HIV and helminth co-infection: Is deworming necessary?

Parasite Immunology

Volumn 28, Issue 11, 2006, Pages 605-612

  Borkow, G ^a   Bentwich, Z ^b  

^a Cupron Inc   (Israel)

^b BEN GURION UNIVERSITY OF THE NEGEV   (Israel)

Author keywords

Deworming; Helminths; HIV 1; Vaccination

Indexed keywords

CLONAL ANERGY; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; DEWORMING; EPIDEMIC; ERADICATION THERAPY; HELMINTHIASIS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNOMODULATION; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; INFECTION SENSITIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TH2 CELL; VIRUS PATHOGENESIS;

AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS; ANIMALS; ANTIPARASITIC AGENTS; HELMINTHIASIS; HUMANS; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST; PARASITIC DISEASES;

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; VERMES;

EID: 33750090063     PISSN: 01419838     EISSN: 13653024     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00918.x     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Bentwich Z, Kalinkovich A & Weisman Z. Immune activation is a dominant factor in the pathogenesis of African AIDS. Immunol Today 1995; 16: 187-191.
2. Bentwich Z, Weisman Z, Grossman Z, Galai N & Kalinkovich A. Pathogenesis of AIDS in Africa: lessons from the Ethiopian immigrants in Israel. Immunologist 1997; 5: 21-26.
3. Bentwich Z, Weisman Z, Moroz C, Bar-Yehuda S & Kalinkovich A. Immune dysregulation in Ethiopian immigrants in Israel: relevance to helminth infections? Clin Exp Immunol 1996; 103: 239-243.
4. Kalinkovich A, Weisman Z, Greenberg Z et al. Decreased CD4 and increased CD8 counts with T cell activation is associated with chronic helminth infection. Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 114: 414-421.
5. Borkow G, Weisman Z, Leng Q et al. Helminths, human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis. Scand J Infect Dis 2001; 33: 568-571.
6. Bentwich Z, Kalinkovich A, Weisman Z & Grossman Z. Immune activation in the context of HIV infection. Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 111: 1-2.
7. Bentwich Z, Kalinkovich A, Weisman Z, Borkow G, Beyers N & Beyers AD. Can eradication of helminthic infections change the face of AIDS and tuberculosis? Immunol Today 1999; 20: 485-487.
8. Borkow G & Bentwich Z. Eradication of helminthic infections may be essential for successful vaccination against HIV and tuberculosis. Bull World Health Organ 2000; 78: 1368-1369.
9. Borkow G & Bentwich Z. Host background immunity and human immunodeficiency virus protective vaccines, a major consideration for vaccine efficacy in Africa and in developing countries. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2002; 9: 505-507.
10. Loukas A & Prociv P. Immune responses in hookworm infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14: 689-703.
11. Maizels RM, Bundy DA, Selkirk ME, Smith DF & Anderson RM. Immunological modulation and evasion by helminth parasites in human populations. Nature 1993; 365: 797-805.
12. Malaquias LC, Falcao PL, Silveira AM et al. Cytokine regulation of human immune response to Schistosoma mansoni: analysis of the role of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 on peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses. Scand J Immunol 1997; 46: 393-398.
13. Nutman TB & Kumaraswami V. Regulation of the immune response in lymphatic filariasis: perspectives on acute and chronic infection with Wuchereria bancrofti in South India. Parasite Immunol 2001; 23: 389-399.
14. Yazdanbakhsh MBA & Maizels RM. Th2 responses without atopy: immunoregulation in chronic helminth infections and reduced allergic disease. Trends Immunol 2001; 22: 372-377.
15. Gallin M, Edmonds K, Ellner JJ et al. Cell-mediated immune responses in human infection with Onchocerca volvulus. J Immunol 1988; 140: 1999-2007.
16. van den Biggelaar AH, Grogan JL, Filie Y et al. Chronic schistosomiasis: dendritic cells generated from patients can overcome antigen-specific T cell hyporesponsiveness. J Infect Dis 2000; 182: 260-265.
17. Borkow G, Leng Q, Weisman Z et al. Chronic immune activation associated with intestinal helminth infections results in impaired signal transduction and anergy. J Clin Invest 2000; 106: 1053-1060.
18. Leng Q, Bentwich Z & Borkow G. Increased TGF-β, Cbl-b and CTLA-4 levels and immunosuppression in association with chronic immune activation. Int Immunol 2006; 18: 637-644.
19. Actor JK, Shirai M, Kullberg MC, Buller RM, Sher A & Berzofsky JA. Helminth infection results in decreased virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell and Th1 cytokine responses as well as delayed virus clearance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 948-952.
20. Sher A, Fiorentino D, Caspar P, Pearce E & Mosmann T. Production of IL-10 by CD4+ T lymphocytes correlates with down-regulation of Th1 cytokine synthesis in helminth infection. J Immunol 1991; 147: 2713-2716.
21. Sher A, Gazzinelli RT, Oswald IP et al. Role of T-cell derived cytokines in the downregulation of immune responses in parasitic and retroviral infection. Immunol Rev 1992; 127: 183-204.
22. Wolday D, Berhe N, Akuffo H & Britton S. Leishmania-HIV interaction: immunopathogenic mechanisms. Parasitol Today 1999; 15: 182-187.
23. Kalinkovich A, Borkow G, Weisman Z, Tsimanis A, Stein M & Bentwich Z. Increased CCR5 and CXCR4 expression in Ethiopians living in Israel: environmental and constitutive factors. Clin Immunol 2001; 100: 107-117.
24. Weisman Z, Kalinkovich A, Borkow G, Stein M, Greenberg Z & Bentwich Z. Infection by different HIV-1 subtypes (B and C) results in a similar immune activation profile despite distinct immune backgrounds. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999; 21: 157-163.
25. Kassu A, Tsegaye A, Wolday D et al. Role of incidental and/or cured intestinal parasitic infections on profile of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets and activation status in HIV-1 infected and uninfected adult Ethiopians. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 132: 113-119.
26. Else KJ & Grencis RK. Cellular immune responses to the murine nematode parasite Trichuris muris. I. Differential cytokine production during acute or chronic infection. Immunology 1991; 72: 508-513.
27. Elson LH, Shaw S, Van Lier RA & Nutman TB. T cell sub-population phenotypes in filarial infections: CD27 negativity defines a population greatly enriched for Th2 cells. Int Immunol 1994; 6: 1003-1009.
28. Leroy E, Baize S, Wahl G, Egwang TG & Georges AJ. Experimental infection of a nonhuman primate with Loa loa induces transient strong immune activation followed by peripheral unresponsiveness of helper T cells. Infect Immun 1997; 65: 1876-1882.
29. Martins-Filho OA, Cunha-Melo JR, Lambertucci JR et al. Clinical forms of human Schistosoma mansoni infection are associated with differential activation of T-cell subsets and costimulatory molecules. Dig Dis Sci 1999; 44: 570-577.
30. Soltys J, Goyal PK & Wakelin D. Cellular immune responses in mice infected with the intestinal nematode Trichuris muris. Exp Parasitol 1999; 92: 40-47.
31. Messele T, Abdulkadir M, Fontanet AL et al. Reduced naive and increased activated CD4 and CD8 cells in healthy adult Ethiopians compared with their Dutch counterparts. Clin Exp Immunol 1999; 115: 443-450.
32. Steel C & Nutman TB. CTLA-4 in filarial infections: implications for a role in diminished T cell reactivity. J Immunol 2003; 170: 1930-1938.
33. Kalinkovich A, Weisman Z, Leng Q et al. Increased CCR5 expression with decreased beta chemokine secretion in Ethiopians: relevance to AIDS in Africa. J Hum Virol 1999; 2: 283-289.
34. Shapira-Nahor O, Kalinkovich A, Weisman Z et al. Increased susceptibility to HIV-1 infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from chronically immune-activated individuals. AIDS 1998; 12: 1731-1733.
35. Doetze A, Satoguina J, Burchard G et al. Antigen-specific cellular hyporesponsiveness in a chronic human helminth infection is mediated by T(h)3/T(r)1-type cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta but not by a T(h)1 to T(h)2 shift. Int Immunol 2000; 12: 623-630.
36. Hoerauf A & Brattig N. Resistance and susceptibility in human onchocerciasis - beyond Th1 vs. Th2. Trends Parasitol 2002; 18: 25-31.
37. King CL, Mahanty S, Kumaraswami V et al. Cytokine control of parasite-specific anergy in human lymphatic filariasis. Preferential induction of a regulatory T helper type 2 lymphocyte subset. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 1667-1673.
38. King CL, Medhat A, Malhotra I et al. Cytokine control of parasite-specific anergy in human urinary schistosomiasis. IL-10 modulates lymphocyte reactivity. J Immunol 1996; 156: 4715-4721.
39. Mahanty S, Mollis SN, Ravichandran M et al. High levels of spontaneous and parasite antigen-driven interleukin-10 production are associated with antigen-specific hyporesponsiveness in human lymphatic filariasis. J Infect Dis 1996; 173: 769-773.
40. Gorelik L & Flavell RA. Transforming growth factor-beta in T-cell biology. Nat Rev Immunol 2002; 2: 46-53.
41. Williams ME, Caspar P, Oswald I et al. Vaccination routes that fail to elicit protective immunity against Schistosoma mansoni induce the production of TGF-beta, which down-regulates macrophage antiparasitic activity. J Immunol 1995; 154: 4693-4700.
42. Lee KM, Chuang E, Griffin M et al. Molecular basis of T cell inactivation by CTLA-4. Science 1998; 282: 2263-2266.
43. Liu YC & Gu H. Cbl and Cbl-b in T-cell regulation. Trends Immunol 2002; 23: 140-143.
44. Rudd CE & Schneider H. Lymphocyte signaling: Cbl sets the threshold for autoimmunity. Curr Biol 2000; 10: R344-R347.
45. Borkow G & Bentwich Z. Chronic immune activation associated with chronic helminthic and human immunodeficiency virus infections: role of hyporesponsiveness and anergy. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17: 1012-1030.
46. McKee AS & Pearce EJ. CD25+ CD4+ cells contribute to Th2 polarization during helminth infection by suppressing Th1 response development. J Immunol 2004; 173: 1224-1231.
47. Ayash-Rashkovsky M, Bentwich Z & Borkow G. TLR9 expression is related to immune activation but is impaired in individuals with chronic immune activation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 37: 2380-2394.
48. Gopinath R, Ostrowski M, Justement SJ, Fauci AS & Nutman TB. Filarial infections increase susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. J Infect Dis 2000; 182: 1804-1808.
49. Beasley NM, Tomkins AM, Hall A et al. The impact of population level deworming on the haemoglobin levels of schoolchildren in Tanga, Tanzania. Trop Med Health 1999; 4: 744-750.
50. Guyatt HL, Brooker S, Kihamia CM, Hall A & Bundy DA. Evaluation of efficacy of school-based anthelmintic treatments against anaemia in children in the United Republic of Tanzania. Bull World Health Organ 2001; 79: 695-703.
51. Wolday D, Mayaan S, Mariam ZG et al. Treatment of intestinal worms is associated with decreased HIV plasma viral load. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 31: 56-62.
52. Gallagher M, Malhotra I, Mungai PL et al. The effects of maternal helminth and malaria infections on mother-to-child HIV transmission. AIDS 2005; 19: 1849-1855.
53. Modjarrad K, Zulu I, Redden DT et al. Treatment of intestinal helminths does not reduce plasma concentrations of HIV-1 RNA in coinfected Zambian adults. J Infect Dis 2005; 192: 1277-1283.
54. Brown M, Kizza M, Watera C et al. Helminth infection is not associated with faster progression of HIV disease in coinfected adults in Uganda. J Infect Dis 2004; 190: 1869-1879.
55. Lawn SD, Karanja DM, Mwinzia P et al. The effect of treatment of schistosomiasis on blood plasma HIV-1 RNA concentration in coinfected individuals. AIDS 2000; 14: 2437-2443.
56. Hoffman IF, Jere CS, Taylor TE et al. The effect of Plasmodium falciparum malaria on HIV-1 RNA blood plasma concentration. AIDS 1999; 13: 487-494.
57. Jobe O, McAdam K & Berry N. Plasma viral load in HIV-1 and HIV-2 co-infected TB patients before and after TB treatment. 1998; XII International Conference on AIDS.
58. Lawn SD, Butera ST & Folks TM. Contribution of immune activation to the pathogenesis and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14: 753-777.
59. Mwapasa V, Rogerson SJ, Molyneux ME et al. The effect of Plasmodium falciparum malaria on peripheral and placental HIV-1 RNA concentrations in pregnant Malawian women. AIDS 2004; 18: 1051-1059.
60. Chenine AL, Buckley KA, Li PL et al. Schistosoma mansoni infection promotes SHIV clade C replication in rhesus macaques. AIDS 2005; 19: 1793-1797.
61. Jaffar S, Grant AD, Whitworth J, Smith PG & Whittle H. The natural history of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections in adults in Africa: a literature review. Bull World Health Organ 2004; 82: 462-469.
62. Brown M, Mawa PA, Joseph S et al. Treatment of Schistosoma mansoni infection increases helminth-specific type 2 cytokine responses and HIV-1 loads in coinfected Ugandan adults. J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1648-1657.
63. Kallestrup P, Zinyama R, Gomo E et al. Schistosomiasis and HIV-1 infection in rural Zimbabwe: implications of coinfection for excretion of eggs. J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1311-1320.
64. Ayash-Rashkovsky M, Weisman Z, Zlotnikov S, Raz E, Bentwich Z & Borkow G. Induction of antigen-specific Th1-biased immune responses by plasmid DNA in schistosomainfected mice with a preexistent dominant Th2 immune profile. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 282: 1169-1176.
65. Ayash-Rashkovsky M, Weisman Z, Diveley J, Moss RB, Bentwich Z & Borkow G. Generation of Th1 immune responses to inactivated, gp120-depleted HIV-1 in mice with a dominant Th2 biased immune profile via immunostimulatory [correction of imunostimulatory] oligonucleotides - relevance to AIDS vaccines in developing countries. Vaccine 2002; 20: 2684-2692.
66. Pearce EJ, Caspar P, Grzych JM, Lewis FA & Sher A. Down-regulation of Th1 cytokine production accompanies induction of Th2 responses by a parasitic helminth, Schistosoma mansoni. J Exp Med 1991; 173: 159-166.
67. Pearlman E, Kazura JW, Hazlett FE & Boom WH. Modulation of murine cytokine responses to mycobacterial antigens by helminth-induced T helper 2 cell responses. J Immunol 1993; 151: 4857-4864.
68. Elias D, Wolday D, Akuffo H, Petros B, Bronner U & Britton S. Effect of deworming on human T cell responses to mycobacterial antigens in helminth-exposed individuals before and after bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 123: 219-225.
69. McElroy MD, Elrefaei M, Jones N et al. Coinfection with Schistosoma mansoni is associated with decreased HIV-specific cytolysis and increased IL-10 production. J Immunol 2005; 174: 5119-5123.
70. McMichael AJ & Rowland-Jones SL. Cellular immune responses to HIV. Nature 2001; 410: 980-987.
71. Abbas AK, Murphy KM & Sher A. Functional diversity of helper T lymphocytes. Nature 1996; 383: 787-793.