Living with uncertainty

Trends in Parasitology

Volumn 28, Issue 7, 2012, Pages 261-266

  Stillwaggon, Eileen ^a  

^a GETTYSBURG COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Helminthes; HIV AIDS; Malaria; Methodology; Schistosomiasis; STIs; Sub Saharan Africa

Indexed keywords

ANTIPARASITIC AGENT; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; PRAZIQUANTEL;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BLADDER CANCER; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DRUG COST; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HELMINTHIASIS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFERTILITY; MALARIA; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY; MIXED INFECTION; NONHUMAN; NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY; PARASITOSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS LOAD;

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ANIMALS; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; COINFECTION; HIV; HUMANS; MALNUTRITION; PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICES; RISK FACTORS; SCHISTOSOMA; SCHISTOSOMIASIS HAEMATOBIA; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; UNCERTAINTY;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); VERMES;

EID: 84862316670     PISSN: 14714922     EISSN: 14715007     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.04.006     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Pearce N. Traditional epidemiology, modern epidemiology, and public health. Am. J. Public Health 1996, 86:678-683.
2. UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on AIDS) (2009) AIDS and Global Health, UNAIDS/09.17E/JC1731E UNAIDS/09.17E/JC1731E. http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/dataimport/pub/report/2009/jc1731_aids_and_global_health_en.pdf.
3. UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on AIDS) (2011) UNAIDS Position Statement - Leveraging the AIDS Response to Strengthen Health Systems. http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/document/2011/07/20110721_JC2195_HSS_Statement_en.pdf.
4. UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on AIDS) (2005) Intensifying HIV Prevention: UNAIDS Policy Position Paper. http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/dataimport/publications/irc-pub06/jc1165-intensif_hiv-newstyle_en.pdf.
5. PEPFAR (U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief) (2011) Combination Prevention in PEPFAR. http://www.pepfar.gov/documents/organization/183249.pdf.
6. Rose G. Sick individuals and sick populations. Int. J. Epidemiol. 1985, 14:32-38.
7. Hollingsworth T.D., et al. HIV-1 transmission, by stage of infection. J. Infect. Dis. 2008, 198:687-693.
8. Quinn T.C., et al. Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000, 342:921-929.
9. Fideli U.S., et al. Virologic and immunologic determinants of heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in Africa. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 2001, 17:901-910.
10. Cohen M.S., et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011, 365:493-505.
11. Eaton J., et al. Concurrent sexual partnerships and primary HIV infection: a critical interaction. AIDS Behav. 2010, 15:687-692.
12. Sawers L., et al. HIV and concurrent sexual partnerships: modelling the role of coital dilution. J. Int. AIDS Soc. 2011, 14:1-9.
13. Schwartz S., Carpenter K. The right answer for the wrong question: consequences of type III error for public health research. Am. J. Public Health 1999, 89:1175-1179.
14. Falkow, S. (2006) The zen of pathogenicity. In: Ending the War Metaphor: The Changing Agenda for Unraveling the Host-Microbe Relationship (Institute of Medicine, US, Forum on Microbial Threats, ed.), pp. 103-115, National Academies Press.
15. Mehta S., Fawzi W. Effects of vitamins, including vitamin A, on HIV/AIDS patients. Vitam. Horm. 2007, 75:355-383.
16. Chan D.J. Factors affecting sexual transmission of HIV-1: current evidence and implications for prevention. Curr. HIV Res. 2005, 3:223-241.
17. HIV/AIDS and Food and Nutrition Security: From Evidence to Action 2005, International Food Policy Research Institute. S. Gillespie, K. Suneetha (Eds.).
18. Fawzi W.W., Hunter D.J. Vitamins in HIV disease progression and vertical transmission. Epidemiology 1998, 9:457-466.
19. Coutsoudis A., et al. Randomized trial testing the effect of vitamin A supplementation on pregnancy outcomes and early mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission in Durban, South Africa. South African Vitamin A Study Group. AIDS 1999, 13:1517-1524.
20. Dreyfuss M.L., Fawzi W.W. Micronutrients and vertical transmission of HIV-1. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002, 75:959-970.
21. Wiysonge C.S., et al. Vitamin A supplementation for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2005, CD003648.
22. Abu-Raddad L., et al. Dual infection with HIV and malaria fuels the spread of both diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. Science 2006, 314:1603-1606.
23. Idemyor V. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and malaria interaction in sub-Saharan Africa: the collision of two Titans. HIV Clin. Trials 2007, 8:246-253.
24. Herrero M.D., et al. HIV and malaria. AIDS Rev. 2007, 9:88-98.
25. Bloland P.B., et al. Maternal HIV infection and infant mortality in Malawi: evidence for increased mortality due to placental malaria infection. AIDS 1995, 9:721-726.
26. Whitworth J., et al. Effect of HIV-1 and increasing immunosuppression on malaria parasitaemia and clinical episodes in adults in rural Uganda: a cohort study. Lancet 2000, 356:1051-1056.
27. Kublin J.G., et al. Effect of Plasmodium falciparum malaria on concentration of HIV-1-RNA in the blood of adults in rural Malawi: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 2005, 365:233-240.
28. Patnaik P., et al. Effects of HIV-1 serostatus, HIV-1 RNA concentration, and CD4 cell count on the incidence of malaria infection in a cohort of adults in rural Malawi. J. Infect. Dis. 2005, 192:984-991.
29. Korenromp E.L., et al. Malaria attributable to the HIV-1 epidemic, sub-Saharan Africa. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2005, 11:1410-1419.
30. Borkow G., Bentwich Z. HIV and helminth coinfection: is deworming necessary?. Parasite Immunol. 2006, 28:605-612.
31. Walson J.L., John-Stewart G. Treatment of helminth co-infection in individuals with HIV-1: a systematic review of the literature. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2007, 1:e102.
32. Modjarrad K., Vermund S.H. Effect of treating co-infections on HIV-1 viral load: a systematic review. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2010, 10:455-463.
33. Mkhize-Kwitshana Z.I., et al. The influence of different helminth infection phenotypes on immune responses against HIV in co-infected adults in South Africa. BMC Infect. Dis. 2011, 11:273.
34. Walson J.L., et al. Albendazole treatment of HIV-1 and helminth co-infection: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. AIDS 2008, 22:1601-1609.
35. World Health Organization (WHO) Global Burden of Disease Estimates, Death and DALY Estimates for 2002 by Cause for WHO Member States 2004, World Health Organization.
36. Feldmeier H., et al. Female genital schistosomiasis. New challenges from a gender perspective. Trop. Geographical Med. 1995, 47:S2-S15.
37. Leutscher P., et al. Clinical findings in female genital schistosomiasis in Madagascar. Trop. Med. Int. Health 1998, 3:327-332.
38. Marble M., Key K. Clinical facets of a disease neglected too long. AIDS Weekly Plus 1995, 16-19.
39. Kjetland E.F., et al. Association between genital schistosomiasis and HIV in rural Zimbabwean women. AIDS 2006, 20:593-600.
40. Stillwaggon E. Complexity, cofactors, and the failure of AIDS policy in Africa. J. Int. AIDS Soc. 2009, 12:1-9.
41. World Health Organization (WHO) Statement - WHO Working Group on Urogenital Schistosomiasis and HIV Transmission, 1-2 October 2009 2009, World Health Organization.
42. Mbabazi P.S., et al. Examining the relationship between urogenital schistosomiasis and HIV infection. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2011, 5:e1396.
43. Kjetland E.F., et al. A review of female genital schistosomiasis. Trends Parasitol. 2012, 28:58-65.
44. Downs J.A., et al. Urogenital schistosomiasis in women of reproductive age in Tanzania's Lake Victoria region. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2011, 64:364-369.
45. Stillwaggon E., Sawers L. Methodological errors in the STI-HIV trials 2012, American University, Washington, DC, in press.
46. Gray R., Wawer M. Reassessing the hypothesis on STI control for HIV prevention. Lancet 2008, 371:2064-2065.
47. Larson H.J., et al. Redesigning the AIDS response for long-term impact. Bull. World Health Organ. 2011, 89:846-852.
48. Matta, C. and Handelsman, J. (2006) It takes a village: role of indigenous microbial communities in infectious disease. In Ending the War Metaphor: The Changing Agenda for Unraveling the Host-Microbe Relationship (Institute of Medicine, US, Forum on Microbial Threats, ed.), pp. 81-91, National Academies Press.
49. Kaul R., et al. Biological factors that may contribute to regional and racial disparities in HIV prevalence. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 2011, 65:317-324.
50. Heffron R., et al. Use of hormonal contraceptives and risk of HIV-1 transmission: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2012, 12:19-26.
51. UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on AIDS) (2008) HIV Prevention Toolkit. http://hivpreventiontoolkit.unaids.org/support_pages/concurrent_partnerships.aspx.
52. United Nations Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 1992, United Nations.
53. Dovers S.R., Handmer J.W. Ignorance, the precautionary principle, and sustainability. Ambio 1995, 24:92-97.
54. Caldwell J., et al. The social context of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. Popul. Dev. Rev. 1989, 15:185-234.
55. The AIDS Epidemic: Social Dimensions of an Infectious Disease 1995, Westview. W. Rushing (Ed.).
56. Forster P. AIDS in Malawi: contemporary discourse and cultural continuities. African Studies 2001, 60:245-261.
57. Delius P., Glaser C. Sexual socialisation in South Africa: a historical perspective. African Studies 2001, 60:27-54.
58. Ford N. Cultural and developmental factors underlying the global pattern of the transmission of HIV/AIDS. Health and Development 1994, 83-96. Routledge. D. Philips, Y. Verhasselt (Eds.).
59. Shelton J.D. Why multiple sexual partners?. Lancet 2009, 374:367-369.
60. Sexual Behaviour and AIDS in the Developing World 1995, Taylor and Francis for the World Health Organization. J. Cleland, B. Ferry (Eds.).
61. UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on AIDS) (1999) Fact Sheet on Differences in HIV Spread in African Cities, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.
62. AIDS and the Ecology of Poverty 2006, Oxford University Press. E. Stillwaggon (Ed.).
63. Wellings K., et al. Sexual behaviour in context: a global perspective. Lancet 2006, 368:1706-1728.
64. Sawers L., Stillwaggon E. Concurrent sexual partnerships do not explain the HIV epidemics in Africa: a systematic review of the evidence. J. Int. AIDS Soc. 2010, 13:34.
65. Lurie M.N., Rosenthal S. Concurrent partnerships as a driver of the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa? The evidence is limited. AIDS Behav. 2010, 14:17-24. discussion 25-28.
66. The Debate over Concurrency 2012, American University. L. Sawers, E. Stillwaggon (Eds.).
67. Pickering J.M., et al. Aetiology of sexually transmitted infections and response to syndromic treatment in southwest Uganda. Sex. Transm. Dis. 2005, 91:488-493.
68. NIH (National Institutes of Health) (2012) Mucosal Environment and HIV Prevention (MEHP) (R01), US Department of Health and Human Services. http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-12-106.html.