메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 27, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 13-22

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the evaluation of treatment efficacy in unipolar major depressive disorder: A review of the literature

Author keywords

1H MRS; ECT; Major depression disorder; MRI; Pharmacological therapy; Psychiatric disorders; Spectroscopy

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; CHOLINE; CITALOPRAM; FLUOXETINE; GLUTAMIC ACID; N ACETYLASPARTIC ACID; NEFAZODONE; NORTRIPTYLINE; PAROXETINE; VENLAFAXINE;

EID: 84862607216     PISSN: 03935264     EISSN: 19713274     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (37)

References (49)
  • 2
    • 66249134238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in dementias and mild cognitive impairment
    • Griffith HR, Stewart CC, den Hollander JA. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in dementias and mild cognitive impairment. Int Rev Neurobiol 2009;84:105-31
    • (2009) Int Rev Neurobiol , vol.84 , pp. 105-131
    • Griffith, H.R.1    Stewart, C.C.2    den Hollander, J.A.3
  • 3
    • 77649230534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advanced imaging techniques in brain tumors
    • Law M. Advanced imaging techniques in brain tumors. Cancer Imaging 9 Spec No A:S4-9, 2009
    • (2009) Cancer Imaging 9 Spec No A
    • Law, M.1
  • 4
    • 0027988453 scopus 로고
    • Brain choline in depression: In vivo detection of potential pharmacodynamic effects of antidepressant therapy using hydrogen localized spectroscopy
    • Charles HC, Lazeyras F, Krishnan KR, Boyko OB, Payne M, Moore D. Brain choline in depression: in vivo detection of potential pharmacodynamic effects of antidepressant therapy using hydrogen localized spectroscopy. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1994;18:1121-1127
    • (1994) Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry , vol.18 , pp. 1121-1127
    • Charles, H.C.1    Lazeyras, F.2    Krishnan, K.R.3    Boyko, O.B.4    Payne, M.5    Moore, D.6
  • 5
    • 0032819613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compounds containing cytosolic choline in the basal ganglia: A potential biological marker of true drug response to fluoxetine
    • Sonawalla SB, Renshaw PF, Moore CM et al. Compounds containing cytosolic choline in the basal ganglia: a potential biological marker of true drug response to fluoxetine. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:1638-1640
    • (1999) Am J Psychiatry , vol.156 , pp. 1638-1640
    • Sonawalla, S.B.1    Renshaw, P.F.2    Moore, C.M.3
  • 6
    • 0033795757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hippocampus in patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study
    • Ende G, Braus DF, Walter S, Weber-Fahr W, Henn FA. The hippocampus in patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:937-943
    • (2000) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.57 , pp. 937-943
    • Ende, G.1    Braus, D.F.2    Walter, S.3    Weber-Fahr, W.4    Henn, F.A.5
  • 7
    • 0036213738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased occipital cortex GABA concentrations in depressed patients after therapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
    • Sanacora G, Mason GF, Rothman DL, Krystal JH. Increased occipital cortex GABA concentrations in depressed patients after therapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:663-665
    • (2002) Am J Psychiatry , vol.159 , pp. 663-665
    • Sanacora, G.1    Mason, G.F.2    Rothman, D.L.3    Krystal, J.H.4
  • 8
    • 0037364165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased cortical GABA concentrations in depressed patients receiving ECT
    • Sanacora G, Mason GF, Rothman DL et al. Increased cortical GABA concentrations in depressed patients receiving ECT. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:577-579
    • (2003) Am J Psychiatry , vol.160 , pp. 577-579
    • Sanacora, G.1    Mason, G.F.2    Rothman, D.L.3
  • 9
    • 0344838483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective electroconvulsive therapy reverses glutamate/glutamine deficit in the left anterior cingulum of unipolar depressed patients
    • Pfleiderer B, Michael N, Erfurth A et al. Effective electroconvulsive therapy reverses glutamate/glutamine deficit in the left anterior cingulum of unipolar depressed patients. Psychiatry Res 2003;122:185-192
    • (2003) Psychiatry Res , vol.122 , pp. 185-192
    • Pfleiderer, B.1    Michael, N.2    Erfurth, A.3
  • 10
    • 0041805265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term follow-up of magnetic resonance-detectable choline signal changes in the hippocampus of patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy
    • Obergriesser T, Ende G, Braus DF, Henn FA. Long-term follow-up of magnetic resonance-detectable choline signal changes in the hippocampus of patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64:775-780
    • (2003) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.64 , pp. 775-780
    • Obergriesser, T.1    Ende, G.2    Braus, D.F.3    Henn, F.A.4
  • 11
    • 0038050597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurotrophic effects of electroconvulsive therapy: A proton magnetic resonance study of the left amygdalar region in patients with treatment-resistant depression
    • Michael N, Erfurth A, Ohrmann P, Arolt V, Heindel W, Pfleiderer B. Neurotrophic effects of electroconvulsive therapy: a proton magnetic resonance study of the left amygdalar region in patients with treatment-resistant depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003;28:720-725
    • (2003) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.28 , pp. 720-725
    • Michael, N.1    Erfurth, A.2    Ohrmann, P.3    Arolt, V.4    Heindel, W.5    Pfleiderer, B.6
  • 12
    • 0142030651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic changes within the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex occurring with electroconvulsive therapy in patients with treatment resistant unipolar depression
    • Michael N, Erfurth A, Ohrmann P, Arolt V, Heindel W, Pfleiderer B. Metabolic changes within the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex occurring with electroconvulsive therapy in patients with treatment resistant unipolar depression. Psychol Med 2003;33:1277-1284
    • (2003) Psychol Med , vol.33 , pp. 1277-1284
    • Michael, N.1    Erfurth, A.2    Ohrmann, P.3    Arolt, V.4    Heindel, W.5    Pfleiderer, B.6
  • 13
    • 32144451506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical gammaaminobutyric acid concentrations in depressed patients receiving cognitive behavioral therapy
    • Sanacora G, Fenton LR, Fasula MK et al. Cortical gammaaminobutyric acid concentrations in depressed patients receiving cognitive behavioral therapy. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 59:284-286
    • (2006) Biol Psychiatry , vol.59 , pp. 284-286
    • Sanacora, G.1    Fenton, L.R.2    Fasula, M.K.3
  • 14
    • 29644445741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of antidepressant treatment on N-acetyl aspartate levels of medial frontal cortex in drug-free depressed patients
    • Gonul AS, Kitis O, Ozan E et al. The effect of antidepressant treatment on N-acetyl aspartate levels of medial frontal cortex in drug-free depressed patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006;30:120-125
    • (2006) Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry , vol.30 , pp. 120-125
    • Gonul, A.S.1    Kitis, O.2    Ozan, E.3
  • 15
    • 33847421861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic alterations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex after treatment with high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with unipolar major depression
    • Luborzewski A, Schubert F, Seifert F et al. Metabolic alterations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex after treatment with high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with unipolar major depression. J Psychiatr Res 2007;41:606-615
    • (2007) J Psychiatr Res , vol.41 , pp. 606-615
    • Luborzewski, A.1    Schubert, F.2    Seifert, F.3
  • 16
    • 57749190021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The glutamatergic system and its relation to the clinical effect of therapeutic-sleep deprivation in depression-an MR spectroscopy study
    • Murck H, Schubert MI, Schmid D, Schussler P, Steiger A, Auer DP. The glutamatergic system and its relation to the clinical effect of therapeutic-sleep deprivation in depression-an MR spectroscopy study. J Psychiatr Res 2009;43:175-180
    • (2009) J Psychiatr Res , vol.43 , pp. 175-180
    • Murck, H.1    Schubert, M.I.2    Schmid, D.3    Schussler, P.4    Steiger, A.5    Auer, D.P.6
  • 17
    • 66449108573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proton MR spectroscopy of the hippocampus at 3 T in patients with unipolar major depressive disorder: Correlates and predictors of treatment response
    • Block W, Traber F, von Widdern O et al. Proton MR spectroscopy of the hippocampus at 3 T in patients with unipolar major depressive disorder: correlates and predictors of treatment response. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 12:415-422
    • (2009) Int J Neuropsychopharmacol , vol.12 , pp. 415-422
    • Block, W.1    Traber, F.2    von Widdern, O.3
  • 18
    • 70350519602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of overnight sleep restriction on brain chemistry and mood in women with unipolar depression and healthy controls
    • Bernier D, Barthxa R, Devarajan S, Macmaster FP, Schmidt MH, Rusak B. Effects of overnight sleep restriction on brain chemistry and mood in women with unipolar depression and healthy controls. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2009;34:352-360
    • (2009) J Psychiatry Neurosci , vol.34 , pp. 352-360
    • Bernier, D.1    Barthxa, R.2    Devarajan, S.3    Macmaster, F.P.4    Schmidt, M.H.5    Rusak, B.6
  • 19
    • 58649119339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complications in major depressive disorder therapy: A review of magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies
    • Caverzasi E, Pichiecchio A, Calligaro A et al. Complications in major depressive disorder therapy: a review of magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies. Funct Neurol 2008;23:129-132
    • (2008) Funct Neurol , vol.23 , pp. 129-132
    • Caverzasi, E.1    Pichiecchio, A.2    Calligaro, A.3
  • 20
  • 21
    • 0343052685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basal ganglia choline levels in depression and response to fluoxetine treatment: An in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study
    • Renshaw PF, Lafer B, Babb SM et al. Basal ganglia choline levels in depression and response to fluoxetine treatment: an in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Biol Psychiatry 1997;41:837-843
    • (1997) Biol Psychiatry , vol.41 , pp. 837-843
    • Renshaw, P.F.1    Lafer, B.2    Babb, S.M.3
  • 22
    • 0023738755 scopus 로고
    • Biological 1H NMR spectroscopy
    • Petroff OA. Biological 1H NMR spectroscopy. Comp Biochem Physiol B 1988;90:249-260
    • (1988) Comp Biochem Physiol B , vol.90 , pp. 249-260
    • Petroff, O.A.1
  • 23
    • 0024493728 scopus 로고
    • Localized high-resolution proton NMR spectroscopy using stimulated echoes: Initial applications to human brain in vivo
    • Frahm J, Bruhn H, Gyngell ML, Merboldt KD, Hänicke W, Sauter R. Localized high-resolution proton NMR spectroscopy using stimulated echoes: initial applications to human brain in vivo. Magn Reson Med 1989;9:79-93
    • (1989) Magn Reson Med , vol.9 , pp. 79-93
    • Frahm, J.1    Bruhn, H.2    Gyngell, M.L.3    Merboldt, K.D.4    Hänicke, W.5    Sauter, R.6
  • 24
    • 0027499332 scopus 로고
    • Free choline and choline metabolites in rat brain and body fluids: Sensitive determination and implications for choline supply to the brain
    • Klein J, Gonzalez R, Köppen A, Löffelholz K. Free choline and choline metabolites in rat brain and body fluids: sensitive determination and implications for choline supply to the brain. Neurochem Int 1993;22:293-300
    • (1993) Neurochem Int , vol.22 , pp. 293-300
    • Klein, J.1    Gonzalez, R.2    Köppen, A.3    Löffelholz, K.4
  • 25
    • 33749063822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The biochemistry of dysfunctional emotions: Proton MR spectroscopic findings in major depressive disorder
    • Ende G, Demirakca T, Tost H. The biochemistry of dysfunctional emotions: proton MR spectroscopic findings in major depressive disorder. Prog Brain Res 2006;156: 481-501
    • (2006) Prog Brain Res , vol.156 , pp. 481-501
    • Ende, G.1    Demirakca, T.2    Tost, H.3
  • 26
    • 33847753856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain correlates of antidepressant treatment outcome from neuroimaging studies in depression
    • Dougherty DD, Rauch SL. Brain correlates of antidepressant treatment outcome from neuroimaging studies in depression. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2007;30:91-103
    • (2007) Psychiatr Clin North Am , vol.30 , pp. 91-103
    • Dougherty, D.D.1    Rauch, S.L.2
  • 28
    • 0033020357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary evidence of reduced cortical GABA levels in localized 1HNMR spectra of alcohol dependent and hepatic encephalopathy patients
    • Behar KL, Rothman DL, Petersen KF et al. Preliminary evidence of reduced cortical GABA levels in localized 1HNMR spectra of alcohol dependent and hepatic encephalopathy patients. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:952-954
    • (1999) Am J Psychiatry , vol.156 , pp. 952-954
    • Behar, K.L.1    Rothman, D.L.2    Petersen, K.F.3
  • 29
    • 0027335880 scopus 로고
    • Localized 1H NMR measurements of gamma-aminobutyric acid in human brain in vivo
    • Rothman DL, Petroff OA, Behar KL, Mattson RH. Localized 1H NMR measurements of gamma-aminobutyric acid in human brain in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90:5662-5666
    • (1993) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.90 , pp. 5662-5666
    • Rothman, D.L.1    Petroff, O.A.2    Behar, K.L.3    Mattson, R.H.4
  • 30
    • 0032748780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced cortical 3-aminobutyric acid levels in depressed patients by proton magnetic spectroscopy
    • Sanacora G, Mason GF, Rothman DL et al. Reduced cortical 3-aminobutyric acid levels in depressed patients by proton magnetic spectroscopy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:1043-1047
    • (1999) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.56 , pp. 1043-1047
    • Sanacora, G.1    Mason, G.F.2    Rothman, D.L.3
  • 31
    • 1642446033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased brain GABA concentrations following acute administration of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
    • Bhagwagar Z, Wylezinska M, Taylor M, Jezzard P, Matthews PM, Cowen PJ. Increased brain GABA concentrations following acute administration of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:368-370
    • (2004) Am J Psychiatry , vol.161 , pp. 368-370
    • Bhagwagar, Z.1    Wylezinska, M.2    Taylor, M.3    Jezzard, P.4    Matthews, P.M.5    Cowen, P.J.6
  • 32
    • 0030025683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paradoxical sleep deprivation increases the content of glutamate and glutamine in rat cerebral cortex
    • Bettendorff L, Sallanon-Moulin M, Touret M, Wins P, Margineanu I, Schoffeniels E. Paradoxical sleep deprivation increases the content of glutamate and glutamine in rat cerebral cortex. Sleep 1996;19:65-71
    • (1996) Sleep , vol.19 , pp. 65-71
    • Bettendorff, L.1    Sallanon-Moulin, M.2    Touret, M.3    Wins, P.4    Margineanu, I.5    Schoffeniels, E.6
  • 33
    • 29044439012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Normal prefrontal gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in remitted depressed subjects determined by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy
    • Hasler G, Neumeister A, van der Veen JW et al. Normal prefrontal gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in remitted depressed subjects determined by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biol Psychiatry 2005;58:969-973
    • (2005) Biol Psychiatry , vol.58 , pp. 969-973
    • Hasler, G.1    Neumeister, A.2    van der Veen, J.W.3
  • 34
    • 33846877408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced prefrontal glutamate/glutamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in major depression determined using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy
    • Hasler G, van der Veen JW, Tumonis T, Meyers N, Shen J, Drevets WC. Reduced prefrontal glutamate/glutamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in major depression determined using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007;64:193-200
    • (2007) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.64 , pp. 193-200
    • Hasler, G.1    van der Veen, J.W.2    Tumonis, T.3    Meyers, N.4    Shen, J.5    Drevets, W.C.6
  • 35
    • 0033431865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency dependence of antidepressant response to left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as a function of baseline cerebral glucose metabolism
    • Kimbrell TA, Little JT, Dunn RT et al. Frequency dependence of antidepressant response to left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as a function of baseline cerebral glucose metabolism. Biol Psychiatry 1999;46:1603-1613
    • (1999) Biol Psychiatry , vol.46 , pp. 1603-1613
    • Kimbrell, T.A.1    Little, J.T.2    Dunn, R.T.3
  • 36
    • 0034735618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Left prefrontal activation predicts therapeutic effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major depression
    • Eschweiler GW, Wegerer C, Schlotter W et al. Left prefrontal activation predicts therapeutic effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major depression. Psychiatry Res 2000;99:161-172
    • (2000) Psychiatry Res , vol.99 , pp. 161-172
    • Eschweiler, G.W.1    Wegerer, C.2    Schlotter, W.3
  • 37
    • 0031851674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amygdala enlargement in bipolar disorder and hippocampal reduction in schizophrenia: An MRI study demonstrating neuroantomic specificity
    • Altshuler LL, Bartzokis G, Grieder T, Curran J, Mintz J. Amygdala enlargement in bipolar disorder and hippocampal reduction in schizophrenia: an MRI study demonstrating neuroantomic specificity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55:663-664
    • (1998) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.55 , pp. 663-664
    • Altshuler, L.L.1    Bartzokis, G.2    Grieder, T.3    Curran, J.4    Mintz, J.5
  • 38
    • 0032557846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amygdala core nuclei volumes are decreased in recurrent major depression
    • Sheline YI, Gado MH, Price JL. Amygdala core nuclei volumes are decreased in recurrent major depression. Neuroreport 1998;9:2436-2441
    • (1998) Neuroreport , vol.9 , pp. 2436-2441
    • Sheline, Y.I.1    Gado, M.H.2    Price, J.L.3
  • 39
    • 0032780310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prefrontal cortical-amygdalar metabolism in major depression
    • Drevets WC. Prefrontal cortical-amygdalar metabolism in major depression. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999;877:614-637
    • (1999) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.877 , pp. 614-637
    • Drevets, W.C.1
  • 40
    • 0034076609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emotion circuits in the brain
    • LeDoux JE: Emotion circuits in the brain. Annu Rev Neurosci 2000;23:155-184
    • (2000) Annu Rev Neurosci , vol.23 , pp. 155-184
    • LeDoux, J.E.1
  • 41
    • 0035137947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The amygdala: Vigilance and emotion
    • Davis M, Whalen PJ. The amygdala: vigilance and emotion. Mol Psychiatry 2001;6:13-34
    • (2001) Mol Psychiatry , vol.6 , pp. 13-34
    • Davis, M.1    Whalen, P.J.2
  • 42
    • 0033564043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Depression duration but not age predicts hippocampal volume loss in medically healthy women with recurrent major depression
    • Sheline YI, Sanghavi M, Mintun MA, Gado MH. Depression duration but not age predicts hippocampal volume loss in medically healthy women with recurrent major depression. J Neurosci 1999;19:5034-5043
    • (1999) J Neurosci , vol.19 , pp. 5034-5043
    • Sheline, Y.I.1    Sanghavi, M.2    Mintun, M.A.3    Gado, M.H.4
  • 43
    • 0033022330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hippocampal/amygdala volumes in geriatric depression
    • Ashtari M, Greenwald BS, Kramer-Ginsberg E et al. Hippocampal/amygdala volumes in geriatric depression. Psychol Med 1999;29:629-638
    • (1999) Psychol Med , vol.29 , pp. 629-638
    • Ashtari, M.1    Greenwald, B.S.2    Kramer-Ginsberg, E.3
  • 44
    • 0004665855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hippocampal mossy fiber sprouting induced by chronic electroconvulsive seizures
    • Vaidya VA, Siuciak JA, Du F, Duman RS. Hippocampal mossy fiber sprouting induced by chronic electroconvulsive seizures. Neuroscience 1999;89:157-166
    • (1999) Neuroscience , vol.89 , pp. 157-166
    • Vaidya, V.A.1    Siuciak, J.A.2    Du, F.3    Duman, R.S.4
  • 47
    • 0031685366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular and cellular actions of chronic electroconvulsive seizures
    • Duman RS, Vaidya VA. Molecular and cellular actions of chronic electroconvulsive seizures. J ECT 1998;14:181-193
    • (1998) J ECT , vol.14 , pp. 181-193
    • Duman, R.S.1    Vaidya, V.A.2
  • 48
    • 0030935403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders
    • Drevets WC, Price JL, Simpson JR et al. Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders. Nature 1997;386:824-827
    • (1997) Nature , vol.386 , pp. 824-827
    • Drevets, W.C.1    Price, J.L.2    Simpson, J.R.3
  • 49
    • 54049142177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electroconvulsive therapy, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and possible neurorestorative benefit of the clinical application of electroconvulsive therapy
    • Taylor SM. Electroconvulsive therapy, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and possible neurorestorative benefit of the clinical application of electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT 2008;24:160-165
    • (2008) J ECT , vol.24 , pp. 160-165
    • Taylor, S.M.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.