The changing model of soil revisited

Soil Science Society of America Journal

Volumn 76, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 766-778

  De Richter, Daniel B ^a   Yaalon, Dan H ^b  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FORCINGS; GENETIC MODELS; LOWER BOUNDARY; ONGOING CHANGES; SOIL FORMATIONS; SOIL MODEL; SOIL SCIENCE;

AGRICULTURE; SOILS; THERMODYNAMICS;

GEOLOGIC MODELS;

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; GEOMORPHOLOGY; NUMERICAL MODEL; PALEOSOL; PEDOGENESIS; PEDOLOGY; SOIL HORIZON; SOIL SCIENCE; THERMODYNAMICS; TWENTY FIRST CENTURY;

EID: 84862000715     PISSN: 03615995     EISSN: 14350661     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2136/sssaj2011.0407     Document Type: Review

References (144)

1. Alexandrovskaya, E.I., and A.L. Alexandrovskiy. 2000. History of the cultural layer in Moscow and accumulation of anthropogenic substances in it. Catena 41:249-259. doi:10.1016/S0341-8162(00)00107-7 (Pubitemid 30610224)
2. Amundson, R., and H. Jenny. 1991. The place of humans in the state factor theory of ecosystems and their soils. Soil Sci. 151:99-109. doi:10.1097/00010694-199101000-00012
3. Amundson, R., Y. Guo, and P. Gong. 2003. Soil diversity and land use in the United States. Ecosystems 6:470-482. doi:10.1007/s10021-002-0160-2 (Pubitemid 37143561)
4. Arnold, R.W., I. Szabolcs, and V.C. Targulian. 1990. Global soil change. U.N. Environ. Prog. and Int. Inst. for Appl. Syst. Anal., Laxenburg, Austria.
5. Bacon, A.R., D.deB. Richter, P.R. Bierman, and D.H. Rood. 2012. Coupling meteoric 10Be inventory with 9Be weathering loss to estimate soil residence time. Geology (in press).
6. Banwart, S. 2011. Save our soils. Nature (London) 474:151-152. doi:10.1038/474151a
7. Baveye, P.C., D. Rangel, A.R. Jacobson, M. Laha, C. Darnault, W. Otten, R. Radulovich, and F.A.O. Camargo. 2011. From Dust Bowl to Dust Bowl: Soils are still very much a frontier of science. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 75:2037-2048. doi:10.2136/sssaj2011.0145
8. 2 enrichment (FACE) on soil respiration. Biogeochemistry 77:91-116. doi:10.1007/s10533-005- 1062-0 (Pubitemid 43248753)
9. Bhandari, A.L., J.K. Ladha, H. Pathak, A.T. Padre, D. Dawe, and R.K. Gupta. 2002. Yield and soil nutrient changes in a long-Term rice-wheat rotation in India. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66:162-170. doi:10.2136/sssaj2002.0162 (Pubitemid 34108498)
10. Bidwell, O.W., and F.D. Hole. 1965. Man as a factor in soil formation. Soil Sci. 99:65-72. doi:10.1097/00010694-196501000-00011
11. Binkley, D. 2006. Soils in ecology and ecology in soils. In: B.P. Warkentin, editor, Footprints in the soil. Elsevier, Amsterdam. p. 259-279.
12. Bird, A. 2011. Thomas Kuhn. In: E.N. Zalta, editor, Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2011/entries/thomaskuhn/ (accessed 7 Jan. 2012).
13. Birkeland, P.W. 1999. Soils and geomporphology. 3rd. ed. Oxford Univ. Press, UK.
14. Brady, N.C., and R. Weil. 2002. The nature and properties of soils. 13th ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
15. Brantley, S.L., T.S. White, A.F. White, and D. Sparks. D.deB. Richter, K. Pregitzer, L. Derry, J. Chorover, O. Chadwick, R. April, S. Anderson, and R. Amundson. 2006. Frontiers in exploration of the Critical Zone. Univ. of Delaware, Newark.
16. Bridges, E.M. 1978. Interaction of soil and mankind in Britain. J. Soil Sci. 29:125-139. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2389.1978.tb02043.x
17. Bridges, E.M. 1997. Origins, adoption, and development of soil horizon designations. Adv. in Geoecol. 29: 47-65.
18. Buol, S.W. 1994. Saprolite-regolith taxonomy. In: D.L. Creemans, R.B. Brown, and J.H. Huddleston, editors, Whole regolith pedology. SSSA Spec. Publ. 34. SSSA, Madison, WI. p. 119-132.
19. Buol, S.A., R.J. Southard, R.C. Graham, and P.A. McDaniel. 2003. Soil genesis and classifi cation. Blackwell Publ., Oxford, UK.
20. Buol, S.W., and S.B. Weed. 1991. Saprolite-soil transformations in the Piedmont and Mountains of North Carolina. Geoderma 51:15-28. doi:10.1016/0016-7061(91)90064-Z
21. Busacca, A., and M. Cremaschi. 1998. The role of time versus climate in the formation of deep soils of the Apennine fringe of the Po Valley, Italy. Quat. Int. 51-52:95-107. doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(97)00036-0 (Pubitemid 29154117)
22. Butzer, K.W. 1982. Archaeology as human ecology. Cambridge Univ. Press, UK.
23. Calvert, C.S., S.W. Buol, and S.B. Weed. 1980. Mineralogical characteristics and transformations of a vertical rock-saprolite-soil sequence in the North Carolina Piedmont: I. Profi le morphology, chemical composition, and mineralogy. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44:1096-1103. doi:10.2136/sssaj1980. 03615995004400050044x
24. Carroll, D. 1970. Rock weathering. Plenum Press, NY.
25. Carson, R. 1962. Silent spring. Houghton Miffl in, NY.
26. Cassman, K.G., S.K. De Datta, D.C. Olk, J. Alcantara, and M. Dixon. 1995. Yield decline and the nitrogen economy of long-Term experiments on continuous irrigated rice systems in the tropics. In: R. Lal and B.A. Stewart, editors, Soil management: Experimental basis for sustainability and environmental quality. CRC/Lewis Publ., Boca Raton, FL. p. 181-222.
27. Certini, G., and R. Scalenghe. 2011. Anthropogenic soils are the golden spikes for Anthropocene. The Holocene 21:1269-1274. doi:10.1177/ 0959683611408454.
28. Chadwick, O.A., and J. Chorover. 2001. The chemistry of pedogenic thresholds. Geoderma 100:321-353. doi:10.1016/S0016-7061(01)00027-1 (Pubitemid 32515914)
29. Chadwick, O.A., and J.O. Davis. 1990. Soil-forming intervals caused by eolian sediment pulses in the Lahontan basin, northwestern Nevada. Geology 18:243-246. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1990)0182.3.CO;2
30. Chapelle, F.H. 2001. Groundwater microbiology and geochemistry. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
31. Chizhikov, P.N. 1968. The lower boundary of soil. Sov. Soil Sci. 11:1489-1493.
32. Cline, M.G. 1961. The changing model of soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 25:442-446. doi:10.2136/sssaj1961.03615995002500060009x
33. Crutzen, P.J. 2002. The geology of mankind. Nature (London) 415:23. doi:10.1038/415023a (Pubitemid 34062429)
34. Curtis, J.T. 1959. The vegetation of Wisconsin. Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
35. Darwin, C. 1882. The formation of vegetable mold, through the action of worms. D. Appleton, New York.
36. Davidson, D.A. 1982. Soils and man in the past. In: E.M. Bridges and D.A. Davidson, editors, Principles and applications of soil geography. Longman, London. p. 1-28.
37. Dawe, D., A. Dobermann, P. Moya, S. Abdulrachman, B. Singh, P. Lal, S.Y. Li, B. Lin, G. Panaullah, O. Sariam, Y. Singh, A. Swarup, P.S. Tan, and Q.-X. Zhen. 2000. How widespread are yield declines in long-Term rice experiments in Asia? Field Crops Res. 66:175-193. doi:10.1016/S0378-4290(00)00075-7 (Pubitemid 30254834)
38. De Kimpe, C.R., and J.-L. Morel. 2000. Urban soil management: A growing concern. Soil Sci. 165:31-40. doi:10.1097/00010694-200001000-00005 (Pubitemid 30096296)
39. Dobermann, A., D. Dawe, R.P. Roetter, and K.G. Cassman. 2000. Reversal of rice yield decline in a long-Term continuous cropping experiment. Agron. J. 92:633-643. doi:10.2134/agronj2000.924633x (Pubitemid 30491547)
40. Dobrovol'skii, G.V. 2006. Soil science as an interdisciplinary synthetic science. Eurasian Soil Sci. 39 (Suppl. 1):S2-S5.
41. Dokuchaev, V.V. 1883. Russian chernozem. In: Selected works of V.V. Dokuchaev, Vol. 1. Moscow, 1948. Israel Program for Scientifi c Translations Ltd., Jerusalem. p. 14-419.
42. Dudal, R., F. Nachtergaele, and M.F. Purnell. 2002. The human factor of soil formation. In: 17th World Congress of Soil Science, CD-ROM, paper 93. Int. Union Soil Sci., Bangkok, Th ailand.
43. Eidt, R.C. 1977. Detection and examination of Anthrosols by phosphate analysis. Science (Washington, DC) 197:1327-1333. doi:10.1126/science.197.4311. 1327
44. Ellis, E.C., and N. Ramankutty. 2008. Putting people in the map: Anthropogenic biomes of the world. Front. Ecol. Environ 6:439-447. doi:10.1890/070062
45. Eswaran, H., and W.C. Bin. 1978. A study of deep weathering profile on granite in peninsular Malaysia: I. Physicochemical and micromorphological properties. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42:144-149. doi:10.2136/sssaj1978. 03615995004200010032x
46. FAOSTAT. 2005. FAOSTAT database. FAO, Rome. faostat.fao.org/(accessed 12 Nov. 2006).
47. Galbraith, J.M. 2006. ICOMAND: International Committee on Anthrosol Soils. http://clic.cses.vt.edu/icomanth/(accessed 20 May 2009).
48. Glinka, K.D. 1931. Pochvovedenie, Moskva (Transl. Treatise on Soil Science by Israel Program for Scientifi c Translations, Jerusalem). Natl. Sci. Foundation, Washington, DC.
49. Graham, R.C., K.R. Tice, and W.R. Guertal. 1994. The pedogenic nature of weathered rock. In: D.L. Creemans, R.B. Brown, J.H. Huddleston, editors, Whole regolith pedology. SSSA Spec. Publ. 34. SSSA, Madison, WI. p. 21-40.
50. Grossman, B. 2011. Remembrance for Marlin G. Cline. Soil Survey Horizons 52:99-100.
51. Grunwald S., J.A. Thompson, and J.L. Boettinger. 2011. Digital soil mapping and modeling at continental scales-Finding solutions for global issues. (SSSA 75th Anniversary Special Paper) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 75(4):1201-1213.
52. Harrison, R., D. Richter, and T. Fox. 2011. Deep soils. For. Sci. 57:1-2.
53. Hilgard, E.W. 1860. Report on the geology and agriculture of the state of Mississippi. E. Barksdale State Printer, Jackson, MS.
54. Hillel, D. 1991. Out of the Earth. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley.
55. Hiller, D.A. 2000. Properties of Urbic Anthrosols from an abandoned shunting yard in the Ruhr area, Germany. Catena 39:245-266. doi:10.1016/S0341- 8162(00)00081-3 (Pubitemid 30231180)
56. Holliday, V.T. 2004. Soils in archaeological research. Oxford Univ. Press, UK. Hooke, R.LeB. 2000. On the history of humans as geomorphic agents. Geology 28:843-846. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2000)282.0.CO;2
57. Howard, J.L., and D. Olszewska. 2011. Pedogenesis, geochemical forms of heavy metals, and artifact weathering in an urban soil chronosequence, Detroit, Michigan. Environ. Pollut. 159:754-761. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2010.11.028
58. Hunt, C.B. 1986. Surfi cial deposits of the United States. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.
59. Jackson, R.B., J. Canadell, J.R. Ehleringer, H.A. Mooney, and E.D. Schulze. 1996. A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes. Oecologia 108:389-411. doi:10.1007/BF00333714
60. Janzen, H.H., P. Fixen, A.J. Franzluebbers, J. Hattey, R.C. Izaurralde, Q.M. Ketterings, D.A. Lobb, and W.H. Schlesinger. 2011. Global prospects rooted in soil science. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 75:1-8. doi:10.2136/sssaj2009.0216
61. Jenkinson, D.S. 1991. The Rothamsted long-Term experiments: Are they still of use? Agron. J. 83:2-10.
62. Jenny, H. 1941. Factors of soil formation. McGraw-Hill, New York.
63. Jenny, H. 1961. E.W. Hilgard and the birth of modern soil science. Collana Della Rivista "Agrochimica", Pisa, Italy.
64. Jobbagy, E.G., and R.B. Jackson. 2001. The distribution of soil nutrients with depth: Global patterns and the imprint of plants. Biogeochemistry 53:51-77. doi:10.1023/A:1010760720215 (Pubitemid 32402523)
65. Johnson, D.L. 1985. Soil thickness processes. Catena Suppl. 6:29-40.
66. Johnson, D.L., and D. Watson-Stegner. 1987. Evolution model of pedogenesis. Soil Sci. 143:349-366. doi:10.1097/00010694-198705000-00005
67. Johnson, D.W., and S.E. Lindberg (ed.). 1992. Atmospheric deposition and forest nutrient cycling. Ecological Studies 91. Springer-Verlag, New York.
68. Kubiëna, W.L. 1970. Micromorphological features of soil geography. Rutgers Univ. Press, New Brunswick, NJ.
69. Kuhn, T. 1962. The structure of scientifi c revolutions. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
70. Ladha, J.K., C.K. Reddy, A.T. Padre, and C. van Kessel. 2011. Role of nitrogen fertilization in sustaining organic matter in cultivated soils. J. Environ. Qual. 40:1756-1766. doi:10.2134/jeq2011.0064
71. Leopold, A. 1949. A Sand County almanac. Oxford Univ. Press, UK.
72. Lin, H. 2011. Three principles of soil change and pedogenesis in time and space. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 75:2049-2070. doi:10.2136/sssaj2011.0130
73. Marbut, C.F. 1935. Soils of the United States. USDA, Washington, DC.
74. Markewitz, D., D.D. Richter, H.L. Allen, and J.B. Urrego. 1998. Three decades of observed soil acidifi cation at the Calhoun Experimental Forest: Has acid rain made a diff erence? Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 62:1428-1439. doi:10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200050040x (Pubitemid 28501496)
75. Marsh, G.P. 1874. The Earth as modifi ed by human action. Scribner, Armstrong, and Co., New York.
76. Meijboom, E., A. Hopman, and J. Bijlsma. 2004. Historical soil. In: L. Deben, W. Salet, and M.-T. van Th oor, editors, Cultural heritage and the future of the historic inner city of Amsterdam. Aksant Acad. Pub., Amsterdam. p. 161-172.
77. Monger, H.C., L.H. Gile, J.W. Hawley, and R.B. Grossman. 2009. The desert project-An analysis of aridland soil-geomorphic processes. Bull. 798. New Mexico Agric. Exp. Stn., Tempe.
78. Montgomery, J.H. 2007. Groundwater chemicals. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
79. Muhs, D.R., and E.A. Bettis, III. 2003, Quaternary loess-paleosol sequences as examples of climate-driven sedimentary extremes. In: M.A. Chan and A.W. Archer, editors, Extreme depositional environments: Mega end members in geologic time. Special Paper 370. Geol. Soc. of Am., Boulder, CO. p. 53-74.
80. National Research Council. 2001. Basic research opportunities in Earth science. Natl. Academics Press, Washington, DC. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9981. html (accessed 7 Jan. 2012).
81. National Research Council. 2010. Landscapes on the edge. Natl. Academics Press, Washington, DC. http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record-id=12700 (accessed 7 Jan. 2012).
82. Nave, L.E., E.D. Vance, C.W. Swanston, and P.S. Curtis. 2010. Harvest impacts on soil carbon storage in temperate forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 259:857-866. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.12.009
83. Nepstad, D., C.R. de Carvalho, E.A. Davidson, P.H. Jipp, P.A. Lefebvre, G.H. Negreiros, E.D. daSilva, T.A. Stone, S.E. Trumbore, and S. Vieira. 1994. The role of deep roots in the hydrological and carbon cycles of Amazonian forests. Nature (London) 372:666-669. doi:10.1038/372666a0
84. Netz, R., and W. Noel. 2007. The Archimedes Codex. DaCapo Press, New York.
85. Nikiforoff , C.C. 1949. Weathering and soil evolution. Soil Sci. 67:219-230. doi:10.1097/00010694-194903000-00003
86. 2. Glob. Change Biol. 10:1936-1946. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00864.x (Pubitemid 39622140)
87. Olk, D.C., K.G. Cassman, E.W. Randall, P. Kinchesh, L.J. Sanger, and J.M. Anderson. 1996. Changes in chemical properties of organic matter with intensifi ed rice cropping in a tropical lowland soil. Euro. J. Soil Sci. 47:293-303.
88. Oosting, H.J. 1948. The study of plant communities: An introduction to plant ecology. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, CA.
89. Osborn, F. 1948. Our plundered planet. Little, Brown, and Co., Boston, MA.
90. Pavich, M.J., and O.A. Chadwick. 2004. Soils and the Quaternary climate system. In: A.R. Gillespie, editor, Developments in Quaternary science. Elsevier Sci. and Technol, Amsterdam. p. 321-330.
91. Phillips, J.D., D. Perry, A.R. Garbee, K. Carey, D. Stein, M.B. Mordy, and J.A. Sheehy. 1996. Deterministic uncertainty and complex pedogenesis in some Pleistocene dune soils. Geoderma 73:147-164. doi:10.1016/0016-7061(96)00038-9 (Pubitemid 26368354)
92. Plaster, E.J. 1992. Soil science and management. Delmar Publ., Albany, NY.
93. Post, W.M., and K.C. Kwon. 2000. Soil carbon sequestration and landuse change: Processes and potential. Glob. Change Biol. 6:317-328. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00308.x (Pubitemid 30233822)
94. Ramann, E. 1928. The evolution and classifi cation of soils. W. Heff er and Sons, London.
95. Rasmussen, C., S. Brantley, D.deB. Richter, A. Blum, J. Dixon, and A.F. White. 2011. Strong climate and tectonic control on plagioclase weathering in granitic terrain. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 301:521-530. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010. 11.037
96. Rasmussen, P.E., K.W.T. Goulding, J.R. Brown, P.R. Grace, H.H. Janzen, and M. Korschens. 1998. Long-Term agroecosystem experiments: Assessing agricultural sustainability and global change. Science (Wasington, DC) 282:893-896. doi:10.1126/science.282.5390.893 (Pubitemid 28507513)
97. Retallack, G.J. 2001. Soils of the past. Blackwell Sci., New York.
98. Reynolds, J.F., D.M.S. Smith, E.F. Lambin, B.L. Turner, M. Mortimore, S.P.J. Batterbury, T.E. Downing, H. Dowlatabadi, R.J. Fernandez, J.E. Herrick, E. Huber-Sannwald, H. Jian et al. 2007. Global desertifi cation: Building a science for dryland development. Science (Washington, DC) 316:847-851. doi:10.1126/science.1131634 (Pubitemid 46764269)
99. Rice, C.W., P.M. Bertsch, J. Bouma, J. Harden, J.L. Hatfield, J.D. Jastrow, W.A. Jury, and J. Ruiz. 2009. Frontiers in soil science research. National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
100. Richter D. deB. 2007. Humanity's transformation of Earth's soil. Soil Sci. 172:957-967. doi:10.1097/ss.0b013e3181586bb7 (Pubitemid 350306759)
101. Richter, D. deB., A.R. Bacon, M.L. Mobley, C.J. Richardson, S.S. Andrews, L. West, S. Wills, S. Billings, C.A. Cambardella, N. Cavallaro, J.E. DeMeester, A.J. Franzluebbers, et al. 2011a. Human-soil relations are changing rapidly: Proposals from SSSA's cross-divisional soil change working group. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 75:2079-2084. doi:10.2136/sssaj2011.0124
102. Richter, D.deB., M. Hofmockel, M.A. Callaham, D.S. Powlson, and P. Smith. 2007a. Long-Term soil experiments: Keys to managing Earth's rapidly changing ecosystems. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 71:266-279. doi:10.2136/sssaj2006.0181 (Pubitemid 46449480)
103. Richter, D. deB., M. Hofmockel, M.A. Callaham, D.S. Powlson, and P. Smith. 2011b. LTSEs: The fi rst global inventory. Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke Univ., Durham, NC.
104. Richter, D.D., and D. Markewitz. 1995. How deep is soil? BioScience 45:600-609. doi:10.2307/1312764
105. Richter, D.D., and D. Markewitz. 2001. Understanding soil change. Cambridge Univ. Press, UK.
106. Richter, D.D., D. Markewitz, S.E. Trumbore, and C.G. Wells. 1999. Rapid accumulation and turnover of soil carbon in a re-establishing forest. Nature (London) 400:56-58. doi:10.1038/21867 (Pubitemid 29315107)
107. Richter, D.deB., and M.L. Mobley. 2009. Monitoring the Earth's critical zone. Science (Washington, DC) 326:1067-1068. doi:10.1126/science.1179117
108. Richter, D. deB., N.H. Oh, R. Fimmen, and J. Jackson. 2007b. The rhizosphere and soil formation. In: Z. Cardon and J. Whitbeck, editors, The rhizosphere-An ecological perspective. Academic Press, Boca Raton, FL. p. 177-198.
109. Rodriguez-Iturbe, I., and A. Porporato. 2004. Ecohydrology in water-controlled ecosystems. Cambridge Univ. Press, UK.
110. Ruhe, R.V. 1975. Geomorphology. Houghton Miffl in Press, Boston, MA.
111. Ruhe, R.V., and W.H. Scholtes. 1956. Age and development of soil landscapes in relation to climate and vegetational changes in Iowa. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 20:264-273. doi:10.2136/sssaj1956.03615995002000020029x
112. Ruxton, B.P., and L. Berry. 1957. Weathering of granite and associated erosional features in Hong Kong. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 68:1263-1292. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1957)68[1263:WOGAAE]2.0.CO;2
113. Schaetzl, R., and S. Anderson. 2005. Soils-Genesis and geomorphology. Cambridge Univ. Press, UK.
114. Schlesinger, W.H. 1990. Evidence from chronosequence studies for a low carbon storage potential of soils. Nature (London) 348:232-234. doi:10.1038/348232a0 (Pubitemid 120029079)
115. Schmidt, M.W.I., M.S. Torn, S. Abiven, T. Dittmar, G. Guggenberger, I.A. Janssens, M. Kleber, I. Kögel-Knabner, J. Lehmann, D.A.C. Manning, P. Nannipieri, D.P. Rasse, S. Weiner, and S.E. Trumbore. 2011. Persistence of soiul organic matter as an ecosystem property. Nature (London) 478:49-56.
116. Schoeneberger, P.J., and D.A. Wysocki. 2005. Hydrology of soils and deep regolith: A nexus between soil geography, ecosystems and land management. Geoderma 126:117-128. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.11.010 (Pubitemid 40383732)
117. Sedov, S.N., O.S. Khokhlova, and A.M. Kuznetsova. 2011. Polygenesis of volcanic paleosols in Armenia and Mexico: Micromorphological records of climate variations in the Quaternary period. Eurasian Soil Sci. 44:766-780.
118. Short, J.R., D.S. Fanning, J.E. Foss, and J.C. Patterson. 1986. Soils of the Mall in Washington, DC II. Genesis, classifi cation and mapping. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50:705-710. doi:10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000030031x
119. Showers, K.B. 2006. A history of African soil: Perceptions, use and abuse. In: J. R. McNeill and V. Winiwarter, editors, Soils and societies. The White Horse Press, Isle of Harris, UK. p. 118-176.
120. Simonson, R.W. 1959. Outline of a generalized theory of soil genesis. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 23:152-156. doi:10.2136/sssaj1959.03615995002300020021x
121. Simonson, R.W. 1968. Concept of soil. Adv. Agron. 20:1-47. doi:10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60853-6
122. Smith, P., D.S. Powlson, J.U. Smith, and E.T. Elliott, editors. 1997. Evaluation and comparison of soil organic matter models. Geoderma 81:1-225. doi:10.1016/S0016-7061(97)88180-3
123. Soil Survey Staff. 2010. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. Natural Resources Conserv. Serv., USDA, Washington, DC
124. Stolt, M.H., J.C. Baker, and T.W. Simpson. 1992. Characterization and genesis of saprolite derived from gneissic rocks of Virginia. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 56:531-539. doi:10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600020030x (Pubitemid 23377309)
125. Stone, E.L., and P.J. Kalisz. 1991. On the maximum extent of tree roots. For. Ecol. Manage. 46:59-102. doi:10.1016/0378-1127(91)90245-Q
126. Tandarich, J.P., R.G. Darmoody, L.R. Follmer, and D.L. Johnson. 2002. Historical development of soil and weathering profile concepts from Europe to the United States of America. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66:335-346. doi:10.2136/sssaj2002.0335 (Pubitemid 34227822)
127. Targulian, V.O., and S.V. Goryachkin. 2004. Soil memory: Types of records, carriers, hierarchy and diversity. Revista Mexicana Ciencias Geol. 21:1-8.
128. Targulian, V.O., and S.V. Goryachkin. (ed.). 2008. Soil memory: Soil as a memory of biosphere-geosphere-Anthroposphere interactions. Inst. Geogr., Russian Acad. Sci., Moscow.
129. Targulian, V.O., and I.A. Sokolov. 1978. Structural and functional approaches to the soil: Soil-memory and soil-moment. In: A.M. Molchanov, editor, Mathematical modeling in ecology. Nauka, Moscow. p. 17-33. (In Russian.)
130. Tirol-Padre, A., and J.K. Ladha. 2006. Integrating rice and wheat productivity trends using the SAS mixed-procedure and meta-Analysis. Field Crops Res. 95:75-88. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2005.02.003 (Pubitemid 41586633)
131. 2 fluxes in agricultural soils? Plant Soil 338:247-259.
132. van Wesemael, B., K. Paustian, J. Meersmans, E. Gokits, G. Barancikova, and M. Easter. 2010. Agricultural management explains historic changes in regional soil carbon stocks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107:14926-14930. doi:10.1073/pnas.1002592107
133. Vreeken, W.J. 1975. Principal kinds of chronosequences and their signifi cance in soil history. J. Soil Sci. 26:378-394. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2389.1975. tb01962.x
134. Wall, D.H., editor. 2004. Sustaining biodiversity and ecosystem services in soils and sediments. Island Press, Washington, DC.
135. West, T.O., and W.M. Post. 2002. Soil organic carbon sequestration rates by tillage and crop rotation: A global data analysis. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66:1930-1946. doi:10.2136/sssaj2002.1930 (Pubitemid 35358191)
136. Whittaker, R.H. 1970. Communities and ecosystems. Macmillan, New York.
137. Wilding, L.P., and H.S. Lin. 2006. Advancing the frontiers of soil science towards a geoscience. Geoderma 131:257-274. doi:10.1016/j. geoderma.2005.03.028 (Pubitemid 43356706)
138. Wilkinson, B.H. 2005. Humans as geologic agents: A deep-Time perspective. Geology 33:161-164. doi:10.1130/G21108.1 (Pubitemid 40413047)
139. Yaalon, D.H. 1983. Climate, time, and soil development. In: L.P. Wilding, N.E. Smeck, and G.F. Hall, editors, Pedogenesis and soil taxonomy. I. Concepts and interpretations. Elsevier, Amsterdam. p. 233-251.
140. Yaalon, D.H. 2007. Human-induced ecosystem and landscape processes always involve soil change. Bioscience 57:918-919. doi:10.1641/B571102 (Pubitemid 351185970)
141. Yaalon, D.H., and B. Yaron. 1966. Framework for man-made soil changes-An outline of metapedogenesis. Soil Sci. 102:272-278. doi:10.1097/00010694- 196610000-00010
142. Yaron, B., I. Dror, and B. Berkowitz. 2012. Soil-subsurface change. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
143. Young, I.M., and J.W. Crawford. 2004. Interactions and self-organization in the soil-microbe complex. Science (Washington, DC) 304:1634-1637. doi:10.1126/science.1097394 (Pubitemid 38765848)
144. Zalasiewicz, J., M. Williams, A. Smith, T.L. Barry, A.L. Coe, P.R. Bown, P. Brenchley, D. Cantrill, A. Gale, P. Gibbard, F.J. Gregory, M.W. Hounslow et al. 2008. Are we now living in the Anthropocene? GSA Today 18(2):4-8. doi:10.1130/GSAT01802A.1