The representation of self and person knowledge in the medial prefrontal cortex

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 451-470

  Wagner, Dylan D ^a   Haxby, James V ^a   Heatherton, Todd F ^a  

^a Dartmouth College   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84862259353     PISSN: 19395078     EISSN: 19395086     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1183     Document Type: Review

References (209)

1. Festinger L. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford: Stanford University Press; 1957.
2. Heider F. The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. New York: Wiley; 1958.
3. Heider F. On social cognition. Am Psychol 1967, 22: 25-31.
4. Lewin K. In: Cartwright D, ed. Field Theory in Social Science; Selected Theoretical Papers. New York: Harper & Row; 1951.
5. Fiske ST, Taylor SE. Social Cognition. New York: Random House; 1984.
6. Markus H, Zajonc RB. The cognitive perspective in social psychology. In: Lindzey G, Aronson E, eds. The Handbook of Social Psychology. New York: Random House; 1985, 137-230.
7. Asch SE. Forming impressions of personality. J Abnorm Soc Psychol 1946, 41:258-290.
8. Asch SE. Social Psychology. New York: Prentice-Hall; 1952.
9. Zajonc RB. Cognition and social cognition: a historical perspective. In: Festinger L, ed. Retrospections on Social Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press; 1980.
10. Carroll JS, Payne JW. Cognition and Social Behavior. Hillsdale: Erlbaum; 1976.
11. Landman J, Manis M. Social cognition: some historical and theoretical perspectives. In: Leonard B, ed. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. San Diego: Academic Press; 1983, 49-123.
12. Taylor SE. The interface of cognitive and social psychology. In: Harvey J, ed. Cognition, Social Behavior, and the Environment. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1981.
13. Wyer RS Jr, Srull TK. Human cognition in its social context. Psychol Rev 1986, 93:322-359.
14. Klein SB, Kihlstrom JF. Elaboration, organization, and the self-reference effect in memory. J Exp Psychol Gen 1986, 115:26-38.
15. Klein SB, Loftus J. The nature of self-referent encoding: the contributions of elaborative and organizational processes. J Pers Soc Psychol 1988, 55:5-11.
16. Bodenhausen GV, Todd AR. Social cognition. Wiley Interdisci Rev Cogn Sci 2010, 1:160-171.
17. Bem DJ. Self-perception theory. In: Leonard B, ed. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. San Diego: Academic Press; 1972, 1-62.
18. Markus H. Self-schemata and processing information about the self. J Pers Soc Psychol 1977, 35:63-78.
19. Bargh JA, Bond RN, Lombardi WJ, Tota ME. The additive nature of chronic and temporary sources of construct accessibility. J Pers Soc Psychol 1986, 50: 869-878.
20. Bargh JA, Thein RD. Individual construct accessibility, person memory, and the recall-judgment link. The case of information overload. J Pers Soc Psychol 1985, 49:1129-1146.
21. Fong GT, Markus H. Self-schema and judgment about others. Soc Cogn 1982, 1:191-204.
22. Higgins ET, King GA, Mavin GH. Individual construct accessibility and subjective impressions and recall. J Pers Soc Psychol 1982, 43:35-47.
23. Markus H, Smith J, Moreland RL. Role of the self-concept in the perception of others. J Pers Soc Psychol 1985, 49:1494-1512.
24. Catrambone R, Beike D, Niedenthal P. Is the self-concept a habitual referent in judgments of similarity? Psychol Sci 1996, 7:158-163.
25. Srull TK, Gaelick L. General principles and individual differences in the self as a habitual reference point: An examination of self-other judgments of similarity. Soc Cogn 1983, 2:108-121.
26. Hull JG, Levy AS. The organizational functions of the self: an alternative to the Duval and Wicklund Model of self-awareness. J Pers Soc Psychol 1979, 37: 756-768.
27. Rogers TB, Kuiper NA, Kirker WS. Self-reference and the encoding of personal information. J Pers Soc Psychol 1977, 35:677-688.
28. Bower GH, Gilligan SG. Remembering information related to one's self. J Res Pers 1979, 13:420-432.
29. Ferguson TJ, Rule BG, Carlson D. Memory for personally relevant information. J Pers Soc Psychol 1983, 44: 251-261.
30. Kuiper NA, Rogers TB. Encoding of personal information: self-other differences. J Pers Soc Psychol 1979, 37:499-514.
31. Symons CS, Johnson BT. The self-reference effect in memory: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 1997, 121: 371-394.
32. Keenan JM, Baillet SD. Memory for personally and socially significant events. Atten Perform 1980, 8: 651-669.
33. Lord CG. Schemas and images as memory aids: two modes of processing social information. J Pers Soc Psychol 1980, 38:257-269.
34. Maki RH, McCaul KD. The effects of self-reference versus other reference on the recall of traits and nouns. Bull Psychon Soc 1985, 23:169-172.
35. Greenwald AG, Banaji MR. The self as a memory system: powerful, but ordinary. J Pers Soc Psychol 1989, 57:41-54.
36. Kihlstrom JF, Klein SB. The self as a knowledge structure. Handbook of Social Cognition, Basic Processes, vol 1. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1994, 153-208.
37. Brenner M. The next-in-line effect. J Verb Learn Verb Behav 1973, 12:320-323.
38. Brenner M. Memory and Interpersonal Relations. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Michigan, 1976.
39. Aron A, Aron EN, Smollan D. Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. J Pers Soc Psychol 1992, 63:596-612.
40. Aron A, Aron EN, Tudor M, Nelson G. Close relationships as including other in the self. J Pers Soc Psychol 1991, 60:241-253.
41. Mashek DJ, Aron A, Boncimino M. Confusions of self with close others. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2003, 29: 382-392.
42. Taylor SE, Brown JD. Illusion and well-being: a social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychol Bull 1988, 103:193-210.
43. Brown JD. Evaluations of self and others: self-enhancement biases in social judgments. Soc Cogn 1986, 4:353-376.
44. Dunning D, Meyerowitz JA, Holzberg AD. Ambiguity and self-evaluation: the role of idiosyncratic trait definitions in self-serving assessments of ability. J Pers Soc Psychol 1989, 57:1082-1090.
45. Kruger J, Dunning D. Unskilled and unaware of it: how difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments. J Pers Soc Psychol 1999, 77:1121-1134.
46. Murray SL, Holmes JG, Griffin DW. The self-fulfilling nature of positive illusions in romantic relationships: love is not blind, but prescient. J Pers Soc Psychol 1996, 71:1155-1180.
47. Taylor SE, Koivumaki JH. The perception of self and others: acquaintanceship, affect, and actor-observer differences. J Pers Soc Psychol 1976, 33:403-408.
48. Jones EE, Davis KE. From acts to dispositions the attribution process in person perception. In: Leonard B, ed. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Academic Press; 1966, 219-266.
49. Jones EE, Harris VA. The attribution of attitudes. J Exp Soc Psychol 1967, 3:1-24.
50. Gordon SE, Wyer RS. Person memory: category-set-size effects on the recall of a person's behaviors. J Pers Soc Psychol 1987, 53:648-662.
51. Klein SB, Loftus J. Behavioral experience and trait judgments about the self. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 1993, 19:740-745.
52. Klein SB, Loftus J, Trafton JG, Fuhrman RW. Use of exemplars and abstractions in trait judgments: a model of trait knowledge about the self and others. J Pers Soc Psychol 1992, 63:739-753.
53. Winter L, Uleman JS. When are social judgments made? Evidence for the spontaneousness of trait inferences. J Pers Soc Psychol 1984, 47:237-252.
54. Hamilton DL, Katz LB, Leirer VO. Cognitive representation of personality impressions: organizational processes in first impression formation. J Pers Soc Psychol 1980, 39:1050-1063.
55. Hamilton DL, Katz LB, Leirer VO. Organizational processes in impression formation. Person Memory: The Cognitive Basis of Social Perception. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1980, 121-153.
56. Hamilton DL. Cognitive representations of persons. Soc Cogn Ontario Symp 1981, 1:135-159.
57. Srull TK, Wyer RS Jr. Person memory and judgment. Psychol Rev 1989, 96:58-82.
58. Wyer RS Jr, Bodenhausen GV, Srull TK. The cognitive representation of persons and groups and its effect on recall and recognition memory. J Exp Soc Psychol 1984, 20:445-469.
59. Klein SB, Loftus J. The role of abstract and exemplar-based knowledge in self-judgments: Implications for a cognitive model of the self. Adv Soc Cogn 1990, 3: 131-139.
60. Klein SB, Lax ML. The unanticipated resilience of trait self-knowledge in the face of neural damage. Memory 2010, 18:918-948.
61. Klein SB, Loftus J, Kihlstrom JF. Self-knowledge of an amnesic patient: toward a neuropsychology of personality and social psychology. J Exp Psychol Gen 1996, 125:250-260.
62. Tulving E. Self-knowledge of an amnesic individual is represented abstractly. In: Srull TK, Wyer RS Jr, eds. The Mental Representation of Trait and Autobiographical Knowledge about the Self. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1993.
63. Johnson MK, Kim JK, Risse G. Do alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome patients acquire affective reactions? J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 1985, 11:22-36.
64. Andersen SM, Chen S. The relational self: an interpersonal social-cognitive theory. Psychol Rev 2002, 109:619-645.
65. Andersen SM, Glassman NS, Chen S, Cole SW. Transference in social perception: the role of chronic accessibility in significant-other representations. J Pers Soc Psychol 1995, 69:41-57.
66. Chen S, Andersen SM. Relationships from the past in the present: significant-other representations and transference in interpersonal life. In: Mark PZ, ed. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. San Diego: Academic Press; 1999, 123-190.
67. Uleman JS. Spontaneous versus intentional inferences in impression formation. In: Chaiken S, Trope Y, eds. Dual-process Theories in Social Psychology. New York: Guilford; 1999, 141-160.
68. Todorov A, Uleman JS. Spontaneous trait inferences are bound to actors' faces: evidence from a false recognition paradigm. J Pers Soc Psychol 2002, 83: 1051-1065.
69. Todorov A, Uleman JS. The efficiency of binding spontaneous trait inferences to actors' faces. J Exp Soc Psychol 2003, 39:549-562.
70. Todorov A, Uleman JS. The person reference process in spontaneous trait inferences. J Pers Soc Psychol 2004, 87:482-493.
71. Bargh JA. The four horsemen of automaticity: awareness, efficiency, intention, and control in social cognition. In: Wyer RS Jr, Srull TK, eds. Handbook of Social Cognition. Hillsdale: Erlbaum; 1994.
72. Carlston DE, Skowronski JJ. Savings in the relearning of trait information as evidence for spontaneous inference generation. J Pers Soc Psychol 1994, 66: 840-856.
73. Downing PE, Jiang Y, Shuman M, Kanwisher N. A cortical area selective for visual processing of the human body. Science 2001, 293:2470-2473.
74. Gobbini MI, Haxby JV. Neural systems for recognition of familiar faces. Neuropsychologia 2007, 45:32-41.
75. Haxby JV, Hoffman EA, Gobbini MI. The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends Cogn Sci 2000, 4:223-233.
76. Whalen PJ, Davis FC, Oler JA, Kim H, Kim JM, Neta M. Human amygdala responses to facial expressions of emotion. In: Phelps EA, Whalen PJ, eds. The Human Amygdala. New York: Guilford Press; 2009.
77. Puce A, Perrett D. Electrophysiology and brain imaging of biological motion. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2003, 358:435-445.
78. Lamm C, Decety J, Singer T. Meta-analytic evidence for common and distinct neural networks associated with directly experienced pain and empathy for pain. Neuroimage 2011, 54:2492-2502.
79. Singer T, Lamm C. The social neuroscience of empathy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009, 1156:81-96.
80. Saxe R, Carey S, Kanwisher N. Understanding other minds: linking developmental psychology and functional neuroimaging. Annu Rev Psychol 2004, 55: 87-124.
81. Saxe R, Kanwisher N. People thinking about thinking people. The role of the temporo-parietal junction in "theory of mind". Neuroimage 2003, 19:1835-1842.
82. Eisenberger NI, Lieberman MD, Williams KD. Does rejection hurt? an FMRI study of social exclusion. Science 2003, 302:290-292.
83. Powers KE, Wagner DD, Norris CJ, Heatherton TF. Socially excluded individuals fail to recruit medial prefrontal cortex for negative social scenes. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2011.
84. Somerville LH, Heatherton TF, Kelley WM. Anterior cingulate cortex responds differentially to expectancy violation and social rejection. Nat Neurosci 2006, 9: 1007-1008.
85. Heatherton TF, Wagner DD. Cognitive neuroscience of self-regulation failure. Trends Cogn Sci 2011, 15: 132-139.
86. Wagner DD, Heatherton TF. Giving in to temptation: the emerging cognitive neuroscience of self-regulatory failure. In: Baumeister RF, Vohs KD, eds. The Handbook of Self-Regulation. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press; 2010.
87. Heatherton TF. Neuroscience of self and self-regulation. Annu Rev Psychol 2011, 62:363-390.
88. Mitchell JP, Heatherton TF. Components of a social brain. In: Gazzaniga MS, ed. Cognitive Neurosciences IV. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 2009, 951-958.
89. Amodio DM, Frith CD. Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition. Nature Rev Neurosci 2006, 7:268-277.
90. Forbes CE, Grafman J. The role of the human prefrontal cortex in social cognition and moral judgment. Annu Rev Neurosci 2010, 33:299-324.
91. Mitchell JP. Social psychology as a natural kind. Trends Cogn Sci 2009, 13:246-251.
92. Adolphs R. The social brain: neural basis of social knowledge. Annu Rev Psychol 2009, 60:693-716.
93. Gallagher HL, Frith CD. Functional imaging of 'theory of mind'. Trends Cogn Sci 2003, 7:77-83.
94. Haxby JV, Hoffman EA, Gobbini MI. Human neural systems for face recognition and social communication. Biol Psychiatry 2002, 51:59-67.
95. Van Overwalle F. Social cognition and the brain: a meta-analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 2009, 30:829-858.
96. Van Overwalle F. A dissociation between social mentalizing and general reasoning. NeuroImage 2011, 54: 1589-1599.
97. Denny BT, Kober H, Wager TD, Ochsner K. A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of self and other judgments reveals a spatial gradient for mentalizing in medial prefrontal cortex. J Cogn Neurosci, 2012. In Press.
98. Lacadie CM, Fulbright RK, Rajeevan N, Constable RT, Papademetris X. More accurate Talairach coordinates for neuroimaging using nonlinear registration. NeuroImage 2008, 42:717-725.
99. Heatherton TF, Macrae CN, Kelley WM. What the social brain sciences can tell us about the self. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2004, 13:190-193.
100. Macrae CN, Kelley WM, Heatherton TF. A self less ordinary: the medial prefrontal cortex and you. In: Gazzaniga MS, ed. Cognitive Neurosciences III. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 2004, 1067-1076.
101. Buckner RL, Kelley WM, Petersen SE. Frontal cortex contributes to human memory formation. Nature Neurosci 1999, 2:311-314.
102. Wagner AD, Schacter DL, Rotte M, Koutstaal W, Maril A, Dale AM, Rosen BR, Buckner RL. Building memories: remembering and forgetting of verbal experiences as predicted by brain activity. Science 1998, 281:1188-1191.
103. Craik FIM, Moroz TM, Moscovitch M, Stuss DT, Winocur G, Tulving E, Kapur S. In search of the self: a positron emission tomography study. Psychol Sci 1999, 10:26-34.
104. Kelley WM, Macrae CN, Wyland CL, Caglar S, Inati S, Heatherton TF. Finding the self? an event-related fMRI study. J Cogn Neurosci 2002, 14:785-794.
105. Johnson SC, Baxter LC, Wilder LS, Pipe JG, Heiserman JE, Prigatano GP. Neural correlates of self-reflection. Brain 2002, 125(Pt 8):1808-1814.
106. Macrae CN, Moran JM, Heatherton TF, Banfield JF, Kelley WM. Medial prefrontal activity predicts memory for self. Cereb Cortex 2004, 14:647-654.
107. Fossati P, Hevenor SJ, Graham SJ, Grady C, Keightley ML, Craik F, Mayberg H. In search of the emotional self: an fMRI study using positive and negative emotional words. Am J Psychiatry 2003, 160:1938-1945.
108. Fossati P, Hevenor SJ, Lepage M, Graham SJ, Grady C, Keightleya ML, Craika F, Mayberga H. Distributed self in episodic memory: neural correlates of successful retrieval of self-encoded positive and negative personality traits. Neuroimage 2004, 22:1596-1604.
109. Moran JM, Macrae CN, Heatherton TF, Wyland CL, Kelley WM. Neuroanatomical evidence for distinct cognitive and affective components of self. J Cogn Neurosci 2006, 18:1586-1594.
110. Moran JM, Heatherton TF, Kelley WM. Modulation of cortical midline structures by implicit and explicit self-relevance evaluation. Soc Neurosci 2009, 4: 197-211.
111. Krienen FM, Tu PC, Buckner RL. Clan mentality: evidence that the medial prefrontal cortex responds to close others. J Neurosci 2010, 30:13906-13915.
112. Moran JM, Lee SM, Gabrieli JDE. Dissociable neural systems supporting knowledge about human character and appearance in ourselves and others. J Cogn Neurosci 2010, 23:2222-2230.
113. Zhu Y, Zhang L, Fan J, Han S. Neural basis of cultural influence on self-representation. Neuroimage 2007, 34:1310-1316.
114. Heatherton TF, Wyland CL, Macrae CN, Demos KE, Denny BT, Kelley WM. Medial prefrontal activity differentiates self from close others. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2006, 1:18-25.
115. Benoit RG, Gilbert SJ, Volle E, Burgess PW. When I think about me and simulate you: medial rostral prefrontal cortex and self-referential processes. Neuroimage 2010, 50:1340-1349.
116. D'Argembeau A, Feyers D, Majerus S, Collette F, Van der Linden M, Maquet P, Salmon E. Self-reflection across time: cortical midline structures differentiate between present and past selves. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2008, 3:244-252.
117. D'Argembeau A, Ruby P, Collette F, Degueldre C, Balteau E, Luxen A, Maquet P, Salmon E. Distinct regions of the medial prefrontal cortex are associated with self-referential processing and perspective taking. J Cogn Neurosci 2007, 19:935-944.
118. Schmitz TW, Kawahara-Baccus TN, Johnson SC. Metacognitive evaluation, self-relevance, and the right prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage 2004, 22:941-947.
119. Ochsner KN, Beer JS, Robertson ER, Cooper JC, Gabrieli JD, Kihsltrom JF, D'Esposito M. The neural correlates of direct and reflected self-knowledge. Neuroimage 2005, 28:797-814.
120. Vanderwal T, Hunyadi E, Grupe DW, Connors CM, Schultz RT. Self, mother and abstract other: an fMRI study of reflective social processing. Neuroimage 2008, 41:1437-1446.
121. D'Argembeau A, Stawarczyk D, Majerus S, Collette F, Van der Linden M, Salmon E. Modulation of medial prefrontal and inferior parietal cortices when thinking about past, present, and future selves. Soc Neurosci 2010, 5:187-200.
122. Ersner-Hershfield H, Wimmer GE, Knutson B. Saving for the future self: neural measures of future self-continuity predict temporal discounting. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2009, 4:85-92.
123. Mitchell JP, Schirmer J, Ames DL, Gilbert DT. Medial prefrontal cortex predicts intertemporal choice. J Cogn Neurosci 2011, 23:857-866.
124. Nussbaum S, Trope Y, Liberman N. Creeping dispositionism: the temporal dynamics of behavior prediction. J Pers Soc Psychol 2003, 84:485-497.
125. Pronin E, Ross L. Temporal differences in trait self-ascription: when the self is seen as an other. J Pers Soc Psychol 2006, 90:197-209.
126. Libby LK, Eibach RP. Looking back in time: self-concept change affects visual perspective in autobiographical memory. J Pers Soc Psychol 2002, 82: 167-179.
127. Pronin E, Olivola CY, Kennedy KA. Doing unto future selves as you would do unto others: psychological distance and decision making. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2008, 34:224-236.
128. Trope Y, Liberman N. Temporal construal. Psychol Rev 2003, 110:403-421.
129. Gilbert DT, Malone PS. The correspondence bias. Psychol Bull 1995, 117:21-38.
130. D'Argembeau A, Stawarczyk D, Majerus S, Collette F, Van der Linden M, Feyers D, Maquet P, Salmon E. The neural basis of personal goal processing when envisioning future events. J Cogn Neurosci 2010, 22: 1701-1713.
131. Chapman GB. Temporal discounting and utility for health and money. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 1996, 22:771-791.
132. Beer J. This time with motivation: the implications of social neuroscience for research on motivated self- and other-perception (and vice versa). Motiv Emot 2012, 36:38-45.
133. Beer JS, Hughes BL. Neural systems of social comparison and the "above-average" effect. NeuroImage 2010, 49:2671-2679.
134. Beer JS, Lombardo MV, Bhanji JP. Roles of medial prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex in self-evaluation. J Cogn Neurosci 2010, 22:2108-2119.
135. Hughes BL, Beer JS. Orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex are modulated by motivated social cognition. Cereb Cortex 2011.
136. Baron-Cohen S, Leslie AM, Frith U. Does the autistic child have a "theory of mind"? Cognition 1985, 21: 37-46.
137. Happe FGE. An advanced test of theory of mind: Understanding of story characters' thoughts and feelings by able autistic, mentally handicapped, and normal children and adults. J Autism Dev Disord 1994, 24:129-154.
138. Fletcher PC, Happé F, Frith U, Baker SC, Dolan RJ, Frackowiak RSJ, Frith CD. Other minds in the brain: a functional imaging study of "theory of mind" in story comprehension. Cognition 1995, 57:109-128.
139. Goel V, Grafman J, Sadato N, Hallett M. Modeling other minds. NeuroReport 1995, 6:1741-1746.
140. Castelli F, Frith C, Happé F, Frith U. Autism, asperger syndrome and brain mechanisms for the attribution of mental states to animated shapes. Brain 2002, 125:1839-1849.
141. Castelli F, Happe F, Frith U, Frith C. Movement and mind: a functional imaging study of perception and interpretation of complex intentional movement patterns. Neuroimage 2000, 12:314-325.
142. Gobbini MI, Koralek AC, Bryan RE, Montgomery KJ, Haxby JV. Two takes on the social brain: a comparison of theory of mind tasks. J Cogn Neurosci 2007, 19:1803-1814.
143. Wheatley T, Milleville SC, Martin A. Understanding animate agents: distinct roles for the social network and mirror system. Psychol Sci 2007, 18:469-474.
144. Gallagher HL, Happe F, Brunswick N, Fletcher PC, Frith U, Frith CD. Reading the mind in cartoons and stories: an fMRI study of 'theory of mind' in verbal and nonverbal tasks. Neuropsychologia 2000, 38:11-21.
145. Mitchell JP. Activity in right temporo-parietal junction is not selective for theory-of-mind. Cereb Cortex 2008, 18:262-271.
146. Saxe R, Wexler A. Making sense of another mind: the role of the right temporo-parietal junction. Neuropsychologia 2005, 43:1391-1399.
147. Zaki J, Weber J, Bolger N, Ochsner K. The neural bases of empathic accuracy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009, 106:11382-11387.
148. Iacoboni M, Lieberman MD, Knowlton BJ, Molnar-Szakacs I, Moritz M, Throop CJ, Fisked AP. Watching social interactions produces dorsomedial prefrontal and medial parietal BOLD fMRI signal increases compared to a resting baseline. Neuroimage 2004, 21: 1167-1173.
149. Wagner DD, Kelley WM, Heatherton TF. Individual differences in the spontaneous recruitment of brain regions supporting mental state understanding when viewing natural social scenes. Cereb Cortex 2011, 21: 2788-2796.
150. Wolf I, Dziobek I, Heekeren HR. Neural correlates of social cognition in naturalistic settings: a model-free analysis approach. Neuroimage 2010, 49:894-904.
151. Grezes J, Frith CD, Passingham RE. Inferring false beliefs from the actions of oneself and others: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 2004, 21:744-750.
152. Gallagher HL, Jack AI, Roepstorff A, Frith CD. Imaging the intentional stance in a competitive game. Neuroimage 2002, 16:814-821.
153. McCabe K, Houser D, Ryan L, Smith V, Trouard T. A functional imaging study of cooperation in two-person reciprocal exchange. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001, 98:11832-11835.
154. Jenkins AC, Mitchell JP. Mentalizing under uncertainty: dissociated neural responses to ambiguous and unambiguous mental state inferences. Cereb Cortex 2010, 20:404-410.
155. Mitchell JP, Heatherton TF, Macrae CN. Distinct neural systems subserve person and object knowledge. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002, 99:15238-15243.
156. Mitchell JP, Macrae CN, Banaji MR. Encoding-specific effects of social cognition on the neural correlates of subsequent memory. J Neurosci 2004, 24:4912-4917.
157. Baron SG, Gobbini MI, Engell AD, Todorov A. Amygdala and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex responses to appearance-based and behavior-based person impressions. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2010, 6:572-581.
158. Mitchell JP, Banaji MR, Macrae CN. General and specific contributions of the medial prefrontal cortex to knowledge about mental states. Neuroimage 2005, 28:757-762.
159. Mitchell JP, Neil Macrae C, Banaji MR. Forming impressions of people versus inanimate objects: social-cognitive processing in the medial prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage 2005, 26:251-257.
160. Zaki J, Hennigan K, Weber J, Ochsner KN. Social cognitive conflict resolution: contributions of domain-general and domain-specific neural systems. J Neurosci 2010, 30:8481-8488.
161. Ma N, Vandekerckhove M, Van Overwalle F, Seurinck R, Fias W. Spontaneous and intentional trait inferences recruit a common mentalizing network to a different degree: spontaneous inferences activate only its core areas. Soc Neurosci 2010, 6:123-138.
162. Mitchell JP, Cloutier J, Banaji MR, Macrae CN. Medial prefrontal dissociations during processing of trait diagnostic and nondiagnostic person information. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2006, 1:49-55.
163. Powell LJ, Macrae CN, Cloutier J, Metcalfe J, Mitchell JP. Dissociable neural substrates for agentic versus conceptual representations of self. J Cogn Neurosci 2010, 22:2186-2197.
164. Pfeifer JH, Lieberman MD, Dapretto M. I know you are but what am I?!: neural bases of self- and social knowledge retrieval in children and adults. J Cogn Neurosci 2007, 19:1323-1337.
165. Jenkins AC, Macrae CN, Mitchell JP. Repetition suppression of ventromedial prefrontal activity during judgments of self and others. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008, 105:4507-4512.
166. Mitchell JP, Banaji MR, Macrae CN. The link between social cognition and self-referential thought in the medial prefrontal cortex. J Cogn Neurosci 2005, 17: 1306-1315.
167. Mitchell JP, Macrae CN, Banaji MR. Dissociable medial prefrontal contributions to judgments of similar and dissimilar others. Neuron 2006, 50:655-663.
168. Gobbini MI, Leibenluft E, Santiago N, Haxby JV. Social and emotional attachment in the neural representation of faces. Neuroimage 2004, 22:1628-1635.
169. Leibenluft E, Gobbini MI, Harrison T, Haxby JV. Mothers' neural activation in response to pictures of their children and other children. Biol Psychiatry 2004, 56:225-232.
170. Cloutier J, Kelley WM, Heatherton TF. The influence of perceptual and knowledge-based familiarity on the neural substrates of face perception. Soc Neurosci 2011, 6:63-75.
171. Todorov A, Gobbini MI, Evans KK, Haxby JV. Spontaneous retrieval of affective person knowledge in face perception. Neuropsychologia 2007, 45:163-173.
172. Zaki J, Ochsner K. The need for a cognitive neuroscience of naturalistic social cognition. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009, 1167:16-30.
173. Kim K, Johnson MK. Extended self: medial prefrontal activity during transient association of self and objects. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2012, 7:199-207.
174. Rameson LT, Satpute AB, Lieberman MD. The neural correlates of implicit and explicit self-relevant processing. Neuroimage 2010, 50:701-708.
175. Keenan JP, Wheeler MA, Gallup GG Jr, Pascual-Leone A. Self-recognition and the right prefrontal cortex. Trends Cogn Sci 2000, 4:338-344.
176. Uddin LQ, Kaplan JT, Molnar-Szakacs I, Zaidel E, Iacoboni M. Self-face recognition activates a frontoparietal mirror network in the right hemisphere: an event-related fMRI study. NeuroImage 2005, 25:926-935.
177. Kircher TTJ, Senior C, Phillips ML, Benson PJ, Bullmore ET, Brammer M, Simmons A, Williams SCR, Bartels M, David AS. Towards a functional neuroanatomy of self processing: effects of faces and words. Cogn Brain Res 2000, 10:133-144.
178. Uddin LQ, Iacoboni M, Lange C, Keenan JP. The self and social cognition: the role of cortical midline structures and mirror neurons. Trends Cogn Sci 2007, 11: 153-157.
179. Heider F, Simmel M. An experimental study of apparent behavior. Am J Psychol 1944, 57:243-259.
180. Spiers HJ, Maguire EA. Spontaneous mentalizing during an interactive real world task: an fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 2006, 44:1674-1682.
181. Speer NK, Reynolds JR, Swallow KM, Zacks JM. Reading stories activates neural representations of visual and motor experiences. Psychol Sci 2009, 20: 989-999.
182. Cohen CE, Ebbesen EB. Observational goals and schema activation: a theoretical framework for behavior perception. J Exp Soc Psychol 1979, 15:305-329.
183. Critcher CR, Dunning D. Egocentric pattern projection: how implicit personality theories recapitulate the geography of the self. J Pers Soc Psychol 2009, 97: 1-16.
184. Rosenberg S, Sedlak A. Structural representations of implicit personality theory. In: Leonard B, ed. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. San Diego: Academic Press; 1972, 235-297.
185. Wiggins JS. Personality structure. Ann Rev Psychol 1968, 19:293-350.
186. Haxby JV, Gobbini MI, Furey ML, Ishai A, Schouten JL, Pietrini P. Distributed and overlapping representations of faces and objects in ventral temporal cortex. Science 2001, 293:2425-2430.
187. Norman KA, Polyn SM, Detre GJ, Haxby JV. Beyond mind-reading: multi-voxel pattern analysis of fMRI data. Trends Cogn Sci 2006, 10:424-430.
188. Mitchell TM, Shinkareva SV, Carlson A, Chang K-M, Malave VL, Mason RA, Just MA. Predicting human brain activity associated with the meanings of nouns. Science 2008, 320:1191-1195.
189. Shinkareva SV, Malave VL, Mason RA, Mitchell TM, Just MA. Commonality of neural representations of words and pictures. NeuroImage 2011, 54: 2418-2425.
190. Kriegeskorte N, Mur M, Bandettini P. Representational similarity analysis - connecting the branches of systems neuroscience. Front Syst Neurosci 2008, 2:4.
191. Kriegeskorte N, Mur M, Ruff DA, Kiani R, Bodurka J, Esteky H, Tanaka K, Bandettini PA. Matching categorical object representations in inferior temporal cortex of man and monkey. Neuron 2008, 60:1126-1141.
192. Connolly AC, Guntupalli JS, Gors J, Hanke M, Halchenko YO, Wu Y-C, Abdi H, Haxby JV. The representation of biological classes in the human brain. J Neurosci 2012, 32:2608-2618.
193. Rosenberg S, Nelson C, Vivekananthan PS. A multidimensional apporach to the structure of personality impressions. J Pers Soc Psychol 1968, 9:283-294.
194. Jones LE. Multidimensional models of social perception, cognition, and behavior. Appl Psychol Measure 1983, 7:451-472.
195. Schiller D, Freeman JB, Mitchell JP, Uleman JS, Phelps EA. A neural mechanism of first impressions. Nat Neurosci 2009, 12:508-514.
196. Lombardo MV, Chakrabarti B, Bullmore ET, Sadek SA, Pasco G, Wheelwright SJ, Suckling J, Baron-Cohen S. Atypical neural self-representation in autism. Brain J Neurol 2010, 133(Pt 2):611-624.
197. Beer JS, John OP, Scabini D, Knight RT. Orbitofrontal cortex and social behavior: integrating self-monitoring and emotion-cognition interactions. J Cogn Neurosci 2006, 18:871-879.
198. Philippi CL, Duff MC, Denburg NL, Tranel D, Rudrauf D. Medial pFC damage abolishes the self-reference effect. J Cogn Neurosci 2012, 24:475-481.
199. Gillihan SJ, Farah MJ. Is self special? a critical review of evidence from experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Psychol Bull 2005, 131:76-97.
200. Legrand D, Ruby P. What is self-specific? theoretical investigation and critical review of neuroimaging results. Psychol Rev 2009, 116:252-282.
201. Kober H, Wager TD. Meta-analysis of neuroimaging data. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci 2010, 1: 293-300.
202. Roy M, Shohamy D, Wager TD. Ventromedial prefrontal-subcortical systems and the generation of affective meaning. Trends Cogn Sci 2012, 16: 147-156.
203. Buckner RL, Carroll DC. Self-projection and the brain. Trends Cogn Sci 2007, 11:49-57.
204. Bar M. The proactive brain: memory for predictions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009, 364: 1235-1243.
205. Brothers L. The social brain: a project for integrating primate behavior and neurophysiology in a new domain. Concept Neurosci 1990, 1:27-51.
206. Fiske ST. Thinking is for doing: portraits of social cognition from daguerreotype to laserphoto. J Per Soc Psychol 1992, 63:877-889.
207. Sherman JW, ed. Social neuroscience and its contribution to social psychological theory. Soc Cogn 2010, 28(Special issue):663-757.
208. Todorov A, Fiske S, Prentice D, eds. Social Neuroscience: Toward Understanding the Underpinnings of the Social Mind. New York: Oxford University Press; 2011.
209. Wegner DM, Vallacher RR. Implicit Psychology: An Introduction to Social Cognition. New York:Oxford University Press; 1977.