL, Jamerson K, et al., Cardiovascular events during differing hypertension therapies in patients with diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56: 77-85.
77. Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, et al., Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1309-21. (Pubitemid 36384098)
78. Pitt B, Alfonso P,. Spironolactone in heart failure (Author's reply letter). N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 132-4. (Pubitemid 30036609)
79. Bertoldi EG, Polanczyk CA, Cunha V, et al., Mortality reduction of cardiac resynchronization and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in heart failure: an updated meta-analysis. Does recent evidence change the standard of care? J Card Fail 2011; 17: 860-6.
80. Hoppe UC, Freemantle N, Cleland JGF, et al., Effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality of diabetic patients with severe heart failure. Diabet Care 2007; 30: 722-4. (Pubitemid 46354361)
81. Martin DT, McNitt S, Nesto RW, et al., Cardiac resynchronization therapy reduces the risk of cardiac events in patients with diabetes enrolled in the multicenter automatic defibrillator implantation trial with cardiac resynchronization therapy (MADIT-CRT). Circ Heart Fail 2011; 4: 332-8.
82. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 977-86.
83. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). The Lancet 1998; 352: 854-65.
84. Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, et al., 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 1577-89.
85. Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund J-YC, et al., Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2643-53. (Pubitemid 41817713)
86. Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et al., Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2545-59. (Pubitemid 351831356)
87. Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al., Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2560-72. (Pubitemid 351831357)
88. Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al., Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 129-39.
89. Brown A, Reynolds LR, Bruemmer D,. Intensive glycemic control and cardiovascular disease: an update. Nat Rev Cardiol 2010; 7: 369-75.
90. Goldfine AB, Fonseca V,. Management of diabetes mellitus in patients with cardiovascular disease in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes (BARI 2D) trial. Circulation 2010; 121: 2447-9.
91. Nissen SE, Wolski K,. Rosiglitazone revisited: an updated meta-analysis of risk for myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality. Arch Int Med 2010; 170: 1191-201.
92. Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJA, et al., Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 1279-89. (Pubitemid 41416583)
93. Loke YK, Kwok CS, Singh S,. Comparative cardiovascular effects of thiazolidinediones: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ 2011; 342: d1309.
94. Kaul S, Bolger AF, Herrington D, et al., Thiazolidinedione drugs and cardiovascular risks: a science advisory from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation 2010; 121: 1868-77.
95. Eurich DT, Majumdar SR, McAlister FA, et al., Improved clinical outcomes associated with metformin in patients with diabetes and heart failure. Diabet care 2005; 28: 2345-51. (Pubitemid 41384275)
96. Pocock SJ, Wang D, Pfeffer MA, et al., Predictors of mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 65-75. (Pubitemid 41785934)
97. Castagno D, Baird-Gunning J, Jhund PS, et al., Intensive glycaemic control has no impact on the risk of heart failure in type 2 diabetic patients: Evidence from a 37,229 patient meta-analysis. Am Heart J 2011; 162: 938-48. e2.
98. GDe Caterina R, Madonna R, Sourij H, et al., Glycaemic control in acute coronary syndromes: prognostic value and therapeutic options. Eur Heart J 2010; 31: 1557-64.
99. Finfer S, Chittock DR, Su SY, et al., Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 1283-97.