A genuine civil society and its implications for the Iranian women's movement

Women's History Review

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 233-252

  Jahanshahrad, Houri ^a  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84862108435     PISSN: 09612025     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09612025.2012.657883     Document Type: Review

References (56)

1. Carole Pateman (1983) Feminist Critiques of the Public/Private Dichotomy, in Stanley. I. Benn & Gerald. F. Gauss (Eds) Public and Private in Social Life (London: Croom Helm; New York: St. Martin's Press)
2. Iris Young (2000) Democracy and Inclusion (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
3. Carole Pateman (1989) The Disorder of Women: democracy feminism and political theory (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press).
4. Nancy Fraser (1992) Rethinking the Public Sphere: a contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy, in Craig Calhoun (Ed.) Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), pp. 109-142.
5. Pateman, 'Feminist Critiques of the Public/Private Dichotomy'; Carole Pateman (1988) The Sexual Contract (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press).
6. Iris Young (1990) Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
7. Fraser, 'Rethinking the Public Sphere'; Nancy Fraser (1995) Politics, Culture, and the Public Sphere: toward a postmodern conception, in Linda Nicholson & Steven Seidman (Eds) Social Postmodernism: beyond identity politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 287-314.
8. Anne Phillips (1995) The Politics of Presence (Oxford: Clarendon Press)
9. Anne Phillips (1998) Democracy and Representation: or, why should it matter who our representatives are? in Anne Phillips (Ed.) Feminism and Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
10. This argument has been raised by Anne Phillips (2002) in her work entitled 'Does Feminism Need a Conception of Civil Society?, in Will Kymlicka & Simone Chambers (Eds) Alternative Conceptions of Civil Society (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), pp. 71-89.
11. Jude Howell & Diane Mulligan (Eds) (2005) Gender and Civil Society: transcending boundaries (London and New York: Routledge).
12. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Article, 115.
13. For the first time since 1979, President Ahmadinejad appointed a woman as the head of the ministry of Health, Medication, and Medical Education in 2009.
14. Elaheh Rostami (2004) Dastavard-e jonbesh-e zanan-e Iran: Barabary-e jensiati benaf ' har do jens
15. [The achievement of the Iranian Women's movement: gender equality in favor of both sexes], Zanan, 115, pp. 48-52.
16. Abdolali Ghavam (1997) Mavan' tahaghogh-e jame'h madani [The impediments to the materialization of civil society], in Proceedings of the Fulfillment of Civil Society in the Islamic Republic of Iran (Tehran: The Organization of Cultural Documents of the Islamic Revolution), pp. 37-44.
17. Hossein Bashiriyeh (1984) The State and Revolution in Iran, 1962-1982 (London: Croom Helm; New York: St. Martin Press).
18. Hossein Bashiriyeh (1997) Jame'h madani dar Iran[Civil society, power, ideology: the obstacles in the way of the fulfillment of civil society in Iran], in Proceedings of the Fulfillment of Civil Society in the Islamic Republic of Iran (Tehran: The Organization of Cultural Documents of the Islamic Revolution), pp. 19-36.
19. Mehran Kamrava. (2001) The Civil Society Discourse in Iran, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 28(2), pp. 165-185, p. 178.
20. Alireza Azghandi (1997) Jame'hmadani va kholghiat-e ma Iranian [Civil society and the disposition of us Iranians], in Proceedings of the Fulfillment of Civil Society in the Islamic Republic of Iran (Tehran: The Organization of Cultural Documents of the Islamic Revolution), pp. 401-410.
21. Hossein Bashiriyeh (1997) Jame'h madani dar Iran [Civil Society, Power, Ideology].
22. Said Amir Arjomand (2001) Civil Society and the Rule of Law in the Constitutional Politics of Iran under Khatami, Social Research, 67(2), pp. 283-301, p. 283.
23. Shahra Razavi (2006) Islamic Politics, Human Rights and Women's Claims for Equality in Iran, Third World Quarterly, 27(7), pp. 1223-1237, p. 1233.
24. Arshin Adib-Moghaddam (2006)The Pluralistic Momentum in Iran and the Future of the Reform Movement, Third World Quarterly, 27(4), pp. 665-674, p. 669.
25. Jannet Afary (1989) On the Origins of Feminism in Early 20th-Century Iran, Journal of Women's History, 1(2), pp. 65-87.
26. Jannet Afary (1996) The Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1906-1911: grassroots, democracy, social democracy and the origins of feminism (New York: Colombia University Press).
27. Joanna de Groot (2010) Feminism in Another Language: learning from 'feminist' histories of Iran and/or from histories of Iranian 'feminism' since 1830, Women: A Cultural Review, 21(3), pp. 251-265.
28. Eliz Sanasarian (1982) The Women's Rights Movement in Iran: mutiny, appeasement, and repression from 1900 to Khomeini (New York: Praeger).
29. Ibid.; Parvin Paidar (2001) Gender of Democracy: the encounter between feminism and reformism in contemporary Iran, UNRISD on Democracy, Governance and Human Rights Programme Paper, 6, pp. 1-47
30. Hamideh Sedghi (2007) Women and Politics in Iran: veiling, unveiling, and re-veiling (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press).
31. Sedghi, Women and Politics in Iran.
32. Niki R. Keddie (2006) Modern Iran: roots and results of revolution (New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press).
33. Haleh Afshar (1998) Islam and Feminisms: an Iranian case study (London: Macmillan)
34. Niki. R. Keddie & E. J. Hooglund (1986) The Iranian Revolution & the Islamic Republic, new ed. (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press).
35. Ziba Mir-Hisseini (2006) Islam-e siasi va aayandeh zan-e mosalman [Political Islam and the future of Muslim woman], Zanan, 133, pp. 44-51.
36. Hassan Yousefi Eshkevari (2000) Form and Content in Democracy and Elections, Is Iran Democratization? Voices from Within: selections from the Iranian press, Journal of Democracy, 11(4), pp. 39-146.
37. Reza Alijani (2005) Jonbesh-e zanan: Jonbeshi mostaghel amma mortabet [The women's movement: an independent but interconnected movement], Nameh Magazine, 43, pp. 20-28
38. Soheila Vahdati (2005) Democracy khahi-e ma va jonbesh-e zanan [Democratization and the women's movement], Nameh Magazine, 43, pp. 34-45.
39. Fariba Davoudi Mohajer (2005) Jonbesh-e zanan: Naghd-e pedarsalari [The women's movement criticizes patriarchy], Nameh Magazine, 43, pp. 18-24.
40. The emergence of the Iranian student movement dates back to the 1930s. During Reza Shah's reign, the student movement was critical of the dictatorship of the Shah. At the time Reza Shah was replaced by his son in 1941, the movement began to become more leftist and communist oriented. During this time, the student movement started to participate in strikes and protests against Mohammad Reza Shah. In the post-revolutionary era, the movement has gone through three distinct stages. The first stage lasted from 1979 until the Cultural Revolution of 1981. During this time the student movement was strongly supportive of the official policies of the revolutionary government. The second stage lasted from 1981 until the death of Ayatollah Khomeini in 1989. During this time, the movement did not seem to have totally approved of the Islamic government and began to be critical of some undemocratic attitudes of the government. At this stage the student movement started to change its strategy from participation to protest. At the third and stillcurrent stage, which began in 1990, the student movement has been calling for democratic changes within the social and political structures of the country while strongly supporting the reform movement of 1997. (Ali Ashrafi & H. Graham Underwood 2007 Iran's Resilient Civil Society: the student movement's struggle, Journal of Democracy, 18(4), pp. 80-94, pp. 88-89
41. Takeyh, Iran at Crossroads, The Middle East Journal, 57(1), pp.42-56; p. 46.
42. Personal interview with Fatemeh Rakei, Tehran, April 2007.
43. Personal interview with Khadijeh Moghaddam, a leading personality of the one million signatures campaign, Tehran, April 2007.
44. http://www.we-change.org/english/spip.php?rubrique5
45. Personal interview with Zahra Shojaee, Tehran, 2007.
46. Ashrafi & Underwood, 'Iran's Resilient Civil Society'.
47. Mehrangiz Kar (2005) Moroori bar matbooa't-e eslah talab [A review of the proreform press]. http://www.mehrangizkar.net/archives/000306.php
48. Zanan, 1991, no. 1
49. Quoted in Elham Gheytanchi (2001) Civil Society in Iran: politics of motherhood and the public sphere, International Sociology, 16(4), pp. 557-576, p. 564.
50. Roza Eftekhari (2003) Zanan: trials and success of a feminist magazine in Iran, Middle Eastern Women on the Move, pp. 15-22, p. 20. Woodrow Wilson International for Scholars, Middle East project. Washington, DC. http://www. wilsoncenter.org
51. Ziba Mir-Hosseini (1996) Stretching the Limits: a feminist reading of the Shari's in post-Khomeini Iran, in Mai Yamani & Andrew Allen (Eds) Feminism and Islam: legal and literary perspectives (Reading: Ithaca Press), pp. 285-320.
52. Nayereh Tohidi (2003) Islamic Feminism: perils and promises, Middle Eastern Women on the Move, pp.135-146.
53. Mir-Hosseini Z., Islam and Gender: The Religious Debate in Contemporary Iran, 2000, (London and New York: I.B. Tauris)
54. Ziba Mir-Hosseini (2000) Islam and Gender: The religious debate in contemporary Iran (London and New York: I.B. Tauris); Ziba Mir-Hosseini (2006) Avahay-e taze feministi dar jahan-e Eslam [The new feminist voices in Islamic world, Zanan, 132, pp. 46-50.
55. Azam Taleghani (1997) Why Did I Run for the Presidency? Payam-e Hajar [Hajar's Message], 237, pp. 2-4.
56. Arzoo Osanloo (2009) The Politics of Women's Rights in Iran (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), p. 7.