The economic burden of late entry into medical care for patients with HIV infection

Medical Care

Volumn 48, Issue 12, 2010, Pages 1071-1079

  Fleishman, John A ^a   Yehia, Baligh R ^b   Moore, Richard D ^c   Gebo, Kelly A ^c  

^a AGENCY FOR HEALTHCARE RESEARCH AND QUALITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^c JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

AIDS; expenditures; HIV; late presentation

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG COST; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION; HEALTH INSURANCE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFECTION PREVENTION; LABORATORY TEST; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL CARE; MEDICAL RECORD REVIEW; MEDICAL RESEARCH; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; OUTPATIENT CARE; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ADULT; AGED; AMBULATORY CARE; ANTI-HIV AGENTS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES; COST OF ILLNESS; DISEASE PROGRESSION; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MALE; MEDICAL RECORDS; MIDDLE AGED; OUTPATIENTS; PATIENT ACCEPTANCE OF HEALTH CARE; UNITED STATES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 78650174026     PISSN: 00257079     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181f81c4a     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Ledergerber B, Egger M, Erard V, et al. AIDS-related opportunistic illnesses occurring after initiation of potent antiretroviral therapy: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. JAMA. 1999;282:2220-2226.
2. Moore RD, Chaisson RE. Natural history of HIV infection in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 1999;13:1933-1942.
3. Palella FJ Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, et al. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:853-860.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Late HIV testing-34 states, 1996-2005. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58:661-665.
5. Klein D, Hurley LB, Merrill D, et al. Review of medical encounters in the 5 years before a diagnosis of HIV-1 infection: implications for early detection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003;32:143-152.
6. Girardi E, Sabin CA, Monforte AD. Late diagnosis of HIV infection: epidemiological features, consequences and strategies to encourage earlier testing. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;46(suppl 1): S3-S8.
7. Samet JH, Freedberg KA, Stein MD, et al. Trillion virion delay: time from testing positive for HIV to presentation for primary care. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:734-740.
8. Schwarcz S, Hsu L, Dilley JW, et al. Late diagnosis of HIV infection: trends, prevalence, and characteristics of persons whose HIV diagnosis occurred within 12 months of developing AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;43:491-494.
9. Valdiserri RO, Holtgrave DR, West GR. Promoting early HIV diagnosis and entry into care. AIDS. 1999;13:2317-2330.
10. Egger M, May M, Chene G, et al. Prognosis of HIV-1-infected patients starting highly active antiretroviral therapy: a collaborative analysis of prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360:119-129. (Pubitemid 34786200)
11. Phillips A, Pezzotti P. Short-term risk of AIDS according to current CD4 cell count and viral load in antiretroviral drug-naive individuals and those treated in the monotherapy era. AIDS. 2004;18:51-58.
12. Alwano-Edyegu MG, Marum E, Wheeler M. Knowledge is Power: Voluntary HIV Counseling and Testing in Uganda. Geneva, Switzerland: UNAIDS; 1999.
13. Castilla J, Del Romero J, Hernando V, et al. Effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy in reducing heterosexual transmission of HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;40:96-101.
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adoption of protective behaviors among persons with recent HIV infection and diagnosis- Alabama, New Jersey, and Tennessee, 1997-1998. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2000;49:512-515.
15. Krentz HB, Auld MC, Gill MJ. The high cost of medical care forpatients who present late (CD4
16. Yehia BR, Gebo KA, Hicks PB, et al. Structures of care in the clinics of the HIV Research Network. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2008;22:1007-1013.
17. Elixhauser A, Steiner CA, Whittington C, et al. Clinical Classifications for Health Policy Research: Hospital Inpatient Statistics, 1995. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, HCUP 3 Research Note. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research; 1998. AHCPR Pub. No. 98-0049.
18. Steiner C, Elixhauser A, Schnaier J. The healthcare cost and utilization project: an overview. Eff Clin Pract. 2002;5:143-151.
19. Friedman B, Basu J. The rate and cost of hospital readmissions for preventable conditions. Med Care Res Rev. 2004;61:225-240.
20. Office of Inspector General DHHS. Medicaid Drug Price Comparisons: Average Manufacturer Price to Published Prices. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; June 2005. OEI-05-05-00240.
21. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Physician Fee Schedule Search.Availableat:http://www.cms.hhs.gov/PFSlookup/02-PFSSearch. asp. Accessed July 21, 2009.
22. Adler A, Mounier-Jack S, Coker RJ. Late diagnosis of HIV in Europe: definitional and public health challenges. AIDS Care. 2009;21:284-293.
23. Consortium WTS. Timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy in AIDS-free HIV-1-infected patients: a collaborative analysis of 18 HIV cohort studies. Lancet. 2009;373:1352-1363.
24. Kitahata MM, Gange SJ, Abraham AG, et al. Effect of early versus deferred antiretroviral therapy for HIV on survival. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1815-1826.
25. Manning WG, Mullahy J. Estimating log models: to transform or not to transform? J Health Econ. 2001;20:461-494.
26. Manavi K, McMillan A, Ogilvie M, et al. Heterosexual men and women with HIV test positive at a later stage of infection than homo- or bisexual men. Int J STD AIDS. 2004;15:811-814.
27. Sullivan AK, Curtis H, Sabin CA, et al. Newly diagnosed HIV infections: review in UK and Ireland. BMJ. 2005;330:1301-1302.
28. Keruly JC, Moore RD. Immune status at presentation to care did not improve among antiretroviral-naïve persons from 1990 to 2006. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1369-1374.
29. Castilla J, Sobrino P, De La Fuente L, et al. Late diagnosis of HIV infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: consequences for AIDS incidence. AIDS. 2002;16:1945-1951.
30. Borghi V, Girardi E, Bellelli S, et al. Late presenters in an HIV surveillance system in Italy during the period 1992-2006. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;49:282-286.
31. Fenton KA. Changing epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in the United States: implications for enhancing and promoting HIV testing strategies. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(suppl 4):S213-S220.
32. Josephs JS, Fleishman JA, Korthuis PT, et al. Emergency department utilization among HIV-infected patients in a multisite multistate study. HIV Med. 2010;11:74-84.
33. Moore RD, Keruly JC. CD4 cell count 6 years after commencement of highly active antiretroviral therapy in persons with sustained virologic suppression. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:441-446.
34. Kelley CF, Kitchen CM, Hunt PW, et al. Incomplete peripheral CD4 cell count restoration in HIV-infected patients receiving long-term antiret-roirval treatment. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:787-794.