Treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in adults and children: Updated Swedish consensus recommendations

Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases

Volumn 44, Issue 7, 2012, Pages 502-521

  Lagging, Martin ^a   Duberg, Ann Sofi ^b   Wejstål, Rune ^a,c   Weiland, Ola ^c   Lindh, Magnus ^a   Aleman, Soo ^c   Josephson, Filip ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

^b ÖREBRO UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^c KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^d MEDICAL PRODUCTS AGENCY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Guidelines; HCV protease inhibitor; Hepatitis C virus; Interferon; Ribavirin

Indexed keywords

ABACAVIR; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ATAZANAVIR; BOCEPREVIR; CETIRIZINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN; DESLORATADINE; DIDANOSINE; EFAVIRENZ; EMTRICITABINE; ERYTHROPOIETIN; HEPATITIS A VACCINE; HEPATITIS B VACCINE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; IRON; MARAVIROC; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; PEGINTERFERON; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA2A; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA2B; RALTEGRAVIR; RIBAVIRIN; TACROLIMUS; TELAPREVIR; TENOFOVIR; ZIDOVUDINE;

ADULT DISEASE; ANEMIA; ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; CANCER RISK; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; DEPRESSION; DRESS SYNDROME; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSGEUSIA; ECZEMA; GENOTYPE; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFECTION; KIDNEY DISEASE; LIVER BIOPSY; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER FIBROSIS; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MAXIMUM PLASMA CONCENTRATION; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MIXED INFECTION; MONOTHERAPY; NEUTROPENIA; PATIENT MONITORING; PATIENT SELECTION; PRURITUS; RASH; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; RELAPSE; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SLEEP DISORDER; STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME; SWEDEN; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT RESPONSE; VACCINATION; VIRUS LOAD; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ADULT; ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; CHILD; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; HEPATITIS C, CHRONIC; HUMANS; INTERFERONS; RIBAVIRIN; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 84862519567     PISSN: 00365548     EISSN: 16511980     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2012.669045     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Lavanchy D. Evolving epidemiology of hepatitis C virus. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011;17:107-15.
2. Cornberg M, Razavi HA, Alberti A, Bernasconi E, Buti M, Cooper C, et al. A systematic review of hepatitis C virus epidemiology in Europe, Canada and Israel. Liver Int 2011;31(Suppl 2):30-60.
3. Poynard T, Ratziu V, Charlotte F, Goodman Z, McHutchison J, Albrecht J. Rates and risk factors of liver fi brosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 2001;34:730-9. (Pubitemid 32488789)
4. Strauss R, Torner A, Duberg AS, Hultcrantz R, Ekdahl K. Hepatocellular carcinoma and other primary liver cancers in hepatitis C patients in Sweden -a low endemic country. J Viral Hepat 2008;15:531-7. (Pubitemid 351798991)
5. Gjertsen H, Weiland O, Oksanen A, Soderdahl G, Broome U, Ericzon BG. Liver transplantation for HCV cirrhosis at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm. Transplant Proc 2006;38:2675-6. (Pubitemid 44693657)
6. Duberg AS, Pettersson H, Aleman S, Blaxhult A, Daviethsdottir L, Hultcrantz R, et al. The burden of hepatitis C in Sweden: a national study of inpatient care. J Viral Hepat 2011;18:106-18.
7. Giordano TP, Henderson L, Landgren O, Chiao EY, Kramer JR, El-Serag H, et al. Risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and lymphoproliferative precursor diseases in US veterans with hepatitis C virus. JAMA 2007;297:2010-7. (Pubitemid 46740353)
8. Zignego AL, Giannini C, Ferri C. Hepatitis C virus-related lymphoproliferative disorders: an overview. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13:2467-78. (Pubitemid 46929503)
9. Bochud PY, Cai T, Overbeck K, Bochud M, Dufour JF, Mullhaupt B, et al. Genotype 3 is associated with accelerated fi brosis progression in chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 2009;51:655-66.
10. Rembeck K, Westin J, Lindh M, Hellstrand K, Norkrans G, Lagging M. Association between IL28B-related genetic variants and liver histopathology differs between HCV genotypes. Hepatology 2012 Jan 23. [Epub ahead of print]
11. Rembeck K, Alsio A, Christensen PB, Farkkila M, Langeland N, Buhl MR, et al. Impact of IL28B-related single nucleotide polymorphisms on liver histopathology in chronic hepatitis C genotype 2 and 3. PLoS One 2012;7:e29370.
12. Bochud PY, Bibert S, Kutalik Z, Patin E, Guergnon J, Nalpas B, et al. IL28B alleles associated with poor hepatitis C virus (HCV) clearance protect against infl ammation and fi brosis in patients infected with non-1 HCV genotypes. Hepatology 2012;55:384-94.
13. Gerlach JT, Diepolder HM, Zachoval R, Gruener NH, Jung MC, Ulsenheimer A, et al. Acute hepatitis C: high rate of both spontaneous and treatment-induced viral clearance. Gastroenterology 2003;125:80-8. (Pubitemid 36799109)
14. Jaeckel E, Cornberg M, Wedemeyer H, Santantonio T, Mayer J, Zankel M, et al. Treatment of acute hepatitis C with interferon alfa-2b. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1452-7.
15. Kamal SM, Moustafa KN, Chen J, Fehr J, Abdel Moneim A, Khalifa KE, et al. Duration of peginterferon therapy in acute hepatitis C: a randomized trial. Hepatology 2006;43:923-31. (Pubitemid 43724617)
16. Gane E, Stedman C, Hyland R, Sorensen R, Symonds W, Hindes R, et al. Once daily PSI-7977 plus ribavirin: pegylated interferon-alfa not required for complete rapid viral response in treatment-naive patients with HCV genotype 2 or 3. Hepatology 2011;54(Suppl):377.
17. Islam S, Antonsson L, Westin J, Lagging M. Cirrhosis in hepatitis C virus-infected patients can be excluded using an index of standard biochemical serum markers. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005;40:867-72. (Pubitemid 40978865)
18. Wai CT, Greenson JK, Fontana RJ, Kalbfl eisch JD, Marrero JA, Conjeevaram HS, et al. A simple noninvasive index can predict both signifi cant fi brosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2003;38:518-26. (Pubitemid 36919874)
19. Smith JO, Sterling RK. Systematic review: non-invasive methods of fi brosis analysis in chronic hepatitis C. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009;30:557-76.
20. Wejdmark A, Weiland O. [Measurement of liver elasticity can differentiate high and low grade fi brosis. New method can reduce the need of liver biopsy in chronic hepatitis C]. Lakartidningen 2009;106:3420-3.
21. Bochud PY, Bibert S, Negro F, Haagmans B, Soulier A, Ferrari C, et al. IL28B polymorphisms predict reduction of HCV RNA from the first day of therapy in chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 2011;55:980-8.
22. D arling JM, Aerssens J, Fanning G, McHutchison JG, Goldstein DB, Thompson AJ, et al. Quantitation of pretreatment serum interferon-gamma- inducible protein-10 improves the predictive value of an IL28B gene polymorphism for hepatitis C treatment response. Hepatology 2011;53:14-22.
23. Lagging M, Askarieh G, Negro F, Bibert S, Soderholm J, Westin J, et al. Response prediction in chronic hepatitis C by assessment of IP-10 and IL28B-related single nucleotide polymorphisms. PLoS One 2011;6:e17232.
24. European Medicines Agency. European Public Assessment Report (EPAR) Incivo; 2011. Available at: http://www.ema. europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl pages/medicines/human/ medicines/002313/human-med-001487.jsp&mid WC0b01ac058001d124 (2011).
25. European Medicines Agency. European Public Assessment Report (EPAR) Victrelis; 2011. Available at: http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curlpages/ medicines/human/medicines/002332/human-med-001464.jsp&mid WC0b01ac058001d124 (2011).
26. Ge D, Fellay J, Thompson AJ, Simon JS, Shianna KV, Urban TJ, et al. Genetic variation in IL28B predicts hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearance. Nature 2009;461:399-401.
27. Lagging M, Romero AI, Westin J, Norkrans G, Dhillon AP, Pawlotsky JM, et al. IP-10 predicts viral response and therapeutic outcome in diffi cult-to-treat patients with HCV genotype 1 infection. Hepatology 2006;44:1617-25. (Pubitemid 44953667)
28. Vento S, Garofano T, Renzini C, Cainelli F, Casali F, Ghironzi G, et al. Fulminant hepatitis associated with hepatitis A virus superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis C. N Engl J Med 1998;338:286-90. (Pubitemid 28065254)
29. Liaw YF, Yeh CT, Tsai SL. Impact of acute hepatitis B virus superinfection on chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:2978-80.
30. Zarski JP, Bohn B, Bastie A, Pawlotsky JM, Baud M, Bost-Bezeaux F, et al. Characteristics of patients with dual infection by hepatitis B and C viruses. J Hepatol 1998; 28:27-33. (Pubitemid 28122496)
31. Lange CM, Bojunga J, Ramos-Lopez E, von Wagner M, Hassler A, Vermehren J, et al. Vitamin D defi ciency and a CYP27B1 -1260 promoter polymorphism are associated with chronic hepatitis C and poor response to interferon-alfa based therapy. J Hepatol 2011;54:887-93.
32. Kamal SM, Fouly AE, Kamel RR, Hockenjos B, Al Tawil A, Khalifa KE, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b therapy in acute hepatitis C: impact of onset of therapy on sustained virologic response. Gastroenterology 2006;130:632-8. (Pubitemid 43374512)
33. Boesecke C, Vogel M. HIV and hepatitis C co-infection: acute HCV therapy. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2011;6:459-64.
34. Arends JE, van Assen S, Stek CJ, Wensing AM, Fransen JH, Schellens IM, et al. Pegylated interferon-alpha monotherapy leads to low response rates in HIV-infected patients with acute hepatitis C. Antivir Ther 2011;16:979-88.
35. Poordad F, McCone J Jr, Bacon BR, Bruno S, Manns MP, Sulkowski MS, et al. Boceprevir for untreated chronic HCV genotype 1 infection. N Engl J Med 2011;364:1195-206.
36. Sherman KE, Flamm SL, Afdhal NH, Nelson DR, Sulkowski MS, Everson GT, et al. Response-guided telaprevir combination treatment for hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 2012;365:1014-24.
37. Jacobson IM, McHutchison JG, Dusheiko G, Di Bisceglie AM, Reddy KR, Bzowej NH, et al. Telaprevir for previously untreated chronic hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 2011;364:2405-16.
38. Marcellin P, Forns X, Goeser T, Ferenci P, Nevens F, Carosi G, et al. Telaprevir is effective given every 8 or 12 hours with ribavirin and peginterferon alfa-2a or -2b to patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 2011;140:459-68 e1; quiz e14.
39. Kwo PY, Lawitz EJ, McCone J, Schiff ER, Vierling JM, Pound D, et al. Effi cacy of boceprevir, an NS3 protease inhibitor, in combination with peginterferon alfa-2b and ribavirin in treatment-naive patients with genotype 1 hepatitis C infection (SPRINT-1): an open-label, randomised, multicentre phase 2 trial. Lancet 2010;376:705-16.
40. Flamm S, Lawitz E, Jacobson IM, Rubin R, Bourliere M, Hezode C, et al. High sustained virologic response among genotype 1 previous non-responders and relapsers to peginterferon/ribavirin when re-treated with boceprevir plus peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin. Poster 1366. EASL, Vienna, Austria, 2011.
41. Foster GR, Hezode C, Bronowicki JP, Carosi G, Weiland O, Verlinden L, et al. Telaprevir alone or with peginterferon and ribavirin reduces HCV RNA in patients with chronic genotype 2 but not genotype 3 infections. Gastroenterology 2011;141:881-9 e1.
42. Weiland O, Hollander A, Mattsson L, Glaumann H, Lindahl K, Schvarcz R, et al. Lower-than-standard dose peg-IFN alfa-2a for chronic hepatitis C caused by genotype 2 and 3 is suffi cient when given in combination with weight-based ribavirin. J Viral Hepat 2008;15:641-5.
43. Manns M, Zeuzem S, Sood A, Lurie Y, Cornberg M, Klinker H, et al. Reduced dose and duration of peginterferon alfa-2b and weight-based ribavirin in patients with genotype 2 and 3 chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 2011;55:554-63.
44. Lagging M, Langeland N, Pedersen C, Farkkila M, Buhl MR, Morch K, et al. Randomized comparison of 12 or 24 weeks of peginterferon alpha-2a and ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 2/3 infection. Hepatology 2008;47:1837-45. (Pubitemid 351945551)
45. Lagging M, Langeland N, Pedersen C, Farkkila M, Buhl MR, Morch K, et al. Weight-adjusted dosing of ribavirin and importance of hepatitis C virus RNA below 1000 IU/ml by day 7 in short-term peginterferon therapy for chronic genotype 2/3 hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 2008;48:695.
46. Dalgard O, Bjoro K, Ring-Larsen H, Bjornsson E, Holberg-Petersen M, Skovlund E, et al. Pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin for 14 versus 24 weeks in patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 2 or 3 and rapid virological response. Hepatology 2008;47:35-42. (Pubitemid 351171039)
47. von Wagner M, Huber M, Berg T, Hinrichsen H, Rasenack J, Heintges T, et al. Peginterferon-alpha-2a (40KD) and ribavirin for 16 or 24 weeks in patients with genotype 2 or 3 chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 2005;129:522-7. (Pubitemid 41096640)
48. Yu ML, Dai CY, Huang JF, Hou NJ, Lee LP, Hsieh MY, et al. A randomised study of peginterferon and ribavirin for 16 versus 24 weeks in patients with genotype 2 chronic hepatitis C. Gut 2007;56:553-9.
49. Shiffman ML, Suter F, Bacon BR, Nelson D, Harley H, Sola R, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin for 16 or 24 weeks in HCV genotype 2 or 3. N Engl J Med 2007;357: 124-34. (Pubitemid 47057730)
50. Bruno S, Shiffman ML, Roberts SK, Gane EJ, Messinger D, Hadziyannis SJ, et al. Effi cacy and safety of peginterferon alfa-2a (40KD) plus ribavirin in hepatitis C patients with advanced fi brosis and cirrhosis. Hepatology 2010;51: 388-97.
51. K oziel MJ, Dudley D, Afdhal N, Grakoui A, Rice CM, Choo QL, et al. HLA class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes specifi c for hepatitis C virus. Identifi cation of multiple epitopes and characterization of patterns of cytokine release. J Clin Invest 1995;96:2311-21.
52. Khattab MA, Ferenci P, Hadziyannis SJ, Colombo M, Manns MP, Almasio PL, et al. Management of hepatitis C virus genotype 4: recommendations of an international expert panel. J Hepatol 2011;54:1250-62.
53. Vierling J, Flamm S, Gordon S, Lawitz E, Bronowicki J, Davis M, et al. Effi cacy of boceprevir in prior null responders to peginterferon/ribavirin: the PROVIDE study. Hepatology 2011;54(4 Suppl):796-7.
54. Zeuzem S, Andreone P, Pol S, Lawitz E, Diago M, Roberts S, et al. Telaprevir for retreatment of HCV infection. N Engl J Med 2011;364:2417-28.
55. Iacobellis A, Siciliano M, Perri F, Annicchiarico BE, Leandro G, Caruso N, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b and ribavirin in patients with hepatitis C virus and decompensated cirrhosis: a controlled study. J Hepatol 2007;46:206-12. (Pubitemid 44959155)
56. Everson GT, Trotter J, Forman L, Kugelmas M, Halprin A, Fey B, et al. Treatment of advanced hepatitis C with a low accelerating dosage regimen of antiviral therapy. Hepatology 2005;42:255-62. (Pubitemid 41061075)
57. Aleman S, Rahbin R, Davidsdottir L, Weiland O, Stå l P, Carlsson T. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver complications in patients with HCV associated liver cirrhosis in a cohort of 490 patients: long-term effects of sustained virological response. Abstract OP423. 18 th United European Gastroenterology Week, Barcelona, Spain, 2010.
58. Cardoso AC, Moucari R, Figueiredo-Mendes C, Ripault MP, Giuily N, Castelnau C, et al. Impact of peginterferon and ribavirin therapy on hepatocellular carcinoma: incidence and survival in hepatitis C patients with advanced fi brosis. J Hepatol 2010;52:652-7.
59. Bruno S, Crosignani A, Facciotto C, Rossi S, Roffi L, Redaelli A, et al. Sustained virologic response prevents the development of esophageal varices in compensated, Child-Pugh class A hepatitis C virus-induced cirrhosis. A 12-year prospective follow-up study. Hepatology 2010;51:2069-76.
60. Hulskotte EG, Gupta S, Xuan F, van Zutven MG, O' M ara E, Galitz L, et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction between the HCV protease inhibitor boceprevir and the calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine and tacrolimus. Global Antiviral Journal 2011;7(Suppl 1; HEP Dart 2011):108-9.
61. Lagging M, Wejstal R, Uhnoo I, Gerden B, Fischler B, Friman S, et al. Treatment of hepatitis C virus infection: updated Swedish Consensus recommendations. Scand J Infect Dis 2009;41:389-402.
62. Sulkowski MS, Cooper C, Hunyady B, Jia J, Ogurtsov P, Peck-Radosavljevic M, et al. Management of adverse effects of Peg-IFN and ribavirin therapy for hepatitis C. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;8:212-23.
63. Jen JF, Glue P, Gupta S, Zambas D, Hajian G. Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Ther Drug Monit 2000;22:555-65.
64. Lindahl K, Schvarcz R, Bruchfeld A, Stahle L. Evidence that plasma concentration rather than dose per kilogram body weight predicts ribavirin-induced anaemia. J Viral Hepat 2004;11:84-7. (Pubitemid 38221622)
65. Bruchfeld A, Lindahl K, Schvarcz R, Stahle L. Dosage of ribavirin in patients with hepatitis C should be based on renal function: a population pharmacokinetic analysis. Ther Drug Monit 2002;24:701-8. (Pubitemid 35379522)
66. Sulkowski MS, Shiffman ML, Afdhal NH, Reddy KR, McCone J, Lee WM, et al. Hepatitis C virus treatmentrelated anemia is associated with higher sustained virologic response rate. Gastroenterology 2010;139:1602-11, e1.
67. Younossi ZM, Nader FH, Bai C, Sjogren R, Ong JP, Collantes R, et al. A phase II dose fi nding study of darbepoetin alpha and fi lgrastim for the management of anaemia and neutropenia in chronic hepatitis C treatment. J Viral Hepat 2008;15:370-8. (Pubitemid 351473630)
68. Thevenot T, Cadranel JF, Di Martino V, Pariente A, Causse X, Renou C, et al. A national French survey on the use of growth factors as adjuvant treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2007;45:377-83. (Pubitemid 46374594)
69. McHutchison JG, Dusheiko G, Shiffman ML, Rodriguez-Torres M, Sigal S, Bourliere M, et al. Eltrombopag for thrombocytopenia in patients with cirrhosis associated with hepatitis C. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2227-36. (Pubitemid 350190753)
70. Dominguez A, Bruguera M, Vidal J, Plans P, Salleras L. Community-based seroepidemiological survey of HCV infection in Catalonia, Spain. J Med Virol 2001;65:688-93. (Pubitemid 33135096)
71. Thomas SL, Newell ML, Peckham CS, Ades AE, Hall AJ. A review of hepatitis C virus (HCV) vertical transmission: risks of transmission to infants born to mothers with and without HCV viraemia or human immunodefi ciency virus infection. Int J Epidemiol 1998;27:108-17. (Pubitemid 28140512)
72. Ruiz-Extremera A, Munoz-Gamez JA, Salmeron-Ruiz MA, de Rueda PM, Quiles-Perez R, Gila-Medina A, et al. Genetic variation in interleukin 28B with respect to vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus and spontaneous clearance in HCV-infected children. Hepatology 2011;53:1830-8.
73. Sokal EM, Bourgois A, Stephenne X, Silveira T, Porta G, Gardovska D, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection in children and adolescents. J Hepatol 2010;52:827-31.
74. Schwarz KB, Gonzalez-Peralta RP, Murray KF, Molleston JP, Haber BA, Jonas MM, et al. The combination of ribavirin and peginterferon is superior to peginterferon and placebo for children and adolescents with chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 2011;140:450-8 e1.
75. Wirth S, Ribes-Koninckx C, Calzado MA, Bortolotti F, Zancan L, Jara P, et al. High sustained virologic response rates in children with chronic hepatitis C receiving peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin. J Hepatol 2010;52:501-7.
76. Wirth S, Pieper-Boustani H, Lang T, Ballauff A, Kullmer U, Gerner P, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin treatment in children and adolescents with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2005;41:1013-8. (Pubitemid 40593909)
77. Iorio R, Pensati P, Botta S, Moschella S, Impagliazzo N, Vajro P, et al. Side effects of alpha-interferon therapy and impact on health-related quality of life in children with chronic viral hepatitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997;16:984-90. (Pubitemid 27452318)
78. Narkewicz MR, Cabrera R, Gonzalez-Peralta RP. The "C" of viral hepatitis in children. Semin Liver Dis 2007;27: 295-311.
79. Benhamou Y, Bochet M, Di Martino V, Charlotte F, Azria F, Coutellier A, et al. Liver fi brosis progression in human immunodefi ciency virus and hepatitis C virus coinfected patients. The Multivirc Group. Hepatology 1999;30: 1054-8. (Pubitemid 29458296)
80. Mohsen AH, Easterbrook PJ, Taylor C, Portmann B, Kulasegaram R, Murad S, et al. Impact of human immunodefi -ciency virus (HIV) infection on the progression of liver fi brosis in hepatitis C virus infected patients. Gut 2003;52:1035-40. (Pubitemid 36765298)
81. Dore GJ, Torriani FJ, Rodriguez-Torres M, Brau N, Sulkowski M, Lamoglia RS, et al. Baseline factors prognostic of sustained virological response in patients with HIV-hepatitis C virus co-infection. AIDS 2007;21:1555-9. (Pubitemid 47075476)
82. Falconer K, Askarieh G, Weis N, Hellstrand K, Alaeus A, Lagging M. IP-10 predicts the first phase decline of HCV RNA and overall viral response to therapy in patients coinfected with chronic hepatitis C virus infection and HIV. Scand J Infect Dis 2010;42:896-901.
83. Opravil M, Sasadeusz J, Cooper DA, Rockstroh JK, Clumeck N, Clotet B, et al. Effect of baseline CD4 cell count on the effi cacy and safety of peginterferon alfa-2a (40KD) plus ribavirin in patients with HIV/hepatitis C virus coinfection. J Acquir Immune Defi c Syndr 2008;47:36-49. (Pubitemid 351619367)
84. Torriani FJ, Rodriguez-Torres M, Rockstroh JK, Lissen E, Gonzalez-Garcia J, Lazzarin A, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection in HIVinfected patients. N Engl J Med 2004;351:438-50. (Pubitemid 38988593)
85. Sherman KE, Rockstroh JK, Dieterich DT, Soriano V, Girard P, McCallister S, et al. Telaprevir combination with peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin in HCV/HIV coinfected patients: 24 week treatment interim analysis. Abstract LB-8. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) Meeting, San Francisco, USA, 2011.
86. Sulkowski M, Pol S, Cooper C, Fainboim H, Slim J, Rivero A, et al. Boceprevir plus peginterferon/ribavirin for the treatment of HCV/HIV co-infected patients. Late breaker oral abstract LB-37. Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) 49 th Annual Meeting, Boston, MA, USA, 2011.
87. Nunez M, Miralles C, Berdun MA, Losada E, Aguirrebengoa K, Ocampo A, et al. Role of weight-based ribavirin dosing and extended duration of therapy in chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients: the PRESCO trial. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2007;23:972-82. (Pubitemid 47492337)
88. Bani-Sadr F, Goderel I, Penalba C, Billaud E, Doll J, Welker Y, et al. Risk factors for anaemia in human immunodefi -ciency virus/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients treated with interferon plus ribavirin. J Viral Hepat 2007;14:639-44. (Pubitemid 47258263)
89. Bani-Sadr F, Denoeud L, Morand P, Lunel-Fabiani F, Pol S, Cacoub P, et al. Early virologic failure in HIV-coinfected hepatitis C patients treated with the peginterferon-ribavirin combination: does abacavir play a role? J Acquir Immune Defi c Syndr 2007;45:123-5 (Pubitemid 46684453)
90. Margot NA, Miller MD. In vitro combination studies of tenofovir and other nucleoside analogues with ribavirin against HIV-1. Antivir Ther 2005;10:343-8. (Pubitemid 41151041)
91. Mauss S, Valenti W, DePamphilis J, Duff F, Cupelli L, Passe S, et al. Risk factors for hepatic decompensation in patients with HIV/HCV coinfection and liver cirrhosis during interferon-based therapy. AIDS 2004;18:F21-5. (Pubitemid 39179625)
92. Rodriguez-Novoa S, Morello J, Gonzalez M, Vispo E, Barreiro P, Gonzalez-Pardo G, et al. Increase in serum bilirubin in HIV/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients on atazanavir therapy following initiation of pegylated-interferon and ribavirin. AIDS 2008;22:2535-7.
93. Garcia-Retortillo M, Forns X, Feliu A, Moitinho E, Costa J, Navasa M, et al. Hepatitis C virus kinetics during and immediately after liver transplantation. Hepatology 2002;35:680-7. (Pubitemid 34183974)
94. Shergill AK, Khalili M, Straley S, Bollinger K, Roberts JP, Ascher NA, et al. Applicability, tolerability and effi cacy of preemptive antiviral therapy in hepatitis C-infected patients undergoing liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2005; 5:118-24. (Pubitemid 40095135)
95. Carrion JA, Navasa M, Garcia-Retortillo M, Garcia-Pagan JC, Crespo G, Bruguera M, et al. Effi cacy of antiviral therapy on hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation: a randomized controlled study. Gastroenterology 2007;132:1746-56. (Pubitemid 46695723)
96. Angelico M, Petrolati A, Lionetti R, Lenci I, Burra P, Donato MF, et al. A randomized study on peg-interferon alfa-2a with or without ribavirin in liver transplant recipients with recurrent hepatitis C. J Hepatol 2007;46:1009-17. (Pubitemid 46680357)
97. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol. [Practice Guideline]. 2011; 55:245-64.