The burden of full and subsyndromal posttraumatic stress disorder among police involved in the World Trade Center rescue and recovery effort

Journal of Psychiatric Research

Volumn 46, Issue 7, 2012, Pages 835-842

  Pietrzak, Robert H ^a,b   Schechter, Clyde B ^c   Bromet, Evelyn J ^d   Katz, Craig L ^e   Reissman, Dori B ^f   Ozbay, Fatih ^e   Sharma, Vansh ^e   Crane, Michael ^e   Harrison, Denise ^g   Herbert, Robin ^e   Levin, Stephen M ^e   Luft, Benjamin J ^d   Moline, Jacqueline M ^h   Stellman, Jeanne M ⁱ   Udasin, Iris G ^j   Landrigan, Philip J ^e   Southwick, Steven M ^a,b  

^a VA CONNECTICUT HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^b YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^f NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH   (United States)

^g NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^h DONALD AND BARBARA ZUCKER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT HOFSTRA NORTHWELL   (United States)

ⁱ Department of Medicine   (United States)

^j UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY OF NEW JERSEY   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Depression; Healthcare needs; Police; Posttraumatic stress disorder; World Trade Center

Indexed keywords

PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT;

ADULT; ALCOHOLISM; ARTICLE; COMORBIDITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATIONAL STUDY; DEPRESSION; DUST; FAMILY; FAMILY COUNSELING; FAMILY STRESS; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL DISEASE; HEALTH CARE NEED; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; INTERVIEW; KNOWLEDGE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH CARE; MENTAL STRESS; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE; PANIC; PATIENT COUNSELING; POLICE; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOPHARMACOTHERAPY; RESCUE WORK; SOCIAL SUPPORT; STRESS MANAGEMENT; TERRORISM; TRADE UNION;

ADULT; AGED; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEYS; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MIDDLE AGED; ODDS RATIO; POLICE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; SEPTEMBER 11 TERRORIST ATTACKS; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 84862007988     PISSN: 00223956     EISSN: 18791379     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.03.011     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Bisson J., Andrew M. Psychological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Jul 18, 3. CD003388.
2. Bowler R.M., Han H., Gocheva V., Nakagawa S., Alper H., DiGrande L., et al. Gender differences in probable posttraumatic stress disorder among police responders to the 2001 World Trade Center terrorist attack. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 2010, 53:1186-1196.
3. Bowler R.M., Harris M., Li J., Gocheva V., Stellman S.D., Wilson K., et al. Longitudinal mental health impact among police responders to the 9/11 terrorist attack. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 2012, 55:297-312.
4. Brackbill R.M., Hadler J.L., DiGrande L., Ekenga C.C., Farfel M.R., Friedman S., et al. Asthma and posttraumatic stress symptoms 5 to 6 years following exposure to the World Trade Center terrorist attack. Journal of the American Medical Association 2009, 302:502-516.
5. Breslau N., Lucia V.C., Davis G.C. Partial PTSD versus full PTSD: an empirical examination of associated impairment. Psychological Medicine 2004, 34:1205-1214.
6. Carlier I.V., Gersons B.P. Partial posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): the issue of psychological scars and the occurrence of PTSD symptoms. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1995, 183:107-109.
7. Carlier I.V., Lamberts R.D., Gersons B.P. Risk factors for posttraumatic stress symptomatology in police officers: a prospective analysis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1997, 185:498-506.
8. Collins P.A., Gibbs A.C. Stress in police officers: a study of the origins, prevalence and severity of stress-related symptoms within a county police force. Occupational Medicine 2003, 53:256-264.
9. Cukor J., Wyka K., Jayasinghe N., Difede J. The nature and course of subthreshold PTSD. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2010, 24:918-923.
10. Dowling F.G., Moynihan G., Genet B., Lewis J. A peer-based assistance program for officers with the New York City Police Department: report of the effects of Sept. 11, 2001. American Journal of Psychiatry 2006, 163:151-153.
11. Ewing J.A. Detecting alcoholism. The CAGE questionnaire. JAMA 1984, 252:1905-1907.
12. Goldberg D.P., Hillier V.P. A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychological Medicine 1979, 9:139-145.
13. Greene E., Heilbrun K., Fortune W.H., Nietzel M.T. Psychology of police, Wrightsman's psychology and the legal system 2007, Thomson Wadsworth, Belmont, CA. 6th ed.
14. Jeon H.J., Suh T., Lee H.J., Hahm B.J., Lee J.Y., Cho S.J., et al. Partial versus full PTSD in the Korean community: prevalence, duration, correlates, comorbidity, and dysfunctions. Depression and Anxiety 2007, 24:577-585.
15. Johannesson K.B., Lundin T., Hultman C.M., Lindam A., Dyster-Aas J., Arnberg F., et al. The effect of traumatic bereavement on tsunami-exposed survivors. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2009, 22:497-504.
16. Kristensen P., Weisaeth L., Heir T. Psychiatric disorders among disaster bereaved: an interview study of individuals directly or not directly exposed to the 2004 tsunami. Depression and Anxiety 2009, 26:1127-1133.
17. Kroenke K., Spitzer R.L., Williams J.B. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2001, 16:606-613.
18. Leon A.C., Olfson M., Portera L., Farber L., Sheehan D.V. Assessing psychiatric impairment in primary care with the Sheehan Disability Scale. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 1997, 27:93-105.
19. Maguen S., Metzler T.J., McCaslin S.E., Inslicht S.S., Henn-Haase C., Neylan T.C., et al. Routine work environment stress and PTSD symptoms in police officers. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2009, 197:754-760.
20. Maia D.B., Marmar C.R., Metzler T., Nobrega A., Berger W., Mendlowicz M.V., et al. Post-traumatic stress symptoms in an elite unit of Brazilian police officers: prevalence and impact on psychosocial functioning and on physical and mental health. Journal of Affective Disorders 2007, 97:241-245.
21. Marshall R.D., Olfson M., Hellman F., Blanco C., Guardino M., Struening E.L. Comorbidity, impairment, and suicidality in subthreshold PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry 2001, 158:1467-1473.
22. McLaughlin K.A., Conron K.J., Koenen K.C., Gilman S.E. Childhood adversity, adult stressful life events, and risk of past-year psychiatric disorder: a test of the stress sensitization hypothesis in a population-based sample of adults. Psychological Medicine 2010, 40:1647-1658.
23. Miller L. Line-of-duty death: psychological treatment of traumatic bereavement in law enforcement. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 2007, 9:13-23.
24. Perrin M.A., DiGrande L., Wheeler K., Thorpe L., Farfel M., Brackbill R. Differences in PTSD prevalence and associated risk factors among World Trade Center disaster rescue and recovery workers. American Journal of Psychiatry 2007, 164:1385-1394.
25. Pietrzak R.H., Goldstein R.B., Southwick S.M., Grant B.F. Prevalence and Axis I comorbidity of full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States: results from Wave 2 of the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2011, 25:456-465.
26. Robins L.N., Smith E.M. The diagnostic interview schedule/disaster supplement 1983, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO.
27. Schnurr P.P., Ford J.D., Friedman M.J., Green B.L., Dain B.J., Sengupta A. Predictors and outcomes of posttraumatic stress disorder in World War II veterans exposed to mustard gas. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2000, 68:258-268.
28. Spitzer R.L., Kroenke K., Williams J.B. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. Primary care evaluation of mental disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire. Journal of the American Medical Association 1999, 282:1737-1744.
29. Stellman J.M., Smith R.P., Katz C.L., Sharma V., Charney D.S., Herbert R., et al. Enduring mental health morbidity and social function impairment in world trade center rescue, recovery, and cleanup workers: the psychological dimension of an environmental health disaster. Environmental Health Perspectives 2008, 116:1248-1253.
30. Walsh F. Traumatic loss and major disasters: strengthening family and community resilience. Family Process 2007, 46:207-227.
31. Weathers F, Litz B, Herman D, Huska J, Keane T. The PTSD Checklist (PCL): reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX. 1993.