Epidemiology and diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease: A review

Indian Journal of Animal Sciences

Volumn 82, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 543-551

  Verma, Amit Kumar ^a,b   Kumar, Amit ^a,b   Mahima, ^a,c   Sahzad, ^a,d  

^a Go Anusandhan Sansthan   (India)

^b Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine ^*  (India)

^c State Veterinary Hospital   (India)

^d FMD   (India)

Author keywords

Animal; Diagnosis; Epidemiology; Foot and mouth disease

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA;

EID: 84862117844     PISSN: 03678318     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Ahl R, Haas B and Marquardt O. 1996. Improved and new techniques for the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease. Report of the Session of the FAO Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, pp. 58-63. September 2-6, Maale Hachamisha, Israel.
2. Ahuja K L, Kumar A and Prasad S. 1996. Incidence and distribution of foot and mouth disease virus types in northwest India (1991-1993). Indian Journal of Virology 12: 125-27.
3. Alexandersen S and Donaldson A I. 2001. Further studies to quantify the dose of natural aerosols of foot-and-mouth disease virus for pigs. Report of the Session of the FAO Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, pp. 142-52. September 12-15, Island of Moen, Denmark.
4. Alexandersen S, Zhang Z, Donaldson A I and Garland A J M. 2003. Review: The Pathogenesis and diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Journal of Comparative Pathology 129: 1-36.
5. Alonso A, Martins M A, Gomes D M P, Allende R and Sondahl M S, 1993. Foot-and-mouth disease virus typing by complement fixation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using monovalent and polyvalent antisera. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostics and Investigation 4: 249-53.
6. Amarel-Doel C M F, Owen N E, Ferris N P, Kitching R P and Doel T R. 1993. Detection of foot-and-mouth disease viral sequences in clinical specimens and ethyleneimine-inactivated preparations by the polymerase chain reaction. Vaccine 11: 415-21.
7. Anonymous. 2001. International Animal Health Code, 10th edition, Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties, Chapter 2.1.1. Foot and Mouth Disease.
8. Ansell D M, Samuel A R, Carpenter W C and Knowles N J. 1994. Genetic relationships between foot-and-mouth disease type Asia 1 viruses. Epidemiology and Infection 112: 213-24.
9. Arujo Jr J P, Montassier H J and Pinto A A. 2002. Extensive antigenic and genetic variation among foot-and-mouth disease type A viruses isolated from the 1994 and 1995 foci in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Veterinary Microbiology 84 (1-2): 15-27.
10. Armstrong R M, Samuel A R, Knowles N J and Uluturk S. 1992. Genetic studies on foot-and-mouth disease viruses isolated from samples collected in Turkey. Report of the Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, pp. 64-69. Berne, Switzerland, Rome.
11. Astudillo V, Cane B G, Geymonat D, Sathler A B, Roma S G, Sutmoller P and Gimeno E J. 1997. Risk assessment and risk regionalization, based on the surveillance system for foot and mouth disease in South America. Scientific and technical review 16: 800-08.
12. Bachrach H L. 1968. Foot-and-mouth disease. Annual review of Microbiology 22: 201-44.
13. Baranowski E, Sevilla N, Verdaguer N, Ruiz-Jarabo C M, Beck E and Domingo E. 1998. Multiple virulence determinants of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cell culture. Journal of Virology 72: 6362-72.
14. Barnett P V and Cox S J. 1999. The role of small ruminants in the epidemiology and transmission of foot-and-mouth disease. Veterinary Journal 158: 6-13.
15. Bastos A D S. 1998. Detection and characterization of foot-andmouth disease virus in sub-Saharan Africa. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary research 65: 37-47.
16. Bergmann I E, Malirat V, Neitzert E, Panizutti N, Sanchez C and Falczuk A. 2000. Improvement of serodiagnostic strategy for foot and mouth disease virus surveillance in cattle under systematic vaccination: a combined system of an indirectELISA-3ABC with an enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot. Archives of Virology 145: 473-89.
17. Bhattacharya S, Pattnaik B and Venkataramanan R. 1996. Development and application of a sandwich ELISA for type identification of FMD virus in direct field materials. Journal of Animal Science 66: 1201-09.
18. Bhattacharya S, Banerjee R, Ghosh R, Chattopadhayay A P and Chatterjee A. 2005. Studies of the outbreaks of foot and mouth disease in West Bengal, India, between 1985 and 2002. Scientific and Technical review 24 (3): 945-52.
19. Borrego B, Novella I S, Giralt E, Andreu D and Domingo E. 1993. Distinct repertoir of antigenic variants of fot-and-mouth disease virus in presence or absence of immune selection. Journal of Virology 67: 6071-79.
20. Bronsvoort B, Tofts N, Bergmann I, Sorensen K J, Anderson J, Malirat V, Tanya V and Morgan K. 2006. Evaluation of three 3ABC ELISAs for foot-and-mouth disease non-structural antibodies using latent class analysis. Veterinary Research 16 (1): 30.
21. Brooksby J B 1982. Portrait of viruses: foot-and-mouth disease virus. Intervirology 18 (1-2): 1-23.
22. Callens M, De Clercq K and Danes M. 1998. Transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus between contact sheep and contact pigs: detection of infected animals. Report of the Session of the FAO Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, pp.129-38. September 15-18, Pirbright, UK
23. Callens M, and De Clercq K. 1997. Differentiation of the seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Virology Methods 67: 35-44.
24. Carrillo C, Tulman E R, Delhon G, Lu Z, Carreno A, Vagnozzi A, Kutish G F and Rock D L, 2005. Comparative Genomics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Journal of Virology 79(10): 6487-6504.
25. Carrillo C, Borca M, Moore D M, Morgan D O and Sobrino F. 1998. In vivo analysis of the stability and fitness of variants recovered from foot-and-mouth disease virus quasispecies, Journal of General Virology 79: 1699-1706.
26. Carrillo C, Dopazo J, Moya A, Gonzalez M, Martinez, M A, Saiz J C and Sobrino F. 1990. Comparison of vaccine strains and the virus causing the 1986 foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in Spain: epizootiological analysis. Virus Research 15: 45-56.
27. Chung W B, Sorensen K J, Liao P C, Yang P C and Jong M H. 2002. Differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease virus infected from vaccinated pigs by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using nonstructural protein 3AB as the antigen and application to an eradication program. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40(8): 2843-48.
28. Clavijo A, Viera-Pereira P J and Bergmann I. 2003. Use of the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the rapid diagnosis of Foot and Mouth disease in South America. Veterinary Research Communications 27(1): 63-71.
29. Cowan K M and Graves J H. 1966. A third antigenic component associated with foot-and-mouth disease infection. Virology 30: 528-40.
30. De Diego M, Brocchi E, Mackay D and De Simone F. 1997. The non-structural polyprotein 3ABC of foot-and-mouth disease virus as a diagnostic antigen in ELISA to differentiate infected from vaccinated cattle. Archives of Virology 142(10): 2021-33.
31. Domingo E, Escarmis C, Martinez M A, Martinez-Salas E and Mateu M G. 1992. Foot-and mouth disease virus populations are quasispecies, Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 176: 33-47.
32. Domingo E, Mateu M G, Martinez M A, Dopazo J, Moya A and Sobrino F. 1990. Genetic variability and antigenic diversity of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Applied Virology Research pp. 233-266. (Eds.) Kurstak E, Marusk R G, Murphy S A and Van Regenmortel M H V. vol. 2, Plenum Publishing Co., New York.
33. Domingo E, Diez J, Martinez M A, Hernandez J, Holguin A, Borrego B and Mateu M G. 1993. New observations on antigenic diversification of RNA viruses. Antigenic variation is not dependent on immune selection. Journal of General Virology 74: 2039-45.
34. Donaldson A I. 1997. Risks of spread ing foot and mouth disease through milk and dairy products. Scientific and Technical Review 16:117-24.
35. Donaldson A I and Sellers R F. 2000. Foot-and-mouth disease. Diseases of Sheep. pp. 254-58. (Eds) Martin W B and Aitken I D, Blackwell Science, Oxford, United Kingdom.
36. Donn A, Martin L A and Donaldson A I. 1996. A method using the PCR for the demonstration of chronic infection of FMD in experimentally infected cattle. Societa Italiana di Buiatria 1: 805-08.
37. Ferris N P and Dawson M. 1988. Routine application of enzymelinked immunosorbent assay in comparison with complement fixation for the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth and swine vesicular disease. Veterinary Microbiology 16: 201-09.
38. Ferris N P, Donaldson A I, Barnett I T R and Osborne R W. 1984. Inactivation, purification and stability of 146S antigens of foot and mouth disease virus for use as reagents in the complement fixation test. Scientific and Technical Review 3 (2): 339-50.
39. Fracastorius H. 1546. De sympathia et antipathia rerum liber unus. Decontagione et contagiosis morbis et eorum curatione liber I, Venice, Heirs of L. A. Junta.
40. Ganter M, Graunke W D, Steng G and Worbes H. 2001. Foot and mouth disease in sheep and goats. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 108 (12): 499-503.
41. Georgiev G, Veleva E, Polihronova L and Rossi A. 2003. Using NSp ELISA (Chekit-FMD-3ABC Bommeli-Intervet) as a tool for FMDV seroprevalence in Bulgaria. A report by National Diagnostic and research Veterinary Medical Institute, Sofia, Bulgaria.
42. Gloster J. 2004. New directions: Airborne transmission of Footand-Mouth disease virus, Atmospheric environment 38: 503-05.
43. Gulbahar M Y, Davis W C, Guvenc T, Yarim M, Parlak U and Kabak Y B. 2007. Myocarditis Associated with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Type O in Lambs. Veterinary Pathology 44: 589-99.
44. Gurumurthy C B, Sanyal A, Venkataramanan R, Tosh C, George M and Hemadri D. 2002. Genetic diversity in the VP1 gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype Asia 1. Archives of Virology 147(1): 85-102.
45. Haydon D T, Samuel A R and Knowles N J. 2001. The generation and persistence of genetic variation in foot-and-mouth disease virus. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 51(1-2): 111-24.
46. Hearps A, Zhang Z, and Alexandersen S. 2002. Evaluation of the portable Cepheid SmartCycler real-time PCR machine for the rapid diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease. Veterinary Record 150: 625-28.
47. Hemadri D, Sanyal A, Tosh C, Venkataramanan R and Pattnaik B. 2003. Serotype C foot-and-mouth disease virus isolates from India belong to a separate so far not described lineage. Veterinary Microbiology 92(1-2): 25-35.
48. Hirst G K. 1962. Genetic recombination with newcastle disease virus, polioviruses and influenza. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium of Quantitative Biology 27: 303-08.
49. House C and House J. 1989. Evaluation of techniques to demonstrate foot-and-mouth disease virus in bovine tongue epithelium: comparison of sensitivity of cattle, mice, primary cell cultures, cryo-preserved cell cultures and established cell lines. Veterinary Microbiology 20: 99-109.
50. Huang C C, Lin Y L, Huang T S, Tu W J, Lee S H, Jong M H and Lin S Y. 2001. Molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated from ruminants in Taiwan in 1999-2000. Veterinary Microbiology 81(3): 193-205.
51. Inoue T, Parida S and Paton D J. 2006. Development and evaluation of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus nonstructural protein antibody using a chemically synthesized 2B peptide as antigen. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigation 18(6): 545-52.
52. Jangra R K, Tosh C, Sanyal A, Hemadri D and Bandyopadhyay S K. 2005. Antigenic and genetic analyses of foot and mouth disease virus type A isolates for selection of candidate vaccine strain reveals emergence of a variant virus that is responsible for most recent outbreaks in India. Virus Research 112: 52-59.
53. Kitching R P. 2002. Clinical variation in Foot-and-mouth disease: Cattle. Scientific and Technical Review 21(3): 499-504.
54. Knowles N J and Samuel A R. 1995. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and cycle sequencing of the 1D (VP1) gene of footand-mouth disease viruses. Report Session: Research Group - Technical Committee European Commission Control of FMD (FAO), Vienna 45-63.
55. Konig G, Blanco C, Knowles N J, Palma E L, Maradei E and Piccone M E. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of foot-and-mouth disease viruses isolated in Argentina. Virus Genes 23 (2):175-81.
56. Kumar N, Sharma R and Kakker N K. 2007. Non-Structural Protein 3A for Differentiation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Infected and Vaccinated Animals in Haryana (India). Zoonoses and Public Health. 54(9-10): 376-82.
57. Le Vailant. 1780. Travels into the interior parts of Africa 1780-1785 vol. 2: 1795.
58. Lee F, Lin Y L and Jong M H. 2003. Comparison of ELISA for the detection of porcine serum antibodies to non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Journal of Virological Methods 116 (2): 155-59.
59. Loeffler F and Frosch P. 1897. Summarischer Bericht uber die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen zur Erforschung der Maul- und Klauenseuche. Zentbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd Abt. I 22: 257-59.
60. Lubroth J and Brown F. 1995. Identification of native foot-andmouth disease virus non-structural protein 2C as a serological indicator to differentiate infected from vaccinated livestock. Research in Veterinary Sciences 59:70-78.
61. Lubroth J, Grubman M J, Burrage T G, Newman J F and Brown F. 1996. Absence of protein 2C from clarified foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccines provides the basis for distinguishing convalescent from vaccinated animals. Vaccine 14: 419-27.
62. Mackay D K, Forsyth M A, Davies P R, Berlinzani A, Belsham G J, Flint M, and Ryan M D. 1998. Differentiating infection from vaccination in foot-and-mouth disease using a panel of recombinant, non-structural proteins in ELISA. Vaccine 16: 446-59.
63. Mann S, Kumar A, Sharma P C and Ahuja K L. 1998. Prevalence of Foot and Mouth disease virus types in North West India (1994-1996). Indian Journal of Virology 14: 55-57.
64. Marquardt O and Adam K H. 1990. FMDV subtyping by sequencing VP1 genes. Advances in Veterinary Virology: Proceedings of the 1st Congress of the European Society for Veterinary Virology, Liege, 1989. Veterinary Microbiology 23:175-83.
65. Marquardt O, Straub O C, Ahl R and Haas B. 1995. Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus in nasal swabs of asymptomatic cattle by RT-PCR within 24 hours. Journal of Virological Methods 53: 255-61.
66. Martinez M A, Verdaguer N, Mateu M G and Domingo E. 1997. Evolution subverting essentiality: dispensability of the cell attachment Arg-Gly-Asp motif in multiply passaged foot-andmouth disease virus, Proceedings of National Academy of Science 94: 6798-6802.
67. Metcalf H E and McElvaine M D. 1995. Risk of introducing exotic disease through importation of animals and animal products. Scientific and Technical Review 14: 951-56.
68. Meyer R F, Babcock G D, Newman J F, Burrage T G, Toohey K, Lubroth J and Brown F. 1997. Baculovirus expressed 2C of foot-and-mouth disease virus has the potential for differentiating convalescent from vaccinated animals. Journal of Virological Methods 65:33-43.
69. Mohapatra J K, Saravanan S, Tosh C, Hemadri D, Sanyal A, Tamilselvan R P and Rasool T J. 2007. Genotype differentiating RT-PCR and sandwich ELISA: Handy tools in epidemiological investigation of foot and mouth disease. Journal of Virological Methods 143: 117-21.
70. Moraes M P, Mayr G A, Mason P W and Grubman M J. 2002. Early protection against homologous challenge after a single dose of replication defective human adenovirus type 5 expressing capsid proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strain A24. Vaccine 20: 1631-39.
71. Nagendrakumar S B, Reddy G S, Chandran D, Thiagarajan D, Rangarajan P N and Srinivasan, V A. 2005. Molecular Characterization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Type C of Indian Origin. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 43 (2): 966-69.
72. Niedbalski W. 2004. Comparison of three ELISA kits for the detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural proteins. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy 49: 147-51.
73. Novella I S, Domingo E and Holland J J. 1996. Rapid viral quasispecies evolution: implications for vaccine and drug strategies. Molecular Medicine Today 53: 248-53.
74. Oem J K, Kye S J, Lee K N, Park J H, Kim Y J, Song H J and Yeh M. 2005. Development of synthetic peptide ELISA based on nonstructural protein 2C of foot and mouth disease virus. Journal of Veterinary Science 6 (4): 317-25.
75. Office International des Epizooties. 2007. World Organization for Animal Health. Foot and mouth disease. OIE Standards Commission (Ed.), Office International des Epizooties, Paris, France.
76. Paprocka G, Kesy A, Niedbalski W and Fitzner A. 2002. Detection and typing of FMDV isolates. Medycyna Weterynaryjna 58 (9): 699-702.
77. Pattnaik B, Venkataramanan R, Tosh C, Sanyal A, Hemadri D, Samuel A R, Knowles N J and Kitching R P. 1998. Genetic heterogeneity of Indian field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O as revealed by partial sequencing of 1D gene. Virus Research 55 (2): 115-27.
78. Pereira H G. 1977. Subtyping of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Dev Biol Stand 35: 167-74.
79. Reid S M, Ferris N P, Hutchings G H, DeClercq K, Newman B J, Knowles N J and Samuel A R. 2001. Diagnosis of Foot and Mouth disease by RT-PCR: use of phylogenetic data to evaluate primers for the typing of viral RNA in clinical samples. Archives of Virology 146: 2421-34.
80. Reid S M, Ferris N P, Hutchings G H, Zhang Z, Belsham G J and Alexenderson S. 2002. Detection of all serotypes of Foot and mouth disease virus by real time fluorogenic reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay. Journal of Virological Methods 105 (1): 67-80.
81. Reid S M, Forsyth M A, Hutchings G H and Ferris N P. 1998. Comparison of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and virus isolation for the routine diagnosis of Foot and Mouth disease. Journal of Virological Methods 70 (2): 213-17.
82. Reid S M, Hutchings G H, Ferris N P and DeClercq K. 1999. Diagnosis of Foot and Mouth disease by RT-PCR: evaluation of primers for serotypic characterization of viral RNA in clinical samples. Journal of Virological Methods 83 (1-2): 113-23.
83. Reid S M, Grierson S S, Ferris N P, Hutchings G H and Alexandersen S. 2003. Evaluation of automated RT-PCR to accelerate the laboratory diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Journal of Virological Methods 107: 129-39.
84. Roeder P and Le Blanc Smith P. 1987. Detection and typing of foot-and-mouth disease virus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: a sensitive, rapid and reliable technique for primary diagnosis. Research in Veterinary Sciences 43: 225-32.
85. Rowlands D J, Sangar D V and Brown F. 1971. Relationships ofthe antigenic structure of foot-and-mouth-disease virus to the process of infection. Journal of General Virology 13: 85-93.
86. Rweyemamu M M and Leforban Y. 1999. Foot-and-mouth disease and international development. Advances in Virus Research 53: 111-26.
87. Saha S N and Sen A K. 1987. Studies on selection of suitable cell systems for adaptation, titration and plaque assay of Foot and Mouth disease virus type A. Indian Veterinary Journal 64 (7): 541-45.
88. Saiz J, Sobrino F and Dopazo J. 1993. Molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus type O. Journal of General Virology 74: 2281-85.
89. Sakamoto K, Kanno T, Yamakawa M, Yoshida K, Yamazoe R and Murakami Y. 2002. Isolation of foot and mouth disease virus from Japanese Black cattle in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 64 (1): 91-94.
90. Salt J S, Samuel A R and Kitching R P. 1996. Antigenic analysis of type O foot-and-mouth disease virus in the persistently infected bovine. Archives of Virology 141: 1407-21.
91. Samuel A R, Ansell D M, Rendle R T, Armstrong R M, Davidson F L, Knowles N J and Kitching R P. 1993. Genetic and antigenic studies of foot-and-mouth disease virus type O from Bulgaria in 1991. Scientific and Technical Review 12: 839-48.
92. Samuel A R, Knowles N J and Kitching R P. 1990. Preliminary molecular analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus type O in the Middle East. Report of the Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, pp. 133-38. Appendix 24. Lindholm, Denmark.
93. Samuel A R, Knowles N J and Mackay D K J. 1999. Genetic analysis of type O viruses responsible for epidemics of foot-and-mouth disease in North Africa. Epidemiology and Infection 122: 529-38.
94. Samuel A R, Knowles N J, Kitching R P and Hafez S M. 1997. Molecular analysis of type O foot-and-mouth disease viruses isolated in Saudi Arabia between 1983 and 1995. Epidemiology and Infection 119: 381-89.
95. Sangare O, Bastos A D, Marquardt O, Venter E H, Vosloo W and Thomson G R. 2001. Molecular epidemiology of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus with emphasis on West and South Africa. Virus Genes 22 (3): 345-51.
96. Sharma R and Kakkar N K. 2005. Scenario of Foot and mouth Disease outbreaks in Haryana state during the years 2003 and 2004. Haryana Veterinarian 44: 47-51.
97. Shen F, Chen P D, Walfield A M, Ye J, House J, Brown F and Wang C Y. 1999. Differentiation of convalescent animals from those vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease by a peptide ELISA. Vaccine 17: 3039-49.
98. Singh K C P, Wagh U V and Chaudhary P G. 1987. Adaptability of BHK-21 cell line in goat serum and studies on its susceptibility to viruses. Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases. 8 (4): 184-87.
99. Singh M, Mohan B M and Suryanarayana V V S. 1996. Serological and molecular analysis of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated from disease outbreaks in India during 1987-91. Virus Research 43: 45-55.
100. Snowdon W A. 1966. Growth of foot and mouth disease virus in monolayer cultures of calf thyroid cells. Nature 210 (40): 1079-80.
101. Sobrino F, Saiz M, Jimenez-Clavero M A, Nunez J I, Rosas M F, Baranowski E and Ley V. 2001. Foot-and-mouth disease virus: a long known virus, but a current threat. Veterinary Research 32: 1-30.
102. Sorensen K J, Madsen K G, Madsen E S, Salt J S, Nqindi J and Mackay D K. 1998. Differentiation of infection from vaccination in foot-and-mouth disease by the detection of antibodies to the non-structural proteins 3D, 3AB and 3ABC in ELISA using antigens expressed in baculovirus. Archives of Virology 143 (8): 1461-76.
103. Suryanarayana V, Madanamohan B, Bist P, Natarajan C and Tratschin J D. 1999. Serotyping of foot-and-mouth disease virus by antigen capture reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Virological Methods 80: 45-52.
104. Tomasula P M and Konstance R P. 2004. the survival of foot-andmouth disease virus in raw and pasteurized milk and milk products. Journal of Dairy Science 87:1115-21.
105. Tosh C, Hemadri D, Sanyal A and Bandyopadhyay S K. 2003. Genetic and antigenic analysis of two recently circulating genotypes of type A foot-and-mouth disease virus in India: vidence for positive selection in the capsid-encoding genes. Archives of Virology 148: 853-69.
106. Tosh C, Hemadri D and Sanyal A. 2002a. Evidence of recombination in the capsid-coding region of type A foot-andmouth disease virus. Journal of General Virology 83: 2455-60.
107. Tosh C, Sanyal A, Hemadri D and Venkataramanan R. 2002b. Phylogenetic analysis of serotype A foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated in India between 1977 and 2000. Archives of Virology 147 (3):493-513.
108. Ul Islam MR, Verma A K, Yadav S K, Pal B C, Mahima and Jain U. 2009. Genetic and antigenic relationship between foot and mouth disease virus serotype Asia-1 isolate and vaccine strain. Online Journal of Veterinary Research 13 (2): 114-19.
109. Verma A K. 2008. 'Studies on molecular epidemiology of FMD in bovines with special reference to serological diagnosis of vaccinated and infected animals.' Ph.D. thesis, Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan, Mathura, India.
110. Verma A K, Pal B C, Singh C P, Jain U, Yadav S K and Mahima. 2008. Studies of the outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in Uttar Pradesh, India, between 2000 and 2006. Asian Journal of Epidemiology 1(2):40-46.
111. Verma A K, Mahima, Pal B C, Yadav S K, Kumar A and Raies M. 2010a. Phylogenetic relationships between foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype 'A' isolates and vaccine strains. Online Journal of Veterinary Research 14 (1):87-95.
112. Verma A K, Yadav S K, Mahima, Kumar Amit and Pal B C. 2010b. 3ABC Non-structural protein for differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease infected and vaccinated animals in Uttar Pradesh. (Abstract no. 1.20). Pp. 10. National Symposium on Recent Development in Diagnostic and Threauptic Approaches for Economically Important Diseases of Livestock and Companion Animals and 28th convention of ISVM. Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Hyderabad, February, 17-19, 2010.
113. Vosloo W, Knowles N J and Thomson G R. 1992. Genetic relationships between southern African SAT-2 isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Epidemiology and Infection 109: 547-58.
114. Whiteside J P, Rayner R W and Spier R E. 1983. The improvement and standardization of the simplified process for the production of foot and mouth disease virus from BHK suspension cells. Journal of Biological Standardization 11(3): 145-55.
115. Woodbury E L. 1995. A review of the possible mechanisms for the persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Epidemiology and Infection 114: 1-13.
116. Woodbury E L, Samuel A R, Knowles N J, Hafez S M and Kitching R P 1994. Analysis of mixed foot-and-mouth disease virus infections in Saudi Arabia: prolonged circulation of an exotic serotype. Epidemiology and Infection 112: 201-11.
117. Yadav G. 2009. 'Studies on molecular epidemiology of FMD virus and genetic variation in unvaccinated and vaccinated buffalo.' Ph.D. thesis, Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan, Mathura, India.