Microbial processes and the origin of the Úrkút manganese deposit, Hungary

Ore Geology Reviews

Volumn 47, Issue , 2012, Pages 87-109

  Polgari M ^a   Hein, J R ^b   Vigh, T ^c   Szabo Drubina M ^a   Forizs I ^a   Biro L ^d   Muller A ^d   Toth A L ^e  

^a INSTITUTE OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE   (Hungary)

^b U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^c Mangán Ltd Úrkút   (Hungary)

^d UNIVERSITY OF SZEGED   (Hungary)

^e RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL PHYSICS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE   (Hungary)

Author keywords

Black shale; Geochemistry; Geomicrobiology; Hydrothermal; Jurassic; Manganese deposits; Microbial genetic model; Paleoenvironmental indicators

Indexed keywords

BLACK SHALES; GENETIC MODELS; GEOMICROBIOLOGY; HYDROTHERMAL; JURASSIC; PALEOENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS;

AEROBIC BACTERIA; CARBONATION; DEPOSITS; GEOCHEMISTRY; MANGANESE; MANGANESE COMPOUNDS; MANGANESE DEPOSITS; METAL IONS; PETROGRAPHY; PILES; SEDIMENTOLOGY; SHALE; STRONTIUM;

OXIC SEDIMENTS;

BLACK SHALE; CARBONATE; GEOCHEMISTRY; GEOMICROBIOLOGY; HYDROTHERMAL DEPOSIT; JURASSIC; MANGANESE DEPOSIT; MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; OXIC CONDITIONS; PALEOENVIRONMENT;

HUNGARY; TRANSDANUBIAN MOUNTAINS;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); COCCOIDEA; SPHERULES;

EID: 84862198178     PISSN: 01691368     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2011.10.001     Document Type: Article

References (143)

1. Andrusov D. Geologie der Tschechoslowakischen Karpaten, II 1965, Akad.-Verlag, Berlin, 443 pp.
2. Anschutz P., Blanc G. Chemical mass balances in metalliferous deposits from the Atlantis II Deep, Red Sea. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1995, 59:4205-4218.
3. Baele J.M., Boulvain F., De Jong J., Matielli N., Papier S., Préat A. Iron microbial mats in modern and Phanerozoic environments. Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology XI, Proceedings of the SPIE 2008, 7097:70970N-70970N-12.
4. Baley T.R., Rosenthal Y., McArthur J.M., de Schottbrugge B., Thirlwall M.F. Paleoceanographic changes of the Late Pliensbachian-Early Toarcian interval: a possible link to the genesis of an Oceanic Anoxic Event. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2003, 212:307-320.
5. Bargar J.R., Tebo B.M., Bergmann U., Webb S.M., Glatzel P., Chiu V.Q., Villalobos M. Biotic and abiotic products of Mn(II) oxidation by spores of the marine Bacillus sp. strain SG-1. Am. Mineral. 2005, 90:143-154.
6. Beran A., Faupl P., Hamilton W. Die Manganschiefer der Strubbergschichten (Nördliche Kalkalpen, Österreich - eine diagenetisch gepragte Mangankarbonatvererzung. TMPM Tscgermaks Min Petr Mitt 1983, 31:175-192.
7. Bernoulli D., Jenkyns H.C. Alpine, Mediterranean and Central Atlantic Mesozoic facies in relation to the early evolution of the Tethys. SEPM Spec. Publ. 1974, 19:129-187. R.H. Dott, R.H. Shaver (Eds.).
8. Bernoulli D., Peters T. Traces of rhyolitic-trachytic volcanism in the Upper Jurassic of the Southern Alps. Eclogae Geol. Helv. 1970, 63:609-621.
9. Blanc G., Anschutz P. New stratification in the hydrothermal brine system of the Atlantis II Deep, Red Sea. Geology 1995, 23(6):543-546.
10. Bodeï S., Manceau A., Geoffroy N., Baronnet A., Buatier M. Formation of todorokite from vernadite in Ni-rich hemipelagic sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2008, 71(23):5698-5716.
11. Bolton B.R., Both R., Exon N.F., Hamilton T.F., Ostwald J., Smith J.D. Geochemistry and mineralogy of seafloor hydrothermal and hydrogenetic Mn oxide deposits from the Manus Basin and Bismarck Archipelago region of the southwest Pacific Ocean. Mar. Geol. 1988, 85:65-87.
12. Bonatti E., Kraemer T., Rydell H. Classification and genesis of submarine iron-manganese deposits of the ocean floor. Ferromanganese Deposits of the Ocean Floor 1972, 473-489. Aren House, Harriman. D.R. Horn (Ed.).
13. Boström K., Kraemer T., Gartner S. Provenance and accumulation rates of opaline silica Al, Ti, Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni and Co in pelagic sediments. Chem. Geol. 1973, 11:123-148.
14. Brasier M., McLoughlin N., Green O., Wacey D. A fresh look at the fossil evidence for early Archaean cellular life. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 2006, 361:887-902.
15. Brewer P.G., Spencer D.W. A note on the chemical composition of the Red Sea brines. Hot Brines and Recent Heavy Metal Deposits in the Red Sea 1969, 174-179. Springer-Verlag, New York. E.T. Degens, D.A. Ross (Eds.).
16. Burke I.T., Kemp A.E.S. Microfabric analysis of Mn-carbonate laminae deposition and Mn-sulfide formation in the Gottland Deep, Baltic Sea. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2002, 66(9):1589-1600.
17. Cady S.L., Farmer J.D., Grotzinger J.P., Schopf J.W., Steele A. Morphological biosignatures and the Search for Life on Mars. Astrobiology 2003, 3:2.
18. Cady S.L., Farmer J.D. Fossilization processes in siliceous thermal springs: trends in preservation along thermal gradients. Evolution of hydrothermal ecosystems on Earth (and Mars?). Chichester (Ciba Foundation Symposium) 202 1996, 150-173. Wiley.
19. Calvert S.E., Pedersen T.F. Geochemistry of recent oxic and anoxic sediments: implications for the geological record. Mar. Geol. 1993, 113:67-88.
20. Chisonga B.C., Gutzmer J., Beukes N.J., Huizenga J.M. Nature and origin of the protolith succession to the Paleoproterozoic Serra do Navio manganese deposit, Amapa Province, Brazil. Ore Geol. Rev. 2012, 47:59-76. (this issue).
21. Clémence M.E., Huret E., Bartolini A., Galbrun B., Gardin S., Hinnov L., Beamont V. Micropaleontologic, geochemical and cyclostratigraphic approach for the timing of the Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event in the Paris Basin (GPF-Sancerre borehole). Conference Volume, 7th International Congress on the Jurassic System 6-18 Sept Krakow Poland 2006, 154-155.
22. Coleman M.L. Geochemistry of diagenetic non-silicate minerals: kinetic considerations. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 1985, A315:39-56.
23. Cornelius H.P., Plöchinger B. Der Tennengebirgs-N-Rand mit seinen Manganerzen und die Berge im Bereich des Lammertales. Jb. Geol. B-A 1952, 10-225.
24. Cowen J.P., Massoth G.J., Baker E.T. Bacterial scavenging of Mn and Fe in a mid- to far-field hydrothermal particle plume. Nature 1986, 322:169-171.
25. Crerar D.A., Namson J., Chyi M.S., Williams L., Feigenson M.D. Manganiferous cherts of the Franciscan assemblage: I. General geology, ancient and modern analogues and implications for hydrothermal convection at ocean spreading centres. Econ. Geol. 1982, 77:519-540.
26. Cronan D.S. Metallogenesis at oceanic spreading centers - introduction. J. Geol. Soc. 1980, 137:369-371.
27. Császár, G., 1984. Explanation of Bakony-hill 1:20 000 geological map series. Budapest: Hungarian Geological Institute, 138 pp. (in Hungarian).
28. Cseh Németh J., Grasselly Gy, Szabó Z. Sedimentary manganese deposits of Hungary. Geology and Geochemistry of Manganese 1980, Vol. 2:199-221. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest. I.M. Varentsov, G. Grasselly (Eds.).
29. Cseh Németh J. Comparison of manganese enrichments at Úrkút and Eplény. Bull. Hung. Geol. Surv. 1965, XCVII(1):29-37.
30. Cseh Németh, J., 1960. Research report and reserve estimation of Csárda-hill Mn deposit. Manuscript in Hungarian, Database, Hungarian Geological Institute.
31. Davies S.H.R., Morgan J.J. Manganese (II) oxidation kinetics on metal oxide surfaces. J. Colloid Interfac Sci. 1989, 129:63-77.
32. Di Stefano P., Mindszenty A. Fe-Mn-encrusted "Kamenitza" and associated features in the Jurassic of Monte Kumeta (Sicily): subaerial and/or submarine dissolution?. Sediment. Geol. 2000, 132:37-38.
33. Drittenbass W. Sedimentologie und Geochemie von Eisen-Mangan führenden Knollen und Kristen im Jura der Trento Zone (östliche Südalpen, Norditalien). Eclogae Geol. Helv. 1979, 72:313-345.
34. Dugolinsky B.K., Margolis S.V., Dudley W.C. Biogenic influence on growth of manganese nodules. J. Sediment. Res. 1977, 47(1):428-445.
35. Ehrlich H.L. Geomicrobiology 1990, M. Dekker, New York (N.Y.), 719 pp. 2nd ed.
36. Elderfield H. Manganese fluxes to the oceans. Mar. Chem. 1976, 4(2):103-132.
37. Epprecht W. Die Eisen- und Manganerze des Gonzen. Beitr Geol Schweiz Geotech Ser 1946, 24. 128 pp.
38. Espitalié J., Marquis F., Barsony J. Chemical logging. Inst Franc De Petrol 1977, 14 pp.
39. Fan D., Jie Y., Leiming Y., Rufan Z. The role of microbes in the formation of Mn-carbonate during early diagenesis - take the Gaoyan deposit as an example. Organism and Organic Matter in the Formation of Mineral Deposits 1996, 81-101. China Ocean Press, Beijing. Y. Lianjun (Ed.).
40. Farrimond P., Eglinton G., Brassell C., Jenkyns H.C. Toarcian anoxic event in Europe: an organic geochemical study. Mar. Pet. Geol. 1989, 6:136-147.
41. Faupl P., Beran A., Hamilton W. Erkundung auf Mangan in den Strubbergschichten im Gebiet Golling-Abtenau (Salzburg). Ein Kurzbericht über das Projekt SA 14. Arch. Lagerstforsch. Geol. B-A 1982, 2:171.
42. Force E.R., Cannon W.F. Depositional model for shallow-marine manganese deposits around black shale basins. Econ. Geol. 1988, 83(1):93-117.
43. Frakes L.A., Bolton B.R. Effects of ocean chemistry, sea level and climate on the formation of primary sedimentary manganese ore deposits. Econ. Geol. 1992, 87:1207-1217.
44. Friedman I., O'Neil J.R. Compilation of stable isotope fractionation factors of geochemical interest. USGS Professional Paper 1977, 440-KK:108.
45. Garrels R.M., MacKenzie F.T. Genesis of Precambrian iron formations and the development of atmospheric oxygen. Econ. Geol. 1973, 68:1173-1179.
46. Gawlick H.-J., Frisch W., Vecsei A., Steiger T., Böhm F. The change from rifting to drifting in the Northern Calcareous Alps as recorded in Jurassic sediments. Geol. Rundsch. 1999, 87:644-657.
47. Géczy B. The Lower Jurassic ammonite faunas of the Southern Bakony (Transdanubia, Hungary). Ann. Univ. Sci. Bp. Sect. Geol. 1973, 17:181-190.
48. Germann K., Waldvogel F. Mineralparagenesen und Metallgehalte der "Manganschiefer" (unteres Toarcian) in den Allgau-Schichten der Allgauer und Lechtaler Alpen. N. Jb. Geol. Palaeont. Abh. 1971, 139:316-345.
49. Germann K. Mangan-Eisen-führende Knollen und Krusten in jurassischen Rotkalken der Nördlichen Kalkalpen. N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Mh. 1971, 3:133-156.
50. Giovanoli R. On natural and synthetic manganese nodules. Geology and Geochemistry of Manganese 1980, Vol. 1:159-203. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest. I.M. Varentsov, G. Grasselly (Eds.).
51. Grasselly Gy, Pantó Gy Rare earth elements in the manganese deposit of Úrkút (Bakony Mountains, Hungary). Ore Geol. Rev. 1988, 4:115-124.
52. Gruss H. Exhalativ-sedimentare Mangankarbonatlagerstatten mit besonderer Berücksichtingung der liassichen Vorkommen in den Berchtesgadener und Salzburger Alpen. N. Jhb. Min. Abh. 1956, 92:47-107.
53. Haas J. Influence of global, regional, and local factors on the genesis of the Jurassic manganese ore formation in the Transdanubian Range, Hungary. Ore Geol. Rev. 2012, 47:77-86. (this issue).
54. Haas J. Mesozoic. University Book 1994, Eötvös Publishing House, Budapest, 119 pp.
55. Hallam A. Sedimentology and palaeogeographic significance of certain red limestones and associated beds in the Lias of the Alpine region. Soc. J. Geol. 1967, 3:195-220.
56. Hein J.R., Bolton B.R., Nziengui P., McKirdy D., Frakes L. Chemical, isotopic and lithologic associations within the Moanda Manganese Deposit, Gabon. Abstracts. 28th IGC. Washington DC 1989, 2-47.
57. Hein J.R., Clague D.A., Koski R.A., Embley R.W., Dunham R.E. Metalliferous sediment and a silica-hematite deposit within the Blanco Fracture Zone, northeast Pacific. Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol. 2008, 26:317-339.
58. Hein J.R., Fan D.L. Manganese and associated ore deposits of China - preface. Ore Geol. Rev. Spec. Issue 1999, 15:1-3.
59. Hein J.R., Koschinsky A., Halbach P., Manheim F.T., Bau M., Kang J.-K., Lubick N. Iron and manganese oxide mineralization in the Pacific. Geological Society Special Publication no. 119 1997, 123-138. The Geological Society, London. K. Nicholson, J.R. Hein, B. Bühn, S. Dasgupta (Eds.).
60. Hein J.R., Koski R.A. Bacterially mediated diagenetic origin for chert-hosted manganese deposits in the Franciscan Complex, California Coast Range. Geology 1987, 15:722-726.
61. Huckriede H., Meischner D. Origin and environment of manganese-rich sediments within black shale basins. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1996, 60(8):1399-1413.
62. Jach R., Dudek T. Origin of a Toarcian manganese carbonate/silicate deposit from the Krížna unit, Tatra Mountains, Poland. Chem. Geol. 2005, 224:136-152.
63. Jannasch H.W., Wirsen C.O. Morphological survey of microbial mats near deep-sea thermal vents. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1981, 41(2):528-538.
64. Jenkyns H.C., Géczy B., Marshall J.D. Manganese deposits of central Europe and the Early Toarcian anoxic event. J. Geol. 1991, 99:137-150.
65. Jenkyns H.C., Gröcke D.R., Hesselbo S.P. Nitrogen-isotope evidence for watermass denitrification during the Early Toarcian (Jurassic) Oceanic Anoxic Event. Paleoceanography 2001, 16:593-603.
66. Jenkyns H.C. Submarine volcanism and the Toarcian iron pisolites of western Sicily. Eclogae Geol. Helv. 1970, 63(3):549-572.
67. Jenkyns H.C. The Early Toarcian (Jurassic) anoxic event: stratigraphic, sedimentary, and geochemical evidence. Am. J. Sci. 1988, 288:101-151.
68. Johnson K.S., Coale K.H., Berelson W.M., Gordon R.M. On the formation of the manganese maximum in the oxygen minimum. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1996, 60:1291-1299.
69. Kaeding L., Brockamp O., Harder H. Submarin-Hydrothermale Entstehung der Sedimentaren Mn-Lagerstatte Úrkút (Ungarn). Chem. Geol. 1983, 40:251-268.
70. 3) and water at low temperatures. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2009, 73:4400-4408.
71. Konhauser K.O., Phoenix V.R., Bottrell S.H., Adams D.G., Head I.M. Microbial-silica interactions in Icelandic hot spring sinter: possible analogues for some Precambrian siliceous stromatolites. Sedimentology 2001, 48:415-433.
72. Konhauser K.O., Vernon B.J., Phoenix R., Ferris G., Renaut R.W. The microbial role in hot spring silicification. Ambio 2004, 33:8.
73. Krainer K., Mostler H., Haditsch J.G. Jurassische Beckenbildung in den Nördlichen Kalkalpen bei Lofer (Salzburg) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Manganerz-Genese. Abh. Geol. B-A 1994, 50:257-293.
74. Krajewsky K.P., Lefeld J., Lacka B. Early diagenetic processes in the formation of carbonate-hosted Mn ore deposit (Lower Jurassic, Tatra Mountains) as indicated from its carbon isotopic record. Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. 2001, 49(1):13-29.
75. Krumbein W.E. Stromatolites - the challenge of a term in space and time. Precamb. Res. 1983, 20(2-4):493-531.
76. Lantos Z., Veto I., Földvári M., Kovács-Pálffy P. On the role of remote magmatic source and intrabasinal redeposition in the genesis of the Toarcian Úrkút Manganese ore, Hungary. Acta Geol. Hung. 2003, 46(4):321-340.
77. Larsen I., Little B., Nealson K.H., Ray R., Stone A., Tian J. Manganite reduction by Shewanella putrefaciens MR-4. Am. Miner. 1998, 83:1564-1572.
78. Lyle M. Estimation of hydrothermal manganese input to the oceans. Geology 1976, 4:733-736.
79. Mandernack K.W., Post J., Tebo B.M. Manganese mineral formation by bacterial spores of the marine Bacillus, strain SG-1: evidence for the direct oxidation of Mn(II) to Mn(IV). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1995, 59:4393-4408.
80. Mandernack K.W., Tebo B.M. Manganese scavenging and oxidation at hydrothermal vents in vent plumes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1993, 57:3907-3923.
81. Maynard J.B. Geochemistry of Sedimentary Ore Deposits, Chapter 5, Manganese 1983, 121-145. Springer Verlag, New York.
82. Misik M., Rojkovic I. Manganese mineralization in Lednica and Mikusovce, Pieniny Klippen Belt, Slokakia. Miner. Slovaca 2002, 34:303-320.
83. Moffett J.W., Ho J. Oxidation of cobalt and manganese in seawater via a common microbially catalyzed pathway. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1996, 60(18):3415-3424.
84. 2 and Mn(II) species in aqueous solutions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2005, 69(1):35-48.
85. Nath B.N., Plüger W.L., Roelandts I. Geochemical constraints on the hydrothermal origin of ferromanganese encrustations from the Rodrigez Triple Junction, Indian Ocean. Geological Society Special Publication no. 119 1997, 199-213. The Geological Society, London. K. Nicholson, J.R. Hein, B. Bühn, S. Dasgupta (Eds.).
86. Neumann T., Heiser U., Leosson M.A., Kersten M. Early diagenetic processes during Mn-carbonate formation: evidence from the isotopic composition of authigenic Ca-rhodochrosites of the Baltic Sea. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2002, 66(5):867-879.
87. Okita P.M., Maynard J.B., Spiker E.C., Force E.R. Isotopic evidence for organic matter oxidation by manganese reduction in the formation of stratiform manganese carbonate ore. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1988, 52:2679-2685.
88. 33S trends in sedimentary manganese deposit, Molango (Mexico) and Taojiang (China): evidence for mineralization in closed system. Absts., International Association for Sedimentologists. Symposium on Sedimentology Related to Mineral Deposits. Beejing 1988, 188-189.
89. Okita. P.M., 1987. Geochemistry and Mineralogy of the Molango Manganese Orebody, Hidalgo State, Mexico. Thesis. Cincinnati University. p. 285.
90. Pedersen F.F., Calvert S.E. Anoxia vs productivity: what controls the formation of organic-carbon-rich sediments and sedimentary rocks?. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 1990, 74:454-466.
91. Perilli N., Comas-Rengifo M.J., Goy A. Calibration of the Pliensbachian-Toarcian calcareous nannofossil zone boundaries based on ammonites (Basque-Cantabrian area, Spain). Riv. Ital. Paleontol. Strat. 2004, 110(1):97-107.
92. Pfeifer H.-R., Oberhänsli H., Epprecht H. Geochemical evidence for a synsedimentary hydrothermal origin for Jurassic iron-manganese deposits at Gonzen (Sargans, Helvetic Alps, Switzerland). Mar. Geol. 1988, 84:257-272.
93. Polák S. Manganese ores of the Malé Karpaty Mts. Geol. práce Zos. 1957, 47:39-83.
94. Polgári M., Dobosi G., Horváth P., Rálischné Felgenhauer E., Vigh T. As-bearing pyrite at Úrkút and in the Jurassic layers of borehole Iharosberény-I. Bull. Hung. Geol. Surv. 2003, 133(4):69-475. (in Hungarian with English abstract).
95. Polgári M., Hein J.R., Tóth M., Brukner-Wein A., Vigh T., Bíró L., Cserháti C. Lias manganese deposits, Hungary Genesis of a regionally widespread celadonitic chert ironstone bed overlying Upper Lias manganese deposits, Hungary. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 2010, 167:313-328.
96. Polgári M., Hein J.R., Tóth M., Vigh T., Bíró L. Did hydrothermal fluids contribute to the huge Úrkút carbonate body?. Abstracts, Goldschmidt Conference, A801 2007.
97. Polgári M., Molák B., Surova É. An organic geochemical study to compare Jurassic black shale-hosted manganese-carbonate deposits: Úrkút, Hungary, and Branisko Mountains, East Slovakia. Explor. Min. Geol. 1992, l(l):63-67.
98. Polgári M., Okita P.M., Hein J.R. Stable isotope evidence for the origin of the Úrkút manganese ore deposit, Hungary. J. Sed. Pet. 1991, 61(3):384-393.
99. Polgári M., Philippe M., Szabó-Drubina M., Tóth M. Manganese-impregnated wood from a Toarcian manganese ore deposit, Eplény Mine, Bakony Mts, Transdanubia, Hungary. N. Jhb. Geol. Paläont. Monathefte 2005, 3:175-192.
100. Manganese Ores in Hungary - In Commemoration of Professor Gyula Grasselly - Hungarian Academy of Sciences 2000, Juhász Publishing House, Szeged, 675 pp. M. Polgári, Z. Szabó, T. Szederkényi (Eds.).
101. Polgári M., Szabó-Drubina M., Hein J.R. Phosphogenesis in Jurassic black shale-hosted Mn-carbonate deposits, Úrkút and Eplény, Hungary: Investigations on archive sample drillcore Úrkút-136. Bull. Hung. Geol. Surv. 2003, 133(1):37-48.
102. Polgári M., Szabó-Drubina M., Szabó Z. Theoretical model for the Mid-European Jurassic Mn-carbonate mineralization Úrkút, Hungary. Bull. Geosci. Czech. Geol. Surv. 2004, 79(1):53-61.
103. Polgári M., Tazaki K., Watanabe H., Vigh T. Geochemical aspect of chemolithoautotroph bacterial activity in the role of black shale hosted Mn mineralization, Jurassic age, Hungary, Europe. Clay Sci. 2006, 12(Suppl. 2):233-239.
104. Polgári M. Manganese geochemistry reflected by black shale formation and diagenetic processes - model of formation of the carbonatic manganese ore of Úrkút. Special Series of Hungarian Geological Institute 1993, Karpati Publish House, Ushgorod, 211 pp.
105. Popa R., Kinkle B.K., Badescu A. Pyrite framboids as biomarkers for iron-sulfur systems. Geomicrobiol. J. 2004, 21(3):193-206.
106. Prescott D.M. Geochemistry and palaeoenvironmental significance of iron pisoliths and ferromanganese crusts from the Jurassic of Mallorca, Spain. Eclogae Geol. Helv. 1988, 81:387-414.
107. Rantitsch G., Melcher F., Meisel T., Rainer T. Rare earth, major and trace elements in Jurassic manganese shales of the Northern Calcareous Alps: hydrothermal, versus hydrogenous origin of stratiform manganese deposits. Mineral. Pet. 2003, 77(1-2):109-127.
108. Robertson A., Degnan P. Significance of modern and ancient oceanic Mn-rich hydrothermal sediments, exemplified by Jurassic Mn-cherts from Southern Greece. Geological Society, London, Special Publications no. 148 1998, 217-240. The Geological Society, London. R.A. Mills, K. Harrison (Eds.).
109. Rojkovic I., Aubrecht R., Misik M. Mineral and chemical composition of manganese hardgrounds in Jurassic limestones of the Western Carpathians. Geol. Carpathica 2003, 54(5):317-328.
110. Roy S. Manganese Deposits 1981, Academic Press, London, 458 pp.
111. Schopf J.W., Kudryavtsev A.B., Czaja A.D., Tripathi A.B. Evidence of Archean life: stromatolites and microfossils. Precambr. Res. 2007, 158:141-155.
112. Scott M.R., Scott R.B., Rona P.A., Butler L.W., Nalwalk A.J. Rapidly accumulating manganese deposits from the median valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1974, 1:355-358.
113. Sommers M.G., Dollhopf M.E., Douglas S. Freshwater ferromanganese stromatolites from Lake Vermilion, Minnesota: microbial culturing and environmental scanning electron microscopy investigations. Geomicr J 2002, 19(4):407-427.
114. Southam G., Sanders J.A. The geomicrobiology of ore deposits. Econ. Geol. 2005, 100(6):1067-1084.
115. Stein R. Accumulation of Organic Carbon in Marine Sediments 1991, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 315 pp.
116. Sung W., Morgan J.J. Oxidative removal of Mn(II) from solution catalyzed by the γFeOOH (lepidocrocite) surface. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1981, 45:2377-2383.
117. Szabó Z., Grasselly Gy, Cseh Németh J. Some conceptual questions regarding the origin of manganese in the Úrkút Deposit, Hungary. Chem. Geol. 1981, 34:19-29.
118. Szabó Z., Grasselly Gy Genesis of manganese oxide ore in the Úrkút basin, Hungary. Geology and Geochemistry of Manganese 1980, Vol. 2:223-236. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest. I.M. Varentsov, G. Grasselly (Eds.).
119. Szabó, Z., 1977. Genesis of manganese ore deposits, Bakony Mountains, Hungary. [MSc dissertation]. Szeged: József Attila University. 277 pp. (in Hungarian).
120. Szabó, Z., 1970. Research report on the geological exploration at Csárda-hill in 1970. Database, Hungarian Geological Institute. (Manusript in Hungarian).
121. Szabó-Drubina M. Manganese deposits of Hungary. Econ. Geol. 1959, 54:1078-1093.
122. Tebo B.M., Bargar J.R., Clement B., Dick G., Murray K.J., Parker D., Verity R., Webb S. Manganese biooxide: properties and mechanisms of formation. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2004, 32:287-328.
123. Tebo B.M., Ghiorse W.C., Van Waasbergen I.G., Siering P.L., Caspi R. Bacterially mediated mineral formation: insights into manganese(II) oxidation from molecular genetic and biochemical studies. Geomicrobiology: Interactions Between Microbes and Minerals 1997, 35. Reviews in Mineralogy Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C., 448 pp. J.F. Banfield, K.H. Nealson (Eds.).
124. Tebo B.M., Nealson K.H., Rosson R.A. Occurrence and mechanisms of microbial oxidation of manganese. Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 1988, 33:279-318.
125. Toth J.R. Deposition of submarine crusts rich in manganese and iron. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1980, 91:44-56.
126. Turekian K.K. The oceans, streams, and atmosphere. Handbook of Geochemistry 1969, Vol. 1:297-323. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York. K.H. Wedepohl (Ed.).
127. van de Schootbrugge B., Bailey T.R., Rosenthal Y., Falkowski P.G., Katz M.E., Wright J.D., Miller K.G., Feist-Burkhardt S. Early Jurassic climate change and the radiation of organic-walled phytoplankton in the Tethys Ocean. Paleobiol 2005, 1-19.
128. Varentsov I.M., Grasselly Gy, Szabó Z. Ore-formation in the early-Jurassic basin of Central Europe: aspects of mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of the Úrkút manganese deposit, Hungary. Chem Erde 1988, 48:257-304.
129. Veizer J., Hoefs J. The nature of O18/O16 and C13/C12 secular trends in sedimentary carbonate rocks. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1976, 40:1387-1395.
130. Veto I., Demény A., Hertelendi E., Hetényi M. Estimation of primary productivity in the Toarcian Tethys - a novel approach based on TOC, reduced sulphur and manganese contents. Palaeogeog. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol. 1997, 132:355-371.
131. Veto I., Hetényi M., Demény A., Hertelendi E. Hydrogen index as reflecting intensity of sulphidic diagenesis in non-bioturbated shaly sediments. Org. Geochem. 1995, 22(2):299-310.
132. Veto I. Origin and early diagenesis of the black shale-hosted Mn-carbonate deposit of Úrkút (The Toarcian of Hungary). Abstract, 15th International Sedimentological Congress: Alicante 1998, 796-797.
133. Veto, I., 1993. Quantitative investigation of effect of anaerob bacterial degradation of organic matter of marine sedimentary rocks. Doctor thesis, manuscript. Manuscript Archive, Hungarian Academy of Sciences. D/16.918. 85 pp. (in Hungarian).
134. Vigh T., Polgári M., Hein J.R., Gucsik A., Koós M., Veres M., Tóth S., Tóth A.L., Bíró L. Photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy of Jurassic Fe-Mn oxide rocks forming chimney system, Hungary. AIP Proceedings 2009, 1163:219-230. CP1163. A. Gucsik (Ed.).
135. Villalobos M., Toner B., Bargar J., Sposito G. Characterization of the manganese oxide produced by Pseudomonas putida MnB1. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2003, 67:2649-2662.
136. Vinogradov A.P. Distribution of chemical elements in the Earth's crust. Geokhimiya 1956, 1:6-52.
137. Vörös A., Galácz A. Jurassic palaeogeography of the Transdanubian Central Range (Hungary). Riv. Ital. Paleontol. Strat. 1998, 104:69-84.
138. Webb S., Dick G.J., Bargar J.R., Tebo B.M. Evidence for the presence of Mn (III) intermediates in the bacterial oxidation of Mn(II). Microbiology 2005, 102:5558-5563.
139. Weiszburg T.G., Nagy T., Tóth E., Mizák J., Varga Zs, Lovas GyA, Váczi T. A laboratory procedure for separating micas from quartz in clay-sized materials. Acta Mineral. Pet. Szeged 2004, 45(1):133-139.
140. Weiszburg T.G., Tóth E., Beran A. Celadonite, the 10-A green clay mineral of the manganese carbonate ore, Úrkút, Hungary. Acta Mineral. Pet. Szeged 2004, 45(1):65-80.
141. Wignall P.B. Black Shales 1994, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 124 pp.
142. Wilkin R.T., Barnes H.L. Formation of framboidal pyrite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1997, 61(2):323-339.
143. Wilson D.E. Surface and complexation effects on the rate of Mn(II) oxidation in natural waters. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1980, 44:1311-1317.