Management of neutrophilic dermatoses

Dermatologic Therapy

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 158-172

  Schadt, Courtney R ^a   Callen, Jeffrey P ^a  

^a University of Louisville School of Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

Neutrophilic dermatoses; Pyoderma gangrenosum; Rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatitis; Sweet's syndrome

Indexed keywords

ADALIMUMAB; AZATHIOPRINE; BENZOYL PEROXIDE; CHLORAMBUCIL; CHLORMETHINE; COLCHICINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CROMOGLYCATE DISODIUM; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYCLOSPORIN; DAPSONE; ETANERCEPT; HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; INDOMETACIN; INFLIXIMAB; MELPHALAN; MERCAPTOPURINE; MESALAZINE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; NAPROXEN; NICOTINE; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR; POTASSIUM IODIDE; PREDNISONE; SALAZOSULFAPYRIDINE; SULFAMETHOXYPYRIDAZINE; TACROLIMUS; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ACUTE FEBRILE NEUTROPHILIC DERMATOSIS; ASEPTIC MENINGITIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG RESPONSE; HUMAN; INFUSION RELATED REACTION; NEUTROPHILIC DERMATOSIS; PYODERMA GANGRENOSUM; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID NEUTROPHILIC DERMATITIS; SKIN DISEASE; SYMPTOM;

ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID; DERMATITIS; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; INFLAMMATION; NEUTROPHIL INFILTRATION; NEUTROPHILS; PYODERMA GANGRENOSUM; SKIN DISEASES; SWEET SYNDROME;

EID: 84862571032     PISSN: 13960296     EISSN: 15298019     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8019.2012.01488.x     Document Type: Review

References (178)

1. Sweet RD. An acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis. Br J Dermatol 1964: 76: 349-356.
2. von den Driesch P. Sweet's syndrome (acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis). J Am Acad Dermatol 1994: 31: 535-556; quiz 57-60.
3. Fett DL, Gibson LE, Su WP. Sweet's syndrome: systemic signs and symptoms and associated disorders. Mayo Clin Proc 1995: 70: 234-240.
4. Cohen PR, Talpaz M, Kurzrock R. Malignancy-associated Sweet's syndrome: review of the world literature. J Clin Oncol 1988: 6: 1887-1897. (Pubitemid 19089073)
5. Requena L, Kutzner H, Palmedo G, et al. Histiocytoid Sweet syndrome: a dermal infiltration of immature neutrophilic granulocytes. Arch Dermatol 2005: 141: 834-842. (Pubitemid 41058064)
6. Grossman JM, Gordon R, Ranganath VK, et al. American College of Rheumatology 2010 recommendations for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2010: 62: 1515-1526.
7. Case JD, Smith SZ, Callen JP. The use of pulse methylprednisolone and chlorambucil in the treatment of Sweet's syndrome. Cutis 1989: 44: 125-129. (Pubitemid 19221682)
8. Evans AV, Sabroe RA, Liddell K, Russell-Jones R. Lymphocytic infiltrates as a presenting feature of Sweet's syndrome with myelodysplasia and response to cyclophosphamide. Br J Dermatol 2002: 146: 1087-1090. (Pubitemid 34779497)
9. Brodkin RH, Schwartz RA. Sweet's syndrome with myelofibrosis and leukemia: partial response to interferon. Dermatology 1995: 190: 160-163.
10. Cohen PR. Sweet's syndrome - a comprehensive review of an acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2007: 2: 34.
11. Aram H. Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome). Response to dapsone. Arch Dermatol 1984: 120: 245-247. (Pubitemid 14188861)
12. Inamadar AC, Anitha B. HIV-seropositive patient with Sweet's syndrome and nodular scleritis, showing dramatic response after adding dapsone to systemic corticosteroid therapy. Int J Dermatol 2008: 47: 836-838.
13. Fukae J, Noda K, Fujishima K, et al. Successful treatment of relapsing neuro-Sweet's disease with corticosteroid and dapsone combination therapy. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2007: 109: 910-913. (Pubitemid 47600476)
14. Mahajan VK, Sharma NL, Sharma RC. Sweet's syndrome from an Indian perspective: a report of four cases and review of the literature. Int J Dermatol 2006: 45: 702-708. (Pubitemid 44056673)
15. Walling HW, Snipes CJ, Gerami P, Piette WW. The relationship between neutrophilic dermatosis of the dorsal hands and sweet syndrome: report of 9 cases and comparison to atypical pyoderma gangrenosum. Arch Dermatol 2006: 142: 57-63. (Pubitemid 43107362)
16. Maillard H, Leclech C, Peria P, Avenel-Audran M, Verret JL. Colchicine for Sweet's syndrome. A study of 20 cases. Br J Dermatol 1999: 140: 565-566. (Pubitemid 29182913)
17. Hommel L, Harms M, Saurat JH. The incidence of Sweet's syndrome in Geneva. A retrospective study of 29 cases. Dermatology 1993: 187: 303-305. (Pubitemid 23333950)
18. Wong MH, Su DH, Loh RS. Nodular scleritis and Sweet's syndrome. Clin ExperimentOphthalmol 2007: 35: 858-860.
19. Horio T, Imamura S, Danno K, Furukawa F, Ofuji S. Treatment of acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome) with potassium iodide. Dermatologica 1980: 160: 341-347. (Pubitemid 10128846)
20. Prasad PV, Ambujam S, Priya K, Padma K, Rehana T. Sweet's syndrome in an infant - report of a rare case. Int J Dermatol 2002: 41: 928-930. (Pubitemid 36075247)
21. Eeckhout E, Willemsen M, Deconinck A, Somers G. Granulomatous vasculitis as a complication of potassium iodide treatment for Sweet's syndrome. Acta DermVenereol 1987: 67: 362-364. (Pubitemid 17128708)
22. Yamauchi PS, Turner L, Lowe NJ, Gindi V, Jackson JM. Treatment of recurrent Sweet's syndrome with coexisting rheumatoid arthritis with the tumor necrosis factor antagonist etanercept. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006: 54: S122-S126. (Pubitemid 43243485)
23. Ambrose NL, Tobin AM, Howard D. Etanercept treatment in Sweet's syndrome with inflammatory arthritis. J Rheumatol 2009: 36: 1348-1349.
24. Rahier JF, Lion L, Dewit O, Lambert M. Regression of Sweet's syndrome associated with Crohn's disease after anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2005: 68: 376-379. (Pubitemid 41474747)
25. Foster EN, Nguyen KK, Sheikh RA, Prindiville TP. Crohn's disease associated with Sweet's syndrome and Sjogren's syndrome treated with infliximab. Clin Dev Immunol 2005: 12: 145-149. (Pubitemid 43194357)
26. Karamlou K, Gorn AH. Refractory sweet syndrome with autoimmune organizing pneumonia treated with monoclonal antibodies to tumor necrosis factor. J Clin Rheumatol 2004: 10: 331-335. (Pubitemid 39612654)
27. Bello Lopez JL, Fonseca E, Manso F. Sweet's syndrome during the chronic phase of chronic myeloid leukaemia. Acta Haematol 1990: 84: 207-208.
28. Hoffman GS. Treatment of Sweet's syndrome (active febrile neutrophilic dermatosis) with indomethacin. J Rheumatol 1977: 4: 201-206.
29. Jeanfils S, Joly P, Young P, Le Corvaisier-Pieto C, Thomine E, Lauret P. Indomethacin treatment of eighteen patients with Sweet's syndrome. J AmAcadDermatol 1997: 36: 436-439.
30. Sharpe GR, Leggat HM. A case of Sweet's syndrome and myelodysplasia: response to cyclosporin. Br J Dermatol 1992: 127: 538-539.
31. von den Driesch P, Steffan C, Zobe A, Hornstein OP. Sweet's syndrome - therapy with cyclosporin. Clin Exp Dermatol 1994: 19: 274-277. (Pubitemid 24194599)
32. Bourke JF, Berth-Jones J, Graham-Brown RA. Sweet's syndrome responding to cyclosporin. Br J Dermatol 1992: 127: 36-38.
33. Femiano F, Gombos F, Scully C. Sweet's syndrome: recurrent oral ulceration, pyrexia, thrombophlebitis, and cutaneous lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003: 95: 324-327. (Pubitemid 36877339)
34. Wilson DM, John GR, Callen JP. Peripheral ulcerative keratitis - an extracutaneous neutrophilic disorder: report of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis, pustular vasculitis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and Sweet's syndrome with an excellent response to cyclosporine therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999: 40: 331-334. (Pubitemid 29076093)
35. Kluger N, Gil-Bistes D, Guillot B, Bessis D. Efficacy of anti-interleukin-1 receptor antagonist anakinra (Kineret(R)) in a case of refractory Sweet's syndrome. Dermatology 2011: 222: 123-127.
36. Ali M, Duerksen DR. Ulcerative colitis and Sweet's syndrome: a case report and review of the literature. Can J Gastroenterol 2008: 22: 296-298. (Pubitemid 351676391)
37. Antony F, Holden CA. Sweet's syndrome in association with generalized granuloma annulare in a patient with previous breast carcinoma. Clin Exp Dermatol 2001: 26: 668-670. (Pubitemid 33070423)
38. Feliu E, Cervantes F, Ferrando J, Puig S, Mascaro JM, Rozman C. Neutrophilic pustulosis associated with chronic myeloid leukemia: a special form of Sweet's syndrome. Report of two cases. Acta Haematol 1992: 88: 154-157. (Pubitemid 23002605)
39. Joshi RK, Atukorala DN, Abanmi A, al Khamis O, Haleem A. Successful treatment of Sweet's syndrome with doxycycline. Br J Dermatol 1993: 128: 584-586. (Pubitemid 23155962)
40. Altomare G, Capella GL, Frigerio E. Sweet's syndrome in a patient with idiopathic myelofibrosis and thymomamyasthenia gravis-immunodeficiency complex: efficacy of treatment with etretinate. Haematologica 1996: 81: 54-58. (Pubitemid 28020257)
41. Bianchi L, Masi M, Hagman JH, Piemonte P, Orlandi A. Systemic interferon-alpha treatment for idiopathic Sweet's syndrome. Clin Exp Dermatol 1999: 24: 443-445. (Pubitemid 30010183)
42. Banet DE, McClave SA, Callen JP. Oral metronidazole, an effective treatment for Sweet's syndrome in a patient with associated inflammatory bowel disease. J Rheumatol 1994: 21: 1766-1768. (Pubitemid 24285499)
43. Browning CE, Dixon JE, Malone JC, Callen JP. Thalidomide in the treatment of recalcitrant Sweet's syndrome associated with myelodysplasia. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005: 53: S135-S138. (Pubitemid 40961828)
44. Brunsting LA, Goeckerman WH, O'Leary PA. Pyoderma gangrenosum: clinical and experimental observations in five cases occurring in adults. ArchDermSyphilol 1930: 22: 655-680.
45. Adachi Y, Kindzelskii AL, Cookingham G, et al. Aberrant neutrophil trafficking and metabolic oscillations in severe pyodermagangrenosum. J InvestDermatol 1998: 111: 259-268. (Pubitemid 28354713)
46. Guenova E, Teske A, Fehrenbacher B, et al. Interleukin 23 expression in pyoderma gangrenosum and targeted therapy with ustekinumab. Arch Dermatol 2011: 147: 1203-1205.
47. von den Driesch P. Pyoderma gangrenosum: a report of 44 cases with follow-up. Br J Dermatol 1997: 137: 1000-1005.
48. Bennett ML, Jackson JM, Jorizzo JL, Fleischer AB, Jr, White WL, Callen JP. Pyoderma gangrenosum. A comparison of typical and atypical forms with an emphasis on time to remission. Case review of 86 patients from 2 institutions. Medicine (Baltimore) 2000: 79: 37-46. (Pubitemid 30077735)
49. Binus AM, Qureshi AA, Li VW, Winterfield LS. Pyoderma gangrenosum: a retrospective review of patient characteristics, comorbidities and therapy in 103 patients. Br J Dermatol 2011: 165: 1244-1250.
50. Saracino A, Kelly R, Liew D, Chong A. Pyoderma gangrenosum requiring inpatient management: a report of 26 cases with follow up. Australas J Dermatol 2011: 52: 218-221.
51. Al Ghazal P, Korber A, Klode J, Dissemond J. Investigation of new co-factors in 49 patients with pyoderma gangrenosum. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2012: 10: 251-257.
52. Callen JP, Jackson JM. Pyoderma gangrenosum: an update. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2007: 33: 787-802; vi.
53. Thomas CY, Jr, Crouch JA, Guastello J. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for pyoderma gangrenosum. Arch Dermatol 1974: 110: 445-446.
54. Davis JC, Landeen JM, Levine RA. Pyoderma gangrenosum: skin grafting after preparation with hyperbaric oxygen. Plast Reconstr Surg 1987: 79: 200-207.
55. Mazokopakis EE, Kofteridis DP, Pateromihelaki AT, Vytiniotis SD, Karastergiou PG. Improvement of ulcerative pyoderma gangrenosum with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Dermatol Ther 2011: 24: 134-136.
56. de Imus G, Golomb C, Wilkel C, Tsoukas M, Nowak M, Falanga V. Accelerated healing of pyoderma gangrenosum treated with bioengineered skin and concomitant immunosuppression. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001: 44: 61-66. (Pubitemid 32110563)
57. Hawryluk EB, Penn SK, Wasko MC, Johnson JT, Ferris LK. Treatment of postsurgical pyoderma gangrenosum with a high-potency topical steroid. Ear Nose Throat J 2010: 89: E5-E7.
58. Gardner LW, Acker DW. Triamcinolone and pyoderma gangrenosum. Arch Dermatol 1972: 106: 599-600.
59. Jennings JL. Pyoderma gangrenosum: successful treatment with intralesional steroids. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983: 9: 575-580. (Pubitemid 13007756)
60. Goldstein F, Krain R, Thornton JJ. Intralesional steroid therapy of pyoderma gangrenosum. J Clin Gastroenterol 1985: 7: 499-501. (Pubitemid 16175468)
61. Vidal D, Puig L, Gilaberte M, Alomar A. Review of 26 cases of classical pyoderma gangrenosum: clinical and therapeutic features. J Dermatolog Treat 2004: 15: 146-152. (Pubitemid 39214574)
62. Sheldon DG, Sawchuk LL, Kozarek RA, Thirlby RC. Twenty cases of peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum: diagnostic implications and management. Arch Surg 2000: 135: 564-568; discussion 8-9.
63. Marzano AV, Trevisan V, Lazzari R, Crosti C. Topical tacrolimus for the treatment of localized, idiopathic, newly diagnosed pyoderma gangrenosum. J Dermatolog Treat 2010: 21: 140-143.
64. Kontos AP, Kerr HA, Fivenson DP, Remishofsky C, Jacobsen G. An open-label study of topical tacrolimus ointment 0.1% under occlusion for the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum. Int J Dermatol 2006: 45: 1383-1385. (Pubitemid 44688050)
65. Chandrasekhara PK, Jayachandran NV, Thomas J, Agrawal S, Narsimulu G. Successful treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis with a combination of topical tacrolimus and oral prednisolone. Clin Rheumatol 2009: 28: 489-490.
66. Ghislain PD, De Decker I, Lachapelle JM. Efficacy and systemic absorption of topical tacrolimus used in pyoderma gangrenosum. Br J Dermatol 2004: 150: 1052-1053. (Pubitemid 38903559)
67. Pitarch G, Torrijos A, Mahiques L, Sanchez-Carazo JL, Fortea JM. Systemic absorption of topical tacrolimus in pyoderma gangrenosum. Acta Derm Venereol 2006: 86: 64-65. (Pubitemid 46939794)
68. Lyon CC, Stapleton M, Smith AJ, Mendelsohn S, Beck MH, Griffiths CE. Topical tacrolimus in the management of peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum. J Dermatolog Treat 2001: 12: 13-17. (Pubitemid 32385592)
69. Khurrum Baig M, Marquez H, Nogueras JJ, Weiss EG, Wexner SD. Topical tacrolimus (FK506) in the treatment of recalcitrant parastomal pyoderma gangrenosum associated with Crohn's disease: report of two cases. Colorectal Dis 2004: 6: 250-253. (Pubitemid 38960852)
70. Bellini V, Simonetti S, Lisi P. Successful treatment of severe pyoderma gangrenosum with pimecrolimus cream 1%. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008: 22: 113-115.
71. de Cock KM, Thorne MG. The treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with sodium cromoglycate. Br J Dermatol 1980: 102: 231-233.
72. Tamir A, Landau M, Brenner S. Topical treatment with 1% sodium cromoglycate in pyoderma gangrenosum. Dermatology 1996: 192: 252-254. (Pubitemid 26139210)
73. Hughes AP, Jackson JM, Callen JP. Clinical features and treatment of peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum. JAMA 2000: 284: 1546-1548.
74. Azizan NZ, Gangaram HB, Hussein SH. A novel therapy for the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum. Med J Malaysia 2008: 63: 51-54.
75. Mrowietz U, Christophers E. Clearing of pyoderma gangrenosum by intralesional cyclosporin A. Br J Dermatol 1991: 125: 499.
76. Patel GK, Rhodes JR, Evans B, Holt PJ. Successful treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with topical 0.5% nicotine cream. J Dermatolog Treat 2004: 15: 122-125. (Pubitemid 38477952)
77. Wolf R. Nicotine for pyoderma gangrenosum. Arch Dermatol 1998: 134: 1071-1072. (Pubitemid 28432318)
78. Kanekura T, Kanzaki T. Successful treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with nicotine chewing gum. J Dermatol 1995: 22: 704-705.
79. Nguyen LQ, Weiner J. Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with benzoyl peroxide. Cutis 1977: 19: 842-844. (Pubitemid 8128152)
80. Vereecken P, Wautrecht JC, De Dobbeleer G, Heenen M. A case of pyoderma gangrenosum stabilized with lymecycline, topical benzoyl peroxide and treated by autograft. Dermatology 1997: 195: 50-51. (Pubitemid 27326711)
81. Sanders CJ, Hulsmans RF. Successful treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with topical 5-aminosalicylic acid. Cutis 1993: 51: 262-264.
82. Tsele E, Yu RC, Chu AC. Pyoderma gangrenosum - response to topical nitrogen mustard. Clin Exp Dermatol 1992: 17: 437-440.
83. Braun-Falco M, Stock K, Ring J, Hein R. Topical platelet-derived growth factor accelerates healing of myelodysplastic syndrome-associated pyoderma gangrenosum. Br J Dermatol 2002: 147: 829-831. (Pubitemid 35286190)
84. Freedman BM, Oplinger EH. Use of becaplermin in progressive limb-threatening pyoderma gangrenosum. Adv SkinWound Care 2002: 15: 180-182.
85. Prystowsky JH, Kahn SN, Lazarus GS. Present status of pyoderma gangrenosum. Review of 21 cases. Arch Dermatol 1989: 125: 57-64. (Pubitemid 19032859)
86. Yamauchi T, Ishida K, Iwashima Y, et al. Successful treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum that developed in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome. J Infect Chemother 2003: 9: 268-271. (Pubitemid 37288294)
87. Aseni P, Di Sandro S, Mihaylov P, Lamperti L, De Carlis LG. Atypical presentation of pioderma gangrenosum complicating ulcerative colitis: rapid disappearance with methylprednisolone. World J Gastroenterol 2008: 14: 5471-5473.
88. Hasselmann DO, Bens G, Tilgen W, Reichrath J. Pyoderma gangrenosum: clinical presentation and outcome in 18 cases and review of the literature. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2007: 5: 560-564. (Pubitemid 47047222)
89. Turner RB, Emer JJ, Weill M, Winterfield L, Friedman S, Qureshi AA. Rapid resolution of pyoderma gangrenosum after treatment with intravenous cyclosporine. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010: 63: e72-e74.
90. Reichrath J, Bens G, Bonowitz A, Tilgen W. Treatment recommendations for pyoderma gangrenosum: an evidencebased review of the literature based on more than 350 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005: 53: 273-283. (Pubitemid 40979585)
91. Nousari HC, Lynch W, Anhalt GJ, Petri M. The effectiveness of mycophenolate mofetil in refractory pyoderma gangrenosum. Arch Dermatol 1998: 134: 1509-1511. (Pubitemid 29009248)
92. Wollina U, Karamfilov T. Treatment of recalcitrant ulcers in pyoderma gangrenosum with mycophenolate mofetil and autologous keratinocyte transplantation on a hyaluronic acid matrix. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2000: 14: 187-190. (Pubitemid 32899293)
93. Gilmour E, Stewart DG. Severe recalcitrant pyoderma gangrenosum responding to a combination of mycophenolate mofetil with cyclosporin and complicated by a mononeuritis. Br J Dermatol 2001: 144: 397-400. (Pubitemid 32178829)
94. Daniels NH, Callen JP. Mycophenolate mofetil is an effective treatment for peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum. Arch Dermatol 2004: 140: 1427-1429. (Pubitemid 39627432)
95. Eaton PA, Callen JP. Mycophenolate mofetil as therapy for pyoderma gangrenosum. Arch Dermatol 2009: 145: 781-785.
96. Brooklyn TN, Dunnill MG, Shetty A, et al. Infliximab for the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial. Gut 2006: 55: 505-509.
97. Regueiro M, Valentine J, Plevy S, Fleisher MR, Lichtenstein GR. Infliximab for treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2003: 98: 1821-1826. (Pubitemid 36959164)
98. Charles CA, Leon A, Banta MR, Kirsner RS. Etanercept for the treatment of refractory pyoderma gangrenosum: a brief series. Int J Dermatol 2007: 46: 1095-1099. (Pubitemid 47506384)
99. Roy DB, Conte ET, Cohen DJ. The treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum using etanercept. J AmAcad Dermatol 2006: 54: S128-S134. (Pubitemid 43243487)
100. Hubbard VG, Friedmann AC, Goldsmith P. Systemic pyoderma gangrenosum responding to infliximab and adalimumab. Br J Dermatol 2005: 152: 1059-1061. (Pubitemid 40704955)
101. Alkhouri N, Hupertz V, Mahajan L. Adalimumab treatment for peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum associated with Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009: 15: 803-806.
102. Reddick CL, Singh MN, Chalmers RJ. Successful treatment of superficial pyoderma gangrenosum associated with hidradenitis suppurativa with adalimumab. Dermatol Online J 2010: 16: 15.
103. Carinanos I, Acosta MB, Domenech E. Adalimumab for pyoderma gangrenosum associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012: 17: E153-154.
104. Cummins DL, Anhalt GJ, Monahan T, Meyerle JH. Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with intravenous immunoglobulin. Br J Dermatol 2007: 157: 1235-1239. (Pubitemid 350115690)
105. Kreuter A, Reich-Schupke S, Stucker M, Altmeyer P, Gambichler T. Intravenous immunoglobulin for pyoderma gangrenosum. Br J Dermatol 2008: 158: 856-857. (Pubitemid 351415737)
106. Reynoso-von Drateln C, Perla-Navarro AV, Gamez-Nava JI, Gonzalez-Lopez L, Galvan-Villegas F, Ramos-Remus C. Intravenous cyclophosphamide pulses in pyoderma gangrenosum: an open trial. J Rheumatol 1997: 24: 689-693. (Pubitemid 27146086)
107. Zonana-Nacach A, Jimenez-Balderas FJ, Martinez-Osuna P, Mintz G. Intravenous cyclophosphamide pulses in the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum associated with rheumatoid arthritis: report of 2 cases and review of the literature. J Rheumatol 1994: 21: 1352-1356. (Pubitemid 24234680)
108. Kaminska R, Ikaheimo R, Hollmen A. Plasmapheresis and cyclophosphamide as successful treatments for pyoderma gangrenosum. Clin Exp Dermatol 1999: 24: 81-85. (Pubitemid 29223013)
109. Burruss JB, Farmer ER, Callen JP. Chlorambucil is an effective corticosteroid-sparing agent for recalcitrant pyoderma gangrenosum. J AmAcad Dermatol 1996: 35: 720-724. (Pubitemid 26389471)
110. Callen JP, Case JD, Sager D. Chlorambucil - an effective corticosteroid-sparing therapy for pyoderma gangrenosum. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989: 21: 515-519. (Pubitemid 19221195)
111. Resnik BI, Rendon M, Kerdel FA. Successful treatment of aggressive pyoderma gangrenosum with pulse steroids and chlorambucil. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992: 27: 635-636.
112. Foss CE, Clark AR, Inabinet R, Camacho F, Jorizzo JL. An open-label pilot study of alefacept for the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008: 22: 943-949.
113. Reddy V, Dziadzio M, Hamdulay S, Boyce S, Prasad N, Keat A. Lupus and leg ulcers - a diagnostic quandary. Clin Rheumatol 2007: 26: 1173-1175. (Pubitemid 46863972)
114. Batra AK, Levey JM, Trister J, Patwardhan R. Pyoderma gangrenosum in a patient with collagenous colitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003: 49: S277-S279. (Pubitemid 37314861)
115. Tsanadis GD, Chouliara ST, Voulgari PV, Makrydimas GV, Drosos AA. Outcome of pregnancy in a patient with relapsing polychondritis and pyoderma gangrenosum. Clin Rheumatol 2002: 21: 538. (Pubitemid 36054458)
116. Goldshmid O, Dovorish Z, Zehavi T, Eisen A, Bar-Dayan Y, Amital H. Coexistent pyoderma gangrenosum and tibialis anterior myositis as presenting manifestations of Crohn's disease: case report and review of the literature. Rheumatol Int 2011: 31: 525-527.
117. Brown BA, Parker CT, Bower KS. Effective steroid-sparing treatment for peripheral ulcerative keratitis and pyoderma gangrenosum. Cornea 2001: 20: 117-118. (Pubitemid 32038168)
118. Coors EA, von den Driesch P. Pyoderma gangrenosum in a patient with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and complement deficiency. Br J Dermatol 2000: 143: 154-156. (Pubitemid 30485260)
119. Adam DJ, Nawroz I, Petrie PW. Pyoderma gangrenosum severely affecting both hands. J Hand Surg Br 1996: 21: 792-794. (Pubitemid 26421321)
120. Byrne JP, Hewitt M, Summerly R. Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with active chronic hepatitis: report of two cases. Arch Dermatol 1976: 112: 1297-1301.
121. Baumgart DC, Wiedenmann B, Dignass AU. Successful therapy of refractory pyoderma gangrenosum and periorbital phlegmona with tacrolimus (FK506) in ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004: 10: 421-424. (Pubitemid 39029185)
122. Mensing H. Clofazimine in dermatitis ulcerosa (pyoderma gangrenosum). Open clinical trial. Dermatologica 1988: 177: 232-236.
123. Berbis P, Mege JL, Capo C, Kaplanski S, Bongrand P, Privat Y. Hyperimmunoglobulin E and impaired neutrophil functions in a case of pyoderma gangrenosum: effect of clofazimine. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988: 18: 574-576. (Pubitemid 18082473)
124. Kaplan B, Trau H, Sofer E, Feinstein A, Schewach-Millet M. Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with clofazimine. Int J Dermatol 1992: 31: 591-593.
125. McDougall AC, Horsfall WR, Hede JE, Chaplin AJ. Splenic infarction and tissue accumulation of crystals associated with the use of clofazimine (Lamprene; B663) in the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum. Br J Dermatol 1980: 102: 227-230. (Pubitemid 10148345)
126. Paolini O, Hebuterne X, Flory P, Charles F, Rampal P. Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with colchicine. Lancet 1995: 345: 1057-1058.
127. Kontochristopoulos GJ, Stavropoulos PG, Gregoriou S, Zakopoulou N. Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with low-dose colchicine. Dermatology 2004: 209: 233-236. (Pubitemid 39370335)
128. Parren LJ, Nellen RG, van Marion AM, Henquet CJ, Frank J, Poblete-Gutierrez P. Penile pyoderma gangrenosum: successful treatment with colchicine. Int J Dermatol 2008: 47 (Suppl. 1): 7-9.
129. Livideanu C, Lipsker D, Paul C, Juillard J, Schubert B. Pyoderma gangrenosum as initial manifestation of Graves'disease. Clin Exp Dermatol 2006: 31: 659-661. (Pubitemid 44086793)
130. Teasley LA, Foster CS, Baltatzis S. Sclerokeratitis and facial skin lesions: a case report of pyoderma gangrenosum and its response to dapsone therapy. Cornea 2007: 26: 215-219. (Pubitemid 46168295)
131. Fukuhara K, Urano Y, Kimura S, Hori K, Arase S. Pyoderma gangrenosum with rheumatoid arthritis and pulmonary aseptic abscess responding to treatment with dapsone. Br J Dermatol 1998: 139: 556-558. (Pubitemid 28430494)
132. Brown RE, Lay L, Graham D. Bilateral pyoderma gangrenosum of the hand: treatment with dapsone. J Hand Surg Br 1993: 18: 119-121. (Pubitemid 23079286)
133. Galun E, Flugelman MY, Rachmilewitz D. Pyoderma gangrenosum complicating ulcerative colitis: successful treatment with methylprednisolone pulse therapy and dapsone. Am J Gastroenterol 1986: 81: 988-989. (Pubitemid 16029604)
134. Smith JB, Shenefelt PD, Soto O, Valeriano J. Pyoderma gangrenosum in a patient with cryoglobulinemia and hepatitis C successfully treated with interferon alfa. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996: 34: 901-903. (Pubitemid 26143878)
135. Kanekura T, Maruyama I, Kanzaki T. Granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis for pyoderma gangrenosum. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002: 47: 320-321.
136. Fujimoto E, Fujimoto N, Kuroda K, Tajima S. Leukocytapheresis treatment for pyoderma gangrenosum. Br J Dermatol 2004: 151: 1090-1092. (Pubitemid 39573902)
137. Okuma K, Mitsuishi K, Hasegawa T, Tsuchihashi H, Ogawa H, Ikeda S. A case report of steroid and immunosuppressant-resistant pyoderma gangrenosum successfully treated by granulocytapheresis. Ther Apher Dial 2007: 11: 387-390. (Pubitemid 47383404)
138. Watanabe Y, Yamada H. Leukocyte adsorption apheresis for the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum. J Dermatol 2008: 35: 792-794.
139. Hanafusa T, Azukizawa H, Umegaki N, Tani M, Yamaguchi Y, Katayama I. Clinical implications of leukocytapheresis using a centrifugal cell separator for steroid-resistant pyoderma gangrenosum associated with inflammatory bowel disease. J Dermatol 2011: 38: 507-510.
140. Seishima M, Mizutani Y, Shibuya Y, Nagasawa C, Aoki T. Efficacy of granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis for three cases of refractory pyoderma gangrenosum. Ther Apher Dial 2007: 11: 177-182. (Pubitemid 46716159)
141. Jones RR, Kobza Black A, Donaghy M, Moshtael O, Pinching AJ. Defective monocyte function in pyoderma gangrenosum with IgG kappa paraproteinaemia. Clin Exp Immunol 1983: 52: 685-692. (Pubitemid 13089116)
142. East-Innis A, Desnoes R, Thame K, Shirley S, Gilbert D. Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with osteomyelitis in a paediatric patient: a case report. West Indian Med J 2005: 54: 207-209. (Pubitemid 41335239)
143. Spangler JG. Pyoderma gangrenosum in a patient with psoriatic arthritis. J AmBoard Fam Pract 2001: 14: 466-469.
144. Teitel AD. Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with methotrexate. Cutis 1996: 57: 326-328. (Pubitemid 26154115)
145. Paramkusam G, Meduri V, Gangeshetty N. Pyoderma gangrenosum with oral involvement - case report and review of the literature. Int J Oral Sci 2010: 2: 111-116.
146. Abdelrazeq AS, Lund JN, Leveson SH. Pouchitis-associated pyoderma gangrenosum following restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004: 16: 1057-1058. (Pubitemid 39411126)
147. Farrell AM, Black MM, Bracka A, Bunker CB. Pyoderma gangrenosum of the penis. Br J Dermatol 1998: 138: 337-340.
148. Shenefelt PD. Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with cystic acne and hidradenitis suppurativa controlled by adding minocycline and sulfasalazine to the treatment regimen. Cutis 1996: 57: 315-319.
149. Boulinguez S, Bernard P, Bedane C, Lasudry J, Labrousse F, Bonnetblanc JM. Pyoderma gangrenosum complicating Cogan's syndrome. Clin Exp Dermatol 1998: 23: 286-289. (Pubitemid 29166513)
150. Langan SM, Powell FC. Vegetative pyoderma gangrenosum: a report of two new cases and a review of the literature. Int J Dermatol 2005: 44: 623-629. (Pubitemid 41179600)
151. Vandevyvere K, Luyten FP, Verschueren P, Lories R, Segaert S, Westhovens R. Pyoderma gangrenosum developing during therapy with TNF-alpha antagonists in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2007: 26: 2205-2206. (Pubitemid 350120373)
152. Sachs D, Su L, Dlugosz A. Verrucous annular ulcerated hip plaques. Diagnosis: superficial granulomatous pyoderma form of pyoderma gangrenosum. Arch Dermatol 2000: 136: 1263-1268.
153. Miralles ES, Nunez M, Perez B, Ledo A. Minocycline hydrochloride hyperpigmentation complicating treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum. J Dermatol 1994: 21: 965-967.
154. Reynolds NJ, Peachey RD. Response of atypical bullous pyoderma gangrenosum to oral minocycline hydrochloride and topical steroids. Acta Derm Venereol 1990: 70: 538-539. (Pubitemid 20365186)
155. Davies MG, Piper S. Pyoderma gangrenosum: successful treatment with minocycline. Clin Exp Dermatol 1981: 6: 219-223. (Pubitemid 11056768)
156. Lynch WS, Bergfeld WF. Pyoderma gangrenosum responsive to minocycline hydrochloride. Cutis 1978: 21: 535-538. (Pubitemid 8314119)
157. Asahina A, Minatani Y, Tada Y, Mitsui H, Tamaki K. Successful treatment of Pyoderma gangrenosum with potassium iodide. Acta DermVenereol 2006: 86: 84-85. (Pubitemid 46939804)
158. Richardson JB, Callen JP. Pyoderma gangrenosum treated successfully with potassium iodide. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993: 28: 1005-1007. (Pubitemid 23160657)
159. Jolles S, Niclasse S, Benson E. Combination oral and topical tacrolimus in therapy-resistant pyoderma gangrenosum. Br J Dermatol 1999: 140: 564-565. (Pubitemid 29182912)
160. Deckers-Kocken JM, Pasmans SG. Successful tacrolimus (FK506) therapy in a child with pyoderma gangrenosum. Arch Dis Child 2005: 90: 531. (Pubitemid 40627456)
161. D'Inca R, Fagiuoli S, Sturniolo GC. Tacrolimus to treat pyoderma gangrenosum resistant to cyclosporine. Ann Intern Med 1998: 128: 783-784. (Pubitemid 28204880)
162. Weichert G, Sauder DN. Efficacy of tacrolimus (FK 506) in idiopathic treatment-resistant pyoderma gangrenosum. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998: 39: 648-650. (Pubitemid 28465894)
163. Cooley HM, Castelino D, McNair P, Russell DM, Chohan V, Kay TW. Resolution of pyoderma gangrenosum using tacolimus (FK-506). Aust N Z J Med 1996: 26: 238-239. (Pubitemid 26174750)
164. Koca E, Duman AE, Cetiner D, et al. Successful treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome-induced pyoderma gangrenosum. Neth J Med 2006: 64: 422-424. (Pubitemid 46001911)
165. Federman GL, Federman DG. Recalcitrant pyoderma gangrenosum treated with thalidomide. Mayo Clin Proc 2000: 75: 842-844. (Pubitemid 30640644)
166. Verrou E, Kartsios C, Banti A, et al. IgG multiple myeloma presented with ulcerative pyoderma gangrenosum. Leuk Lymphoma 2007: 48: 1420-1422. (Pubitemid 47079373)
167. Rustin MH, Gilkes JJ, Robinson TW. Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with Behcet's disease: treatment with thalidomide. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990: 23: 941-944. (Pubitemid 20366116)
168. Munro CS, Cox NH. Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with Behcet's syndrome - response to thalidomide. Clin Exp Dermatol 1988: 13: 408-410.
169. Gay-Crosier F, Dayer JM, Chavaz P, Hauser C. Rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatitis/sweet's syndrome in a patient with seronegative rheumatoid arthritis. Dermatology 2000: 201: 185-187.
170. Brown TS, Fearneyhough PK, Burruss JB, Callen JP. Rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatitis in a woman with seronegative rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001: 45: 596-600. (Pubitemid 32917257)
171. Lazarov A, Mor A, Cordoba M, Mekori YA. Rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatitis: an initial dermatological manifestation of seronegative rheumatoid arthritis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2002: 16: 74-76. (Pubitemid 34202010)
172. Bevin AA, Steger J, Mannino S. Rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatitis. Cutis 2006: 78: 133-136. (Pubitemid 44433125)
173. Mashek HA, Pham CT, Helm TN, Klaus M. Rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 1997: 133: 757-760. (Pubitemid 27263712)
174. MacAya A, Servitje O, Jucgla A, Peyri J. Rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatitis associated with pyoderma gangrenosum. Br J Dermatol 2000: 142: 1246-1248. (Pubitemid 30418326)
175. Lu CI, Yang CH, Hong HS. A bullous neutrophilic dermatosis in a patient with severe rheumatoid arthritis and monoclonal IgA gammopathy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004: 51: S94-S96.
176. Sanchez JL, Cruz A. Rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990: 22: 922-925. (Pubitemid 20141079)
177. Harkaway K, Elenitas R, Margolis DJ. Erythematous papules in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatitis (RND). Arch Dermatol 1995: 131: 1196; 9-200.
178. Hughes JR, Erhardt CC, Clement M. Neutrophilic dermatosis in association with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995: 20: 168-170.