Idiopathic toe walking

Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons

Volumn 20, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 292-300

  Oetgen, Matthew E ^a   Peden, Sean ^b  

^a CHILDREN'S NATIONAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GAIT; HUMAN; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; TOE; WALKING;

GAIT; HUMANS; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES; TOES; WALKING;

EID: 84861981515     PISSN: 1067151X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5435/JAAOS-20-05-292     Document Type: Review

References (37)

1. Caselli MA, Rzonca EC, Lue BY: Habitual toe-walking: Evaluation and approach to treatment. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 1988;5(3):547-559.
2. Burnett CN, Johnson EW: Development of gait in childhood. II. Dev Med Child Neurol 1971;13(2):207-215.
3. Sutherland DH, Olshen R, Cooper L, Woo SL: The development of mature gait. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1980;62(3):336-353. (Pubitemid 10094187)
4. Emery AE: The muscular dystrophies. Lancet 2002;359(9307):687-695. (Pubitemid 34203773)
5. Kalen V, Adler N, Bleck EE: Electromyography of idiopathic toe walking. J Pediatr Orthop 1986;6(1):31-33. (Pubitemid 16178095)
6. Shulman LH, Sala DA, Chu ML, McCaul PR, Sandler BJ: Developmental implications of idiopathic toe walking. J Pediatr 1997;130(4):541-546. (Pubitemid 27492643)
7. Hall JE, Salter RB, Bhalla SK: Congenital short tendo calcaneus. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1967;49(4):695-697.
8. Doral MN, Alam M, Bozkurt M, et al: Functional anatomy of the Achilles tendon. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2010;18(5):638-643.
9. Perry J: Kinesiology of lower extremity bracing. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1974; (102): 18-31.
10. Griffin PP, Wheelhouse WW, Shiavi R, Bass W: Habitual toe-walkers: A clinical and electromyographic gait analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1977;59(1):97-101. (Pubitemid 8030309)
11. Westberry DE, Davids JR, Davis RB, de Morais Filho MC: Idiopathic toe walking: A kinematic and kinetic profile. J Pediatr Orthop 2008;28(3):352-358. (Pubitemid 351440846)
12. Montgomery P, Gauger J: Sensory dysfunction in children who toe walk. Phys Ther 1978;58(10):1195-1204. (Pubitemid 9026201)
13. Eastwood DM, Dennett X, Shield LK, Dickens DR: Muscle abnormalities in idiopathic toe-walkers. J Pediatr Orthop B 1997;6(3):215-218. (Pubitemid 27419399)
14. Katz MM, Mubarak SJ: Hereditary tendo Achillis contractures. J Pediatr Orthop 1984;4(6):711-714. (Pubitemid 15219952)
15. Levine MS: Congenital short tendo calcaneus: Report of a family. Am J Dis Child 1973;125(6):858-859.
16. Williams CM, Tinley P, Curtin M: The toe walking tool: A novel method for assessing idiopathic toe walking children. Gait Posture 2010;32(4):508-511.
17. Policy JF, Torburn L, Rinsky LA, Rose J: Electromyographic test to differentiate mild diplegic cerebral palsy and idiopathic toe-walking. J Pediatr Orthop 2001;21(6):784-789. (Pubitemid 33021162)
18. Rose J, Martin JG, Torburn L, Rinsky LA, Gamble JG: Electromyographic differentiation of diplegic cerebral palsy from idiopathic toe walking: Involuntary coactivation of the quadriceps and gastrocnemius. J Pediatr Orthop 1999;19(5):677-682. (Pubitemid 29416497)
19. Hicks R, Durinick N, Gage JR: Differentiation of idiopathic toe-walking and cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 1988;8(2):160-163. (Pubitemid 18096718)
20. Kelly IP, Jenkinson A, Stephens M, O'Brien T: The kinematic patterns of toe-walkers. J Pediatr Orthop 1997;17(4):478-480. (Pubitemid 27412810)
21. Eastwood DM, Menelaus MB, Dickens DR, Broughton NS, Cole WG: Idiopathic toe-walking: Does treatment alter the natural history? J Pediatr Orthop B 2000;9(1):47-49. (Pubitemid 30044021)
22. Stricker SJ, Angulo JC: Idiopathic toe walking: A comparison of treatment methods. J Pediatr Orthop 1998;18(3):289-293. (Pubitemid 28212935)
23. Sobel E, Caselli MA, Velez Z: Effect of persistent toe walking on ankle equinus: Analysis of 60 idiopathic toe walkers. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 1997;87(1):17-22.
24. Jacks LK, Michels DM, Smith BP, Koman LA, Shilt J: Clinical usefulness of botulinum toxin in the lower extremity. Foot Ankle Clin 2004;9(2):339-348. (Pubitemid 38686369)
25. Brunt D, Woo R, Kim HD, Ko MS, Senesac C, Li S: Effect of botulinum toxin type A on gait of children who are idiopathic toe-walkers. J Surg Orthop Adv 2004;13(3):149-155.
26. Hirsch G, Wagner B: The natural history of idiopathic toe-walking: A long-term follow-up of fourteen conservatively treated children. Acta Paediatr 2004;93(2):196-199. (Pubitemid 38230714)
27. Fox A, Deakin S, Pettigrew G, Paton R: Serial casting in the treatment of idiopathic toe-walkers and review of the literature. Acta Orthop Belg 2006;72(6):722-730. (Pubitemid 46048239)
28. Stott NS, Walt SE, Lobb GA, Reynolds N, Nicol RO: Treatment for idiopathic toe-walking: Results at skeletal maturity. J Pediatr Orthop 2004;24(1):63-69. (Pubitemid 38030049)
29. McMulkin ML, Baird GO, Caskey PM, Ferguson RL: Comprehensive outcomes of surgically treated idiopathic toe walkers. J Pediatr Orthop 2006;26(5):606-611. (Pubitemid 44315840)
30. Strayer LM Jr: Recession of the gastrocnemius: An operation to relieve spastic contracture of the calf muscles. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1950;32(3):671-676.
31. Herzenberg JE, Lamm BM, Corwin C, Sekel J: Isolated recession of the gastrocnemius muscle: The Baumann procedure. Foot Ankle Int 2007;28(11):1154- 1159. (Pubitemid 350036897)
32. Saxena A, Widtfeldt A: Endoscopic gastrocnemius recession: Preliminary report on 18 cases. J Foot Ankle Surg 2004;43(5):302-306. (Pubitemid 39335780)
33. Jahn J, Vasavada AN, McMulkin ML: Calf muscle-tendon lengths before and after Tendo-Achilles lengthenings and gastrocnemius lengthenings for equinus in cerebral palsy and idiopathic toe walking. Gait Posture 2009;29(4):612-617.
34. Hemo Y, Macdessi SJ, Pierce RA, Aiona MD, Sussman MD: Outcome of patients after Achilles tendon lengthening for treatment of idiopathic toe walking. J Pediatr Orthop 2006;26(3):336-340. (Pubitemid 44357060)
35. Kogan M, Smith J: Simplified approach to idiopathic toe-walking. J Pediatr Orthop 2001;21(6):790-791. (Pubitemid 33021163)
36. Hoefnagels EM, Waites MD, Belkoff SM, Swierstra BA: Percutaneous Achilles tendon lengthening: A cadaver-based study of failure of the triple hemisection technique. Acta Orthop 2007;78(6):808-812. (Pubitemid 351185603)
37. Salamon ML, Pinney SJ, Van Bergeyk A, Hazelwood S: Surgical anatomy and accuracy of percutaneous achilles tendon lengthening. Foot Ankle Int 2006;27(6):411-413. (Pubitemid 43836981)