Statins and noncardiac vascular disease

Current Opinion in Cardiology

Volumn 27, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 392-397

  Paraskevas, Kosmas I ^a   Wierzbicki, Anthony S ^b   Mikhailidis, Dimitri P ^c  

^a KLINIKUM NÜRNBERG   (Germany)

^b ST THOMAS HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

abdominal aortic aneurysm; artery stenosis; carotid; peripheral arterial disease; renal artery stenosis; statins

Indexed keywords

ANGIOTENSIN 2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; CREATININE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; EZETIMIBE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; PLACEBO; PROSTAGLANDIN E RECEPTOR; ROSUVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN;

ABDOMINAL AORTA ANEURYSM; CAROTID ARTERY DISEASE; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; CLAUDICATION; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTRAST INDUCED NEPHROPATHY; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; DENDRITIC CELL; DISEASE COURSE; DYSLIPIDEMIA; FOLLOW UP; GRAFT PATENCY; HEART DISEASE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY ARTERY STENOSIS; KIDNEY TUBULE NECROSIS; LIMB SALVAGE; META ANALYSIS; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MULTIVARIATE LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS; NEPHROSCLEROSIS; NONHUMAN; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PERIPHERAL OCCLUSIVE ARTERY DISEASE; POPULATION BASED CASE CONTROL STUDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; REVIEW; SURGICAL MORTALITY;

AORTIC ANEURYSM, ABDOMINAL; CAROTID ARTERY DISEASES; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE; RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84862290189     PISSN: 02684705     EISSN: 15317080     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/HCO.0b013e328353add9     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Liapis CD, Bell PR, Mikhailidis D, et al. ESVS guidelines. Invasive treatment for carotid stenosis: Indications, techniques. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2009; 37:1-19.
2. Liapis CD, Bell PF, Mikhailidis DP, et al. ESVS Guidelines: Section A -prevention in patients with carotid stenosis. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2010; 8:673-681.
3. Expert Panel on Detection Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). JAMA 2001; 285:2486-2497.
4. Graham I, Atar D, Borch-Johnsen K, et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: Full text. Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2007; 14 (Suppl 2):S1-S113.
5. Ryden L, Standl E, Bartnik M, et al. Guidelines on diabetes, prediabetes, and cardiovascular diseases: Axecutive summary. The Task Force on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J 2007; 28:88-136.
6. Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: A meta-Analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet 2010; 376:1670-1681.
7. Paraskevas KI, Stathopoulos V, Mikhailidis DP. Pleiotropic effects of statins: Implications for a wide range of diseases. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2008; 6:237-239.
8. Katsiki N, Wierzbicki AS, Mikhailidis DP. Pulmonary arterial hypertension and statins: An update. Curr Opin Cardiol 2011; 26:322-326.
9. Paraskevas KI, Liapis CD, Hamilton G, Mikhailidis DP. Can statins reduce perioperative morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing noncardiac vascular surgery? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2006; 32:286-293.
10. Stoner M, Defreitas DJ. Process of care for carotid endarterectomy: Perioperative medical management. J Vasc Surg 2010; 52:223-231.
11. Paraskevas KI, Veith FJ, Liapis CD, Mikhailidis DP. Perioperative/ periprocedural effects of statin treatment for patients undergoing vascular surgery or endovascular procedures: An update. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2012. [Epub ahead of print]
12. Perler BA. Should statins be given routinely before carotid endarterectomy? Perspect Vasc Surg Endovasc Ther 2007; 19:240-245.
13. Li ZY, Tang TY, Jiang F, et al. Reduction in arterial wall strain with aggressive lipid-lowering therapy in patients with carotid artery disease. Circ J 2011; 75:1486-1492.
14. Dong L, Kerwin WS, Chen H, et al. Carotid artery atherosclerosis: Affect of intensive lipid therapy on the vasa vasorum - Evaluation by using dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 2011; 260:224-231.
15. Nakamura K, Sasaki T, Cheng XW, et al. Statin prevents plaque disruption in apoE-knockout mouse model through pleiotropic effect on acute inflammation. Atherosclerosis 2009; 206:355-361.
16. Gomez-Hernandez A, Sanchez-Galan E, Martin-Ventura JL, et al. Atorvastatin reduces the expression of prostaglandin E2 receptors in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques and monocytic cells: Potential implications for plaque stabilization. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2006; 47:60-69.
17. Tahara N, Kai H, Ishibashi M, et al. Simvastatin attenuates plaque inflammation: Avaluation by fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48:1825-1831.
18. Koutouzis M, Paraskevas KI, Rallidis LS, et al. Statin treatment, carotid atherosclerotic plaque macrophage infiltration and circulating inflammatory markers. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2008; 2:110-114.
19. Kadoglou NP, Sailer N, Moumtzouoglou A, et al. Aggressive lipid-lowering is more effective than moderate lipid-lowering treatment in carotid plaque stabilization. J Vasc Surg 2010; 51:114-121.
20. Sillesen H. Statins and their use in preventing carotid disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2009; 11:309-314.
21. Spence JD. Asymptomatic carotid stenosis: Mainly a medical condition. Vascular 2010; 18:123-126.
22. Paraskevas KI, Mikhailidis DP, Moore WS, Veith FJ. Optimal contemporary management of symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Vascular 2011; 19:117-120.
23. Verzini F, De RP, Parlani G, et al. Effects of statins on early and late results of carotid stenting. J Vasc Surg 2011; 53:71-79.
24. Groschel K, Ernemann U, Schulz JB, et al. Statin therapy at carotid angioplasty and stent placement: Affect on procedure-related stroke, myocardial infarction, and death. Radiology 2006; 240:145-151.
25. Jaschke B, Michaelis C, Milz S, et al. Local statin therapy differentially interferes with smooth muscle and endothelial cell proliferation and reduces neointima on a drug-eluting stent platform. Cardiovasc Res 2005; 68:483-492.
26. Kertai MD, Boersma E, Westerhout CM, et al. Association between long-term statin use and mortality after successful abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Am J Med 2004; 116:96-103.
27. Steinmetz EF, Buckley C, Shames ML, et al. Treatment with simvastatin suppresses the development of experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms in normal and hypercholesterolemic mice. Ann Surg 2005; 241:92-101.
28. Kalyanasundaram A, Elmore JR, Manazer JR, et al. Simvastatin suppresses experimental aortic aneurysm expansion. J Vasc Surg 2006; 43:117-124.
29. Sukhija R, Aronow WS, Sandhu R, et al. Mortality and size of abdominal aortic aneurysm at long-term follow-up of patients not treated surgically and treated with and without statins. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97:279-280.
30. Schouten O, Van Laanen JH, Boersma E, et al. Statins are associated with a reduced infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm growth. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2006; 32:21-26.
31. Abisi S, Burnand KG, Humphries J, et al. Effect of statins on proteolytic activity in the wall of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Br J Surg 2008; 95:333-337.
32. Lim CS, Shalhoub J, Gohel MS, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases in vascular disease: A potential therapeutic target? Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2010; 8:75-85.
33. Schweitzer M, Mitmaker B, Obrand D, et al. Atorvastatin modulates matrix metalloproteinase expression, activity, and signaling in abdominal aortic aneurysms. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2010; 44:116-122.
34. Schweitzer M, Mitmaker B, Obrand D, et al. Atorvastatin mediates increases in intralesional BAX and BAK expression in human end-stage abdominal aortic aneurysms. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 87:915-922.
35. Kajimoto K, Miyauchi K, Kasai T, et al. Short-term 20-mg atorvastatin therapy reduces key inflammatory factors including c-Jun N-terminal kinase and dendritic cells and matrix metalloproteinase expression in human abdominal aortic aneurysmal wall. Atherosclerosis 2009; 206:505-511.
36. Schlosser FJ, Tangelder MJ, Verhagen HJ, et al. Growth predictors and prognosis of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 2008; 47:1127-1133.
37. Karrowni W, Dughman S, Hajj GP, Miller FJ Jr. Statin therapy reduces growth of abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Investig Med 2011; 59:1239-1243.
38. Saratzis A, Kitas GD, Saratzis N, Melas N. Can statins suppress the development of abdominal aortic aneurysms? A review of the current evidence. Angiology 2010; 61:137-144.
39. Paraskevas KI, Andrikopoulou M, Anastasakis E, et al. Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms: A possible pathway for the effect of statins? Angiology 2010; 61:226-227.
40. Guessous I, Periard D, Lorenzetti D, et al. The efficacy of pharmacotherapy for decreasing the expansion rate of abdominal aortic aneurysms: A systematic review and meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1895.
41. Takagi H, Matsui M, Umemoto T. A meta-Analysis of clinical studies of statins for prevention of abdominal aortic aneurysm expansion. J Vasc Surg 2010; 52:1675-1681.
42. Twine CP, Williams IM. Systematic review and meta-Analysis of the effects of statin therapy on abdominal aortic aneurysms. Br J Surg 2011; 98:346-353.
43. Leurs LJ, Visser P, Laheij RJ, et al. Statin use is associated with reduced all-cause mortality after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Vascular 2006; 14:1-8.
44. Moulakakis KG, Matoussevitch V, Borgonio A, et al. Evidence that statins protect renal function during endovascular repair of AAAs. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2010; 40:608-615.
45. Welten GM, Chonchol M, Hoeks SE, et al. Statin therapy is associated with improved outcomes in vascular surgery patients with renal impairment. Am Heart J 2007; 154:954-961.
46. McNally MM, Agle SC, Parker FM, et al. Preoperative statin therapy is associated with improved outcomes and resource utilization in patients undergoing aortic aneurysm repair. J Vasc Surg 2010; 51:1390-1396.
47. Gandhi S, Weinberg I, Margey R, et al. Comprehensive medical management of peripheral arterial disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2011; 54:2-13.
48. McDermott MM, Guralnik JM, Greenland P, et al. Statin use and leg functioning in patients with and without lower-extremity peripheral arterial disease. Circulation 2003; 107:757-761.
49. Mohler ER III, Hiatt WR, Creager MA. Cholesterol reduction with atorvastatin improves walking distance in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Circulation 2003; 108:1481-1486.
50. Giri J, McDermott MM, Greenland P, et al. Statin use and functional decline in patients with and without peripheral arterial disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47:998-1004.
51. Momsen AH, Jensen MB, Norager CB, et al. Drug therapy for improving walking distance in intermittent claudication: A systematic review and metaanalysis of robust randomised controlled studies. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2009; 38:463-474.
52. Feringa HH, Van Waning VH, Bax JJ, et al. Cardioprotective medication is associated with improved survival in patients with peripheral arterial disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47:1182-1187.
53. Feringa HH, Karagiannis SE, Van Waning VH, et al. The effect of intensified lipid-lowering therapy on long-term prognosis in patients with peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg 2007; 45:936-943.
54. Coppola G, Novo S. Statins and peripheral arterial disease: Affects on claudication, disease progression, and prevention of cardiovascular events. Arch Med Res 2007; 38:479-488.
55. Heart Protection Study Group. Randomized trial of the effects of cholesterollowering with simvastatin on peripheral vascular and other major vascular outcomes in 20 536 people with peripheral arterial disease and other high-risk conditions. J Vasc Surg 2007; 45:645-654.
56. Pasqualini L, Schillaci G, Pirro M, et al. Renal dysfunction predicts long-term mortality in patients with lower extremity arterial disease. J Intern Med 2007; 262:668-677.
57. Al-Omran M, Mamdani MM, Lindsay TF, et al. Suboptimal use of statin therapy in elderly patients with atherosclerosis: A population-based study. J Vasc Surg 2008; 48:607-612.
58. Youssef F, Gupta P, Seifalian AM, et al. The effect of short-term treatment with simvastatin on renal function in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Angiology 2004; 55:53-62.
59. Alnaeb ME, Youssef F, Mikhailidis DP, Hamilton G. Short-term lipid-lowering treatment with atorvastatin improves renal function but not renal blood flow indices in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Angiology 2006; 57:65-71.
60. Paraskevas KI, Giannoukas AD, Mikhailidis DP. Renal function impairment in peripheral arterial disease: An important parameter that should not be neglected. Ann Vasc Surg 2009; 23:690-699.
61. Hoeks SE, Scholte OP, Reimer WJ, et al. Medication underuse during longterm follow-up in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2009; 2:338-343.
62. Aronow WS, Fleg JL, Pepine CJ, et al. ACCF/AHA 2011 expert consensus document on hypertension in the elderly: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents. Circulation 2011; 123:2434-2506.
63. Gueler F, Rong S, Park JK, et al. Postischemic acute renal failure is reduced by short-term statin treatment in a rat model. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13:2288-2298.
64. Chade AR, Zhu X, Mushin OP, et al. Simvastatin promotes angiogenesis and prevents microvascular remodeling in chronic renal ischemia. FASEB J 2006; 20:1706-1708.
65. Cheung CM, Patel A, Shaheen N, et al. The effects of statins on the progression of atherosclerotic renovascular disease. Nephron Clin Pract 2007; 107:c35-c42.
66. Silva VS, Martin LC, Franco RJ, et al. Pleiotropic effects of statins may improve outcomes in atherosclerotic renovascular disease. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21:1163-1168.
67. Corriere MA, Edwards MS, Pearce JD, et al. Restenosis after renal artery angioplasty and stenting: Incidence and risk factors. J Vasc Surg 2009; 50:813-819.
68. Paraskevas KI, Hamilton G, Cross JM, Mikhailidis DP. Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: Association with emerging vascular risk factors. Nephron Clin Pract 2008; 108:c56-c66.
69. Fellstrom BC, Jardine AG, Schmieder RE, et al. Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2009; 360:1395-1407.
70. Wanner C, Krane V, Marz W, et al. Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:238-248.
71. Baigent C, Landray MJ, Reith C, et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2011; 377:2181-2192.
72. Genest J, McPherson R, Frohlich J, et al. 2009 Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease in the adult: 2009 recommendations. Can J Cardiol 2009; 25:567-579.
73. Reiner Z, Catapano AL, De BG, et al. ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J 2011; 32:1769-1818.
74. Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Florentin M, et al. Statin loading in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndromes: A new pleiotropic effect? Curr Med Res Opin 2010; 26:839-842.
75. Kim JS, Kim J, Choi D, et al. Efficacy of high-dose atorvastatin loading before primary percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: The STATIN STEMI trial. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2010; 3:332-339.
76. Hao PP, Chen YG, Wang JL, et al. Meta-Analysis of the role of high-dose statins administered prior to percutaneous coronary intervention in reducing major adverse cardiac events in patients with coronary artery disease. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2010; 37:496-500.
77. Pappy R, Stavrakis S, Hennebry TA, Abu-Fadel MS. Effect of statin therapy on contrast-induced nephropathy after coronary angiography: A meta-Analysis. Int J Cardiol 2011; 151:348-353.
78. Sadowitz B, Maier KG,Gahtan V. Basic science review: Statin therapy - part I. The pleiotropic effects of statins in cardiovascular disease. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2010; 44:241-251.
79. Paraskevas KI, Mikhailidis DP, Veith FJ. Optimal statin type and dosage for vascular patients. J Vasc Surg 2011; 53:837-844.
80. Ara R, Pandor A, Stevens J, et al. Prescribing high-dose lipid-lowering therapy early to avoid subsequent cardiovascular events: Is this a cost-effective strategy? Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2011. [Epub ahead of print]
81. Tziomalos K, Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP. Statin discontinuation: An underestimated risk? Curr Med Res Opin 2008; 24:3059-3062.