Late entry into HIV care: Lessons from Brazil, 2003 to 2006

BMC Infectious Diseases

Volumn 12, Issue , 2012, Pages

  Grangeiro, Alexandre ^a   Escuder, Maria Mercedes L ^b   Pereira, Julio Cesar R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^b Secretaria de Estado da Saude de Sao Paulo   (Brazil)

Author keywords

AIDS; Brazil; Health policy; Late HIV diagnosis; Risk

Indexed keywords

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARTICLE; BRAZIL; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; FEMALE; HIV TEST; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INCIDENCE; INFECTION RISK; LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORTALITY; PATIENT CARE; POPULATION RESEARCH; PUBLIC HEALTH; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIOECONOMICS; THERAPY DELAY; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH; MIDDLE AGED; PREVALENCE; RISK; SERODIAGNOSIS;

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AIDS SERODIAGNOSIS; BRAZIL; DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE; FEMALE; HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PREVALENCE; RISK; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84862213106     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712334     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-99     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Donnell D, Baeten JM, Kiarie J, Thomas KK, Stevens W, Cohen CR, et al. Heterosexual HIV-1 transmission after initiation of antiretroviral therapy: a prospective cohort analysis. Lancet 2010, 375(9731):2092-2098. 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60705-2, 2922041, 20537376.
2. Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med 2011, 365:493-505. 10.1056/NEJMoa1105243, 3200068, 21767103.
3. Harrison KM, Song R, Zhang X. Life expectancy after HIV diagnosis based on national HIV surveillance data from 25 states, United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010, 53(1):124-130. 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181b563e7, 19730109.
4. Tuboi SH, Schechter M, McGowan CC, Cesar C, Krolewiecki A, Cahn P, et al. Mortality during the first year of potent antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected patients in 7 sites throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009, 51(5):615-623. 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181a44f0a, 2780368, 19430306.
5. Lawn SD, Little F, Bekker LG, Kaplan R, Campbel E, Orrell C, et al. Changing mortality risk associated with CD4 cell response to antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. AIDS 2009, 23(3):335-342. 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328321823f, 19114870.
6. Egger M, May M, Chêne G, Phillips AN, Ledergerber B, Dabis F, et al. Prognosis of HIV-1-infected patients starting highly active antiretroviral therapy: a collaborative analysis of prospective studies. Lancet 2002, 360(9327):119-129. [Erratum in: Lancet 2002;360(9340):1178.], 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09411-4, 12126821.
7. Chasombat S, McConnell MS, Siangphoe U, Yuktanont P, Jirawattanapisal T, Fox K, et al. National expansion of antiretroviral treatment in Thailand, 2000-2007: program scale-up and patient outcomes. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009, 50(5):506-512. 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181967602, 19223784.
8. Grangeiro A, Escuder MM, Menezes PR Alencar R, Ayres De Castilho E. Late entry into HIV care: estimated impact on AIDS mortality rates in Brazil, 2003-2006. PLos One 2011, 6(1):14585.
9. Krentz HB, Auld MC, Gill MJ. The high cost medical care for patients who present late (CD4 < 200 cells/microL) with HIV infection. HIV Med 2004, 5(2):93-98. 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2004.00193.x, 15012648.
10. Fleishman JA, Yehia BR, Moore RD, Gebo KA. HIV Research Network. The economic burden of late entry into medical care for patients with HIV infection. Med Care 2010, 48(12):1071-1079. 10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181f81c4a, 3022268, 21063228.
11. Bartlett JG, Branson BM, Fenton K, Hauschild BC, Miller V, Mayer KH. Opt-out testing for human immunodeficiency virus in the United States: progress and challenges. JAMA 2008, 300(8):945-951. 10.1001/jama.300.8.945, 18728268.
12. Obermeyer CM, Osborn M. The utilization of testing and counseling for HIV: a review of the social and behavioral evidence. Am J Public Heath 2007, 97(10):1762-1774.
13. Yazdanpanah Y, Lange J, Gerstoft J, Cairns G. Earlier testing for HIV - how do we prevent late presentation?. Antiviral Therapy 2010, 15(suppl 1):17-24. 10.3851/IMP1526, 20442457.
14. World Health Organization HIV/AIDS. Towards universal access: Scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector. Progress report 2010 2010, World Health Organization, Geneva, Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241500395_eng.pdf. Accessed in 2011 (Jun 11), World Health Organization.
15. Paltiel AD, Weinstein MC, Kimmel AD, Seage GR, Losina E, Zhang H, et al. Expanded screening for HIV in the United States-an analysis of cost-effectiveness. N Engl J Med 2005, 352(6):586-595. 10.1056/NEJMsa042088, 15703423.
16. Nadiaye B, Salleron J, Vincent A, Bataille P, Bonnevie F, Choisy P, et al. Factors associated with presentation to care with advanced HIV disease in Brussels and Northern France. BMC Infectious Diseases 2011, 11:11. 10.1186/1471-2334-11-11, 3032693, 21226905.
17. Althoff KN, Gange SJ, Klein MB, Brooks JT, Hogg RS, Bosch RJ, et al. Late presentation for human immunodeficiency virus care in the United States and Canada. Clin Infect Dis 2010, 50(11):1512-1520. 10.1086/652650, 2862849, 20415573.
18. Girardi E, Aloisi MS, Arici C, Pezzotti P, Serraino D, Balzano R, et al. Delayed presentation and late testing for HIV: demographic and behavioral risk factors in a multicenter study in Italy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004, 36(4):951-959. 10.1097/00126334-200408010-00009, 15220702.
19. Sullivan AK, Curtis H, Sabin CA, Johnson MA. Newly diagnosed HIV infections: review in UK and Ireland. BMJ 2005, 330(7503):1301-1302. 10.1136/bmj.38398.590602.E0, 558202, 15894552.
20. Zoufaly A, Heiden M, Marcus U, Hoffmann C, Stellbrink HJ, Voss L, et al. Late presentation for HIV diagnosis and care in Germany. HIV Medicine 2011,
21. de Olalla PG, Mazardo C, Sambeat MA, Acaña I, Knobel H, Humet V, et al. Epidemiological characteristics and predictors of late presentation of HIV infection in Barcelona (Spain) during 2001-2009. AIDS Research and Therapy 2011, 8:22. 10.1186/1742-6405-8-22, 3143919, 21729332.
22. Centers for Disease Control for Prevention (CDC) Late HIV testing - 34 states, 1996-2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2009, 58(24):661-665. Centers for Disease Control for Prevention (CDC).
23. Dickson NP, McAllister S, Sharples K, Paul C. Late presentation of HIV infection among adults in New Zealand: 2005-2010. HIV Medicine 2011,
24. Keiser O, Anastos K, Schechter M, Balestre E, Boulle A, , et al. ART-LINC Collaboration of the International Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) Antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings 1996 to 2006: patient characteristics, treatment regimens and monitoring in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin America. Trop Med Int Health 2008, 13(7):870-879. ART-LINC Collaboration of the International Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA).
25. Deblonde J, De Koker P, Hamers FF, Fontaine J, Luchters S, Temmerman M. Barriers to HIV testing in Europe: a systematic review. Eur J Public Health 2010, 20(4):422-432. 10.1093/eurpub/ckp231, 20123683.
26. Carrizosa CM, Blumberg EJ, Melbourne FH, Martinez-Donate AP, Garcia-Gonzales G, Lozada R, et al. Determinants and Prevalence of late HIV testing in Tijuana, Mexico. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 2010, 24(5).
27. Kalichman SC, Simbayi LC. HIV testing attitudes, AIDS stigma, and voluntary HIV counselling and testing in a black township in Cape Town, South Africa. Sex Transm Infect 2003, 79(6):442-447. 10.1136/sti.79.6.442, 1744787, 14663117.
28. Burns FM, Johnson AM, Nazroo J, Ainsworth J, Anderson J, Fakoya A, et al. Missed opportunities for earlier HIV diagnosis within primary and secondary healthcare settings in the UK. AIDS 2008, 22(1):115-122. 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282f1d4b6, 18090399.
29. Reed JB, Hanson D, McNaghten AD, Bertolli J, Teshale E, Gardner L, et al. HIV testing factors associated with delayed entry into HIV medical care among HIV-infected persons from eighteen states, United States, 2000-2004. AIDS Patient Care STDs 2009, 23(9):765-773. 10.1089/apc.2008.0213, 19694550.
30. Burke RC, Sepkowitz KA, Bernstein KT, Karpati AM, Myers JE, Tsoi BW, et al. Why don't physicians test for HIV? A review of the US literature. AIDS 2007, 21:1617-1624. 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32823f91ff, 17630557.
31. Antinori A, Coenen T, Costagiola D, Dedes N, Ellefson M, Gatell J, et al. Late presentation of HIV infection: a consensus definition. HIV Medicine 2011, 12:61-64.
32. Thanawuth N, Chongsuvivatwong V. Late HIV diagnosis and delay in CD4 count measurement among HIV-infected patients in Southern Thailand. AIDS Care 2008, 20(1):43-50. 10.1080/09540120701439303, 18278614.
33. Fernandes JRM, Acurcio FA, Campos LN, Guimarães. Início da terapia anti-retroviral em estágio avançado de imunodeficiência entre indivíduos portadores de HIV/AIDS em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil [Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients with severe immunodeficiency in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil]. Cad Saúde Pública = Rep. Public Health 2009, 25(6):1369-1380.
34. Souza-Jr PR, Szwarcwald CL, Castilho EA. Delay introducing antiretroviral therapy in patients infected by HIV in Brazil, 2003-2006. Clinics (São Paulo) 2007, 62(5):579-584. 10.1590/S1807-59322007000500008, 22798212.
35. Lucena FFA, Fonseca MGP, Sousa AIA, Coeli CM. O relacionamento de bancos de dados na implementação da vigilância da AIDS. Relacionamento de dados e vigilância da AIDS [Applying record linkage in AIDS surveillance]. Cad Saúde Colet (Rio J.) 2006, 14(2):305-312.
36. Grangeiro A, Escuder MM, Castilho EA. Magnitude and trend of the AIDS epidemic in Brazilian cities, from 2002 to 2006. Rev Saude Publica 2010, 44(3):430-440. 10.1590/S0034-89102010005000013, 20464259.
37. Ministério da Saúde Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde Departamento Nacional de DST Aids e Hepatites Virais. Boletim Epidemiológico Aids-DST 2011, , Brasília, Ano VIII, No. 1. Available from: http://www.aids.gov.br/publicacao/2011/boletim_epidemiologico_2011. Accessed in 2011 (Dez 20), Ministério da Saúde Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde Departamento Nacional de DST.
38. Nhac-Vu H-T, Giard M, Phong N-D, Vanhems P. Risk factors for delayed HIV diagnosis at the hospital of tropical diseases in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. International Journal of STD & AIDS 2010, 21:802-805. 10.1258/ijsa.2010.010045, 22707377.
39. França Junior I, Calazans G, Zucchi EM. Grupo de Estudos em População, Sexualidade e Aids. Mudanças no âmbito da testagem anti-HIV no Brasil entre 1998 e 2005 [Change in HIV testing in Brazil between 1998 and 2005]. Rev Saude Publica 2008, 42(1):84-97.
40. Brazilian Ministry of Health Health Surveillance Secretariat National Programme STD and AIDS Targets and Commitments made by the Member-States at the United Nation General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS. UNGASS - HIV/AIDS. Brazilian Response: 2005/2007. Country Progress Report 2008, National Programme STD and AIDS, Brasília, Available from: http://data.unaids.org/pub/report/2008/brazil_2008_country_progress_report_en.pdf Accessed in 2011 (May 11), Brazilian Ministry of Health Health Surveillance Secretariat National Programme STD and AIDS.
41. Sanders GD, Bayoumi AM, Sundaram V, Bilir SP, Neukermans CP, Rydzak CE, et al. Cost-effectiveness of screening for HIV in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med 2005, 352:570-585. 10.1056/NEJMsa042657, 15703422.
42. Tole SP, Sanders GD, Bayoumi AM, Galvin CM, Vinichenko TN, Brandeau ML, et al. Cost-effectiveness of voluntary HIV screening in Russia. Int J STD AIDS 2009, 20(1):46-51. 10.1258/ijsa.2008.008128, 2981087, 19103893.
43. Severe P, Juste MA, Ambroise A, Eliacin L, Marchand C, Apollon S, et al. Early versus standard antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected adults in Haiti. N Engl J Med 2010, 363(3):257-265. 10.1056/NEJMoa0910370, 20647201.
44. Siegfried N, Uthman OA, Rutherford GW. Optimal time for initiation of antiretroviral therapy in asymptomatic, HIV-infected, treatment-naive adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010, (3):CD008272.
45. Dodd PJ, Garnett GP, Hallett TB. Examining the promise of HIV elimination by 'test and treat' in hyper-endemic settings. AIDS 2010, 24(5):729-735. 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833433fe, 2852517, 20154580.