Correlates of Motivation to Change in Pathological Gamblers Completing Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy

Journal of Clinical Psychology

Volumn 68, Issue 7, 2012, Pages 732-744

  Gómez Peña, Mónica ^a   Penelo, Eva ^b   Granero, Roser ^b   Fernández Aranda, Fernando ^c   Álvarez Moya, Eva ^a   Santamaría, Juan José ^a   Moragas, Laura ^a   Neus Aymamí, Maria ^a   Gunnard, Katarina ^a   Menchón, José M ^c   Jimenez Murcia, Susana ^c  

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARI DE BELLVITGE   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA   (Spain)

^c INSTITUTO DE SALUD CARLOS III   (Spain)

Author keywords

Cognitive behavioral therapy; Motivation to change; Pathological gambling; Transtheoretical model of change; URICA

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY; GAMBLING; HUMAN; MALE; MOTIVATION; MOTIVATION TO CHANGE; PATHOLOGICAL GAMBLING; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT DROPOUTS; PERSONALITY; PERSONALITY TEST; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; RECURRENT DISEASE; TRANSTHEORETICAL MODEL OF CHANGE; URICA;

COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY; MOTIVATION TO CHANGE; PATHOLOGICAL GAMBLING; TRANSTHEORETICAL MODEL OF CHANGE; URICA;

ADULT; COGNITIVE THERAPY; GAMBLING; HUMANS; MALE; MOTIVATION; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT DROPOUTS; PERSONALITY; PERSONALITY INVENTORY; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; RECURRENCE;

EID: 84862566105     PISSN: 00219762     EISSN: 10974679     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jclp.21867     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Alessi S. M., & Petry, N. M. (2003). Pathological gambling severity is associated with impulsivity in a delay discounting procedure. Behavioral Processes, 64, 345-354. doi:10.1016/S0376-6357(03)00150-5
2. Álvarez-Moya, E. M., Jiménez-Murcia, S., Granero, R., Vallejo, J., Krug, I., Bulik, C. M., Fernández-Aranda, F. (2007). Comparison of personality risk factors in bulimia nervosa and pathological gambling. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48, 452-457. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.03.008
3. American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed. rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
4. th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
5. Becoña E. (1997). Pathological gambling in Spanish children and adolescents: An emerging problem. Psychological Reports, 81(1), 275-87.
6. Becoña, E. (1999). Epidemiología del juego patológico en España (Epidemiology of Pathological Gambling in Spain). Anuario de psicología, 30, 7-19.
7. Blanchard, K. A., Morgenstern, J., Morgan, T. J., Labovie, E., & Bux, D. A. (2003). Motivational subtypes and continuous measures of readiness for change: Concurrent and predictive validity. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17, 56-65. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.17.1.56
8. Brogan, M. M., Prochaska, J. O., & Prochaska, J. M. (1999). Predicting termination and continuation status in psychotherapy using the transtheoretical model. Psychotherapy, 36, 105-113. doi:10.1037/h0087773
9. Chantal, Y., Vallerand, R. J., & Vallières, E. F. (1994). Construction et validation de l'Échelle de motivation relative aux jeux de hasard et d'argent. (Contruction and validation of motivation scale for gambling behaviours) Loisir & Société, 17, 189-212.
10. Clarke, D. (2004). Impulsiveness, locus of control, motivation and problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 20, 319-345. doi:10.1007/s10899-004-4578-7
11. Clonninger, C. R. (1999). The Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised. St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Psychobiology of Personality.
12. Cunningham-Williams, R. M., Grucza, R. A., Cottler, L. B., Womack, S. B., Books, S. J., Przybeck, T. R.,. Cloninguer, C. R. (2005). Prevalence and predictors of pathological gambling: Results from the St. Louis Personality, Health and Lifestyle (SLPHL) Study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 39, 377-390. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.09.002
13. Derogatis, L. R. (1977). SCL-90: Administration, scoring and procedures manual. Baltimore, MD: Clinical Psychometric Research.
14. Derogatis, L. R. (1994). SCL-90. Cuestionario de 90 síntomas (90 Symptom Check List). Madrid, Spain: TEA.
15. DiClemente, C. C., & Hughes, S. O. (1990). Stages of change profiles in outpatient alcoholism treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse, 2, 217-235. doi:10.1016/S0899-3289(05)80057-4
16. DiClemente, C. C., & Prochaska, J. O. (1982). Self-change and therapy change of smoking behavior: A comparison of processes of change of cessation and maintenance. Addictive Behaviors, 7, 133-142. doi:10.1016/0306-4603(82)90038-7
17. DiClemente, C. C., Prochaska, J. O., Fairhurst, S. K., Velicer, W. F., Valesquez, M. M. & Rossi, J. S. (1991). The process in smoking cessation: An analysis of precontemplation, contemplation and preparation stages of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 295-304. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.59.2.295
18. Dunn, K., Delfabbro, P., & Harvey, P. (2011). A preliminary, qualitative exploration of the influences associated with dropout from cognitive-behavioral therapy for problem gambling: An Australian perspective. Journal of Gambling. Studies. doi:10;1007/s10899-011-9257-x
19. Echeburúa, E., Báez, C., Fernández, J., & Páez, D. (1994). Cuestionario del juego patológico de South Oaks (SOGS): Validación española [South Oaks Pathological Gambling Screen (SOGS): Spanish Validation]. Análisis y Modificación de Conducta, 20, 769-791.
20. Edens, J. F., & Willougby, F. W. (2000). Motivational patterns of alcohol dependent patients: A replication. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 14, 397-400. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.14.4.397
21. Evans, L., & Delfabbro, P. H. (2005). Motivators for change and barriers to help-seeking in Australian problem gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies, 21, 133-155. doi:10.1007/s10899-005-3029-4
22. Gómez-Peña, M., Penelo, E., Granero, R., Fernández-Aranda, F., Álvarez-Moya, E., Santamaría, J. J., & Jiménez-Murcia, S. (2011). Motivation to change and pathological gambling: Analysis of the relationship with clinical and psychopathological variables. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 50, 196-210. doi:10.1348/014466510×511006
23. González de Rivera, J. L. (2001) Versión española del 90 Symptom Check List Revised (SCL-90- R) [Spanish version of 90 Symptom Check List Revised (SCL-90-R)]. Madrid, Spain: TEA.
24. Grant, J. E., Kim, S. W., & Kuskowski, M. (2004). Retrospective review of treatment retention in pathological gambling. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 45, 83-87. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2003.12.005
25. Griffiths, M. (1999). Gambling technologies: Prospects for problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies 15, 265-83. doi:10.1023/A:1023053630588
26. Gooding, P., & Tarrier, N. (2009). A systematic review and meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioral interventions to reduce problem gambling: Hedging our bets? Behavior, Research and Therapy, 47, 592-607. doi:10.1016/j.brat 2009.04.002
27. Gutiérrez, F., Torrens, M., Boget, T., Martín-Santos, R., Sangorrín, J., Pérez, G., & Salamero, M. (2001). Psychometric properties of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) questionnaire in a Spanish psychiatric population. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 103, 143-147.
28. Gutiérrez-Zotes, J. A., Bayón, C., Montserrat, C., Valero, J., Labad, A., Cloninger, R. C., Fernández-Aranda, F. (2004). Inventario del Temperamento y el Carácter-Revisado (TCI-R). Baremación y datos normativos en una muestra de población general [Temperament and Character Inventory Revised (TCI-R). Standardization and normative data in a general population sample]. Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría, 32, 8-15.
29. Henderson, M. J., Saules, K. K., & Galen, L. W. (2004). The predictive validity of the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment questionnaire in a heroin-addicted polysubstance abuse sample. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18, 106-112. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.18.2.106
30. Hing, N., & Breen, H. (2002). A profile of gaming machine players in clubs in Sydney, Australia. Journal of Gambling Studies, 18(2), 185-205.
31. Hodgins, D. C. (2001). Processes of changing gambling behavior. Addictive Behaviors, 26, 121-128. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(00)00078-2
32. Hodgins, D. C. (2004). Using the NORC DSM Screen for Gambling Problems as an outcome measure for pathological gambling: Psychometric evaluation. Addictive Behaviors, 29, 1685-90. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.03.017
33. Hodgins, D. C. (2005). Implications of a brief intervention trial for problem gambling for future outcome research. Journal of Gambling Studies, 21, 13-19. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(00)00078-2
34. Hodgins, D. C., Currie, S. R., Currie, G., & Fick, G. H. (2009) Randomized trial of brief motivational treatments for pathological gamblers: More is not necessarily better. Journal of Consulting of Clinical Psychology, 77, 950-960. doi:10.1037/a0016318
35. Hodgins, D. C., Currie, S. R., & El-Guebaly, N. (2001). Motivational enhancement and self-help treatments for problem gambling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 50-57. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.69.1.50
36. Hodgins D. C., & El-Guebaly, N. (2004). Retrospective and prospective reports of precipitants to relapse in pathological gambling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 72-80. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.72.1.72
37. Ibáñez, A., Blanco, C., Moreryra, P., & Saiz-Ruiz, J. (2003). Gender differences in pathological gambling. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64, 295-301. doi:10.4088/JCP.v64n0311
38. Informe Anual del Juego en España. (2010). Ministerio del Interior. Annual Report of the Game in Spain 2010. Available at:
39. Jiménez Murcia, S., Álvarez Moya, E., Granero, R., Aymamí, M. N., Gómez, M., Jaurrieta, N.,. Vallejo, J. (2005). Análisis de la eficacia de dos modalidades de tratamiento cognitivo-conductual grupal para el juego patológico (Analysis of the efficacy of two cognitive-behavioral group therapies for pathological gambling). Behavioral Psychology/ Psicología Conductual, 13, 497-512.
40. Jiménez-Murcia, S., Álvarez-Moya, E., Granero, R., Aymamí, M. N., Gómez-Peña, M, Jaurrieta, N.,. Vallejo, J. (2007). Cognitive-behavioral group treatment for pathological gambling: Analysis of efficacy and predictors of therapy outcome. Psychotherapy Research, 17, 544-552. doi:10.1080/10503300601158822
41. Jiménez-Murcia, S., Álvarez-Moya, E., Granero, R., Stinchfield, R., Aymamí, M. N., Gómez-Peña, M. (2010). Age of onset in pathological gambling: Clinical, therapeutic and personality correlates. Journal of Gambling Studies. doi:10.1007/s10899-009-9175-3
42. Jiménez-Murcia, S., Aymamí, N., Gómez-Peña, M., Santamaría, J. J., Álvarez-Moya, E., Fernández-Aranda, F.,. Menchón, J. M. (2011). Does exposure and response prevention improve the results of group cognitive-behavioral therapy for male slot machine pathological gamblers? British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1-18. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.2011.02012.x
43. Jiménez-Murcia, S., Aymamí-Sanromà, M. N., Gómez-Peña, M., Álvarez-Moya, E. M., & Vallejo, J. (2006). Protocols de tractament cognitivoconductual pel joc patològic i d́altres addiccions no tòxiques (Cognitive-behavioral treatment protocol for pathological gambling and other behavioral addictions). Barcelona, Spain: Bellvitge University Hospital, Department of Health, Generalitat de Catalunya.
44. Jiménez-Murcia, S., Stinchfield, R., Álvarez-Moya, E., Jaurrieta, N., Bueno, B., Granero, R.,. Vallejo, J. (2009). Reliability, validity and classification accuracy of a Spanish translation of a measure of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 25, 93-104. doi:10.1007/s10899-008-9104-x
45. Ladouceur, R. (1996). The prevalence of pathological gambling in Canada. Journal of Gambling Studies, 12, 129-142. doi:10.1007/BF01539170
46. Ledgerwood, D. M., & Petry, N. M. (2006). What do we know about relapse in pathological gambling? Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 216-28. doi:10.1007/BF01539170
47. Lee, C. K., Lee, B., Bernhard, B. J., & Lee, T. K. (2009). A comparative study of involvement and motivation among casino gamblers. Psychiatry Investigation, 6141-9. doi:10.4306/pi.2009.6.3.141
48. Lesieur, H. R, & Blume, S. B. (1987). The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): A new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 1184-1188.
49. Littell, J. H., & Girvin, H. (2002). Stages of change. A critique. Behavior Modification, 26, 223-273. doi:10.1177/0145445502026002006
50. López, V. C., & Miller, W. R. (1997). Treatment approaches for pathological gamblers. Clinical Psychology Review, 17, 689-702.
51. Lorains, F. K., Cowlishaw, S., Thomas, S. A. (2011). Prevalence of comorbid disorder in problem and pathological gambling: Systematic review and meta-analysis of population surveys. Addiction, 106490-498. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03300.x
52. MacLaren, V. V., Fugelsang, J. A, Harrigan, K. A., & Dixon, M. J. (2011). The personality of pathological gamblers: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 1057-1067. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.02.002
53. McKay, J. R., Lynch, K. G., Shepard, D. S., Ratichek, S., Morrison, R., Koppenhaver, J., Pettinati, HM. (2004). The effectiveness of telephone-based continuing care in the clinical management of alcohol and cocaine use disorders: 12-month outcomes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 967-979.
54. Marceaux, J. C., & Melville, C. L. (2011). Twelve-step facilitated versus mapping-enhanced cognitive-behavioral therapy for pathological gambling: A controlled study. Journal of Gambling Studies, 27, 171-190. doi:10.1007/s10899-010-9196-y
55. McConnaughy, E. I., DiClemente, C. C., Prochaska, J. O., & Velicer, W. F. (1989). Stages of change in psychotherapy: A follow-up report. Psychotherapy, 26, 494-503. doi:10.1037/h0085468
56. McConnaughy, E. I., Prochaska, J. O., & Velicer, W. F. (1983). Stages of change in psychotherapy: Measurement and sample profiles. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 20, 368-375. doi:10.1037/h0090198
57. McLellan, A. T., Carise, D., & Kleber, H. D. (2003). Can the national addiction treatment infrastructure support the public's demand for quality care? Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 25, 117-121. doi:10.1016/S0740-5472(03)00114-4
58. Melville, K. M., Casey, L. M., & Kavanagh, D. J. (2007). Psychological treatment dropout among pathological gamblers. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 944-958. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.02.004
59. Ministerio del Interior. (2011). Informe anual del juego en España 2010. (Annual report of Pathological Gambling in Spain) Retrieved from
60. Oakley-Browne, M. A., Adams, P., & Mobberley, P. M. (2000). Interventions for pathological gambling. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, CD001521. Review.
61. Ockene, J., Kristellar, J., Ockene, I., & Goldberg, R. (1992). Smoking cessation and severity of illness. Health Psychology, 11, 119-126. doi:10.1037//0278-6133.11.5.277
62. Pallesen, S., Mitsem, M., Kvale, G., Johnsen, B. H., & Molde, H. (2005) Outcome of psychosocial treatments of pathological gambling: A review and meta-analysis. Addiction, 100, 1412-1422. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01204.x
63. Petry, N. M. (2005). Stages of change in treatment-seeking pathological gamblers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 312-322. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.2.312
64. Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1982) Transtheoretical therapy: Toward a more integrative model of change. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 19, 276-288. doi:10.1037/h0088437
65. Prochaska, J. O., DiClemente, C. C., Norcross, J. C. (1992). In search of how people change. Applications to addictive behaviors. American Psychologist, 47, 1102-1114. doi:10.1037//0003-066X.47.9.1102
66. Prochaska, J. O., & Norcross, J. C. (2001). Stages of change. Psychotherapy, 38, 443-448. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.38.4.443
67. Raylu, N., & Oei, T. P. (2002). Pathological gambling. A comprehensive review. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 1009-1061. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(02)00101-0
68. Shaffer, H. J., Hall, M. N., & Vanderbilt, J. (1997). Estimating prevalence of disordered gambling behavior in the United States and Canada: A meta-analysis. Boston, MA: Harvard Medical Division of Addictions.
69. Smith, D., Harvey, P., Battersby, M., Pols, R., Oakes, J., & Baigent, M. (2010). Treatment outcomes and predictors of drop out for problem gamblers in South Australia: A cohort study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 44, 911-920. doi:10.3109/00048674.2010.493502.
70. Stinchfield, R. (2002). Reliability, validity, and classification accuracy of the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS). Addictive Behaviors, 27, 1-19. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(00)00158-1
71. Stinchfield, R. (2003). Reliability, validity and classification accuracy of a measure of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 180-182. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.180
72. Stinchfield, R., & Winters, K. C. (2001). Outcome of Minnesota's gambling treatment programs. Journal of Gambling Studies, 17, 217-245. doi:10.1023/A:1012268322509
73. Sutton, S. (2001). Back to the drawing board? A review of applications of the transtheoretical model to substance abuse. Addictions, 96, 175-186. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.96117513.x
74. Toneatto, T., & Ladoceur, R. (2003). Treatment of pathological gambling: a critical review of the literature. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17, 284-292. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.17.4.284
75. Toneatto, T., & Millar, G. (2004). The assessment and treatment of problem gambling: Empirical status and promising trends. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 49, 501-503.
76. Velicer, W. F., DiClemente, C. C., Rossi, J. S., & Prochaska, J. O. (1990). Relapse situations and self-efficacy: An integrative model. Addictive Behaviors, 15, 271-283. doi:10.1016/0306-4603(90)90070-E
77. Velicer, W. F., Norman, G. J., Fava, J. L. & Prochaska, J. O. (1999). Testing 40 predictions from the transtheoretical model. Addictive Behaviors, 24, 455-469. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(98)00100-2
78. Volberg, R. A. (1994). The prevalence and demographics of pathological gamblers: Implications for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 84, 237-241. doi:10.2105/AJPH.84.2.237
79. Walker, M. B., & Dickerson, M. G. (1996). The prevalence of problem and pathological gambling: A critical analysis. Journal of Gambling Studies, 12, 233-249. doi:10.1007/BF01539176