Health effects of tobacco, nicotine, and exposure to tobacco smoke pollution

Handbook of the Medical Consequences of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 423-459

  Foulds, Jonathan ^a   Delnevo, Cristine ^a   Ziedonis, Douglas M ^b   Steinberg, Michael B ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY OF NEW JERSEY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84861973476     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203836590-21     Document Type: Chapter

References (102)

1. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2000). Smoking Cessation During Pregnancy. ACOG Educational Bulletin 260. Washington, DC: ACOG.
2. American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., Text Revision. Washington, DC.
3. Anonymous (1988). Evaluation of the health hazard of clove cigarettes. Council on Scientific Affairs. JAMA 260(24):3641-3644.
4. Baker, F.; Ainsworth, S.R.; Dye, J.T.; Crammer, C.; Thun, M.J.; Hoffmann, D.; Repace, J.L. et al. (2000). Health risks associated with cigar smoking. JAMA 284(6):735-740.
5. Barnes, PJ. (1999). Molecular genetics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 54(3):245-252.
6. Barnoya, J.; Glantz, S.A. (2005). Cardiovascular effects of secondhand smoke: Nearly as large as smoking. Circulation 111:2684-2698.
7. Benowitz, N.L. (2001). Compensatory smoking of low-yield cigarettes. In: National Cancer Institute, Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 13, Risks Associated with Smoking Cigarettes with Low Machine-Measured Yields of Tar and Nicotine. Bethesda, MD: NCI.
8. Benowitz, N.L.; Dempsey, D.A.; Goldenberg, R.L.; Hughes, J.R.; Dolan-Mullen, P.; Ogburn, P.L.; Oncken, C.; Orleans, C.T.; Slotkin, T.A.; Whiteside, H.P., Jr.; Yaffe, S. (2000). The use of pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation during pregnancy. Tob Control 9(Suppl 3):III91-4.
9. Bowling, J.; Taylor, P. (1976). This Week: Philip Morris. Mr. James Bowling, vice president, Philip Morris Inc. being interviewed by Mr. Peter Taylor, Thames Broadcasting Co., London, August 16. BatesNumber: 1002410318-1002410351.
10. Brown, S.; Inskip, H.; Barraclough, B. (2000). Causes of the excess mortality of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 177:212-217.
11. Burns, D.M.; Major, J.M.; Shanks, T.G.; Thun, M.J. (2001). Smoking lower yield cigarettes and disease risk. In: National Cancer Institute, Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 13, Risks Associated with Smoking Cigarettes with Low Machine-Measured Yields of Tar and Nicotine. Bethesda, MD: NCI.
12. California Air Resources Board. (2005). Proposed Identification of Environmental Tobacco Smoke as a Toxic Air Contaminant. SRP Approved Version. http://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/ets/finalreport/finalreport.htm.
13. Castles, A.; Adams, K.; Melvin, C.L.; Kelsch, C.; Boulton, M.L. (1999). Effects of smoking during pregnancy: Five meta-analyses. Am J Prev Med 16(3):208-215.
14. CDC (2003). Cigarette smoking-attributable morbidity—United States, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52(35):842-844.
15. Collishaw, N.E.; Lopez, A.D. (1996). The Tobacco Epidemic: A Global Public Health Emergency. Geneva: World Health Organization.
16. Critchley, J.A.; Unal, B. (2003). Health effects associated with smokeless tobacco: A systematic review. Thorax 58(5):435-443.
17. Cummings, K.M.; Morley, C.P.; Hyland, A. (2002). Failed promises of the cigarette industry and its effect on consumer misperceptions about the health risks of smoking. Tob Control (Suppl 1):I110-I117.
18. Desai, H.D.; Seabolt, J.; Jann, M.W. (2001). Smoking in patients receiving psychotropic medications: A pharmacokinetic perspective. CNSDrugs 15(6):469-494.
19. DiFranza, J.R.; Savageau, J.A.; Fletcher, K.; Fletcher, K.; Ockene, J.K.; Rigotti, N.A.; McNeill, A.D.; Coleman, M.; Wood, C. (2002). Measuring the loss of autonomy over nicotine use in adolescents: The DANDY (Development and Assessment of Nicotine Dependence in Youths) study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 156(4):397-403.
20. Doll, R.; Hill, A.B. (1950). Smoking and carcinoma of the lung. Preliminary report. BMJ 2:739-748.
21. Doll, R.; Peto, R.; Boreham, J.; Sutherland, I. (2004). Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years’ observations on male British doctors. BMJ 328(7455):1519.
22. England, L.J.; Levine, R.J.; Mills, J.L.; Klebanoff, M.A.; Yu, K.F.; Cnattingus, S. (2003). Adverse pregnancy outcomes in snuff users. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189(4):939-943.
23. Fiore, M.C.; Bailey, W.C.; Cohen, S.J.; Dorfman, S.F.; Goldstein, M.G.; Gritz, E.R.; Heyman, R.B. et al. (2000). Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: Clinical Practice Guideline. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
24. Foulds, J.; Ramstrom, L.; Burke, M.; Fagerstrom, K. (2003). The effect of smokeless tobacco (snus) on public health in Sweden. Tob Control 12:349-359.
25. Fowler, J.S.; Volkow, N.D.; Wang, G.J.; Pappas, N.; Logan, J.; MacGregor, R.; Alexoff, D. et al. (1996). Inhibition of MAO B in the brains of smokers. Nature 379:733-738.
26. Gerlach, K.K.; Cummings, K.M.; Hyland, A.; Gilpin, E.; Johnson, M.D.; Pierce, J.P. (1998). Trends in cigar consumption and smoking prevalence. In: National Cancer Institute, Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 9, NIH publication 98-4302, Cigars: Health Effects and Trends. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
27. Geyelin, M. (1998). Tobacco executive doubts product risks. Wall Street Journal. March 3rd, 1998.
28. Giovino, G.A. (2002). Epidemiology of tobacco use in the United States. Oncogene 21(48):7326-7340.
29. Glantz, S.A.; Parmley, W.W. (1991). Passive smoking and heart disease: Epidemiology, physiology, and biochemistry. Circulation 83:1-12.
30. Glassman, A.H.; Covey, L.S.; Stetner, F.; Rivelli, S. (2001). Smoking cessation and the course of major depression: A follow-up study. Lancet 357(9272):1929-1932.
31. Godtfredsen, N.S.; Holst, C.; Prescott, E.; Vestbo, J.; Osler, M. (2002). Smoking reduction, smoking cessation, and mortality: A 16-year follow-up of 19,732 men and women from The Copenhagen Centre for Prospective Population Studies. Am J Epidemiol 156(11):994-1001.
32. Goff, D.C.; Henderson, D.C.; Amico, B.S. (1992). Cigarette smoking in schizophrenia: Relationship to psychopathology and medication side effects. Am J Psychiatry 149:1189-1194.
33. Goodman, B. (1975). Marlboro-Marlboro Lights Study Delivery Data. Philip Morris; Bates No. 1001900842.
34. Goodman, E.; Capitman, J. (2000). Depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking among teens. Pediatrics 106(4):748-755.
35. Grant, B.F.; Hasin, D.S.; Chou, P.; Stinson, F.S.; Dawson, D.A. (2004). Nicotine dependence and psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61(11):1107-1115.
36. Gupta, P.C.; Hamner, J.E.; Murti, P.R. (1992). Control of Tobacco-Related Cancers and Other Diseases; Proceedings of an International Symposium. Bombay, India: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Oxford University Press.
37. Harris, J.E. (2004). Incomplete compensation does not imply reduced harm: Yields of 40 smoke toxicants per milligram nicotine in regular filter versus low-tar cigarettes in the 1999 Massachusetts Benchmark Study. Nicotine TobRes 6(5):797-808.
38. Harris, J.E.; Thun, M.J.; Mondul, A.M.; Calle, E.E. (2004). Cigarette tar yields in relation to mortality from lung cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II prospective cohort, 1982-8. BMJ 328(7431):72.
39. Heatherton, T.F.; Kozlowski, L.T.; Frecker, R.C.; Fagerstrom, K.O. (1991). The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: A revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. Br J Addict 86(9):1119-1127.
40. Hecht, S.S. (1999). Tobacco smoke carcinogens and lung cancer. JNatl Cancer Inst 91(14):1194-1210.
41. Henley, S.J.; Thun, M.J.; Chao, A.; Calle, E.E. (2004). Association between exclusive pipe smoking and mortality from cancer and other diseases. J Natl Cancer Inst 96(11):853-861.
42. Henningfield, J.E.; Fant, R.V.; Radzius, A.; Frost, S. (1999). Nicotine concentration, smoke pH and whole tobacco aqueous pH of some cigar brands and types popular in the United States. Nicotine Tob Res 1(2):163-168.
43. Herman, G.; Cullman, J.; Mintz, M.; Ubell, E. (1971). Transcript: Face the Nation. January 3. Bates No. 1002605545-1002605564.
44. Higgins, S. (2002). Smoking in pregnancy. CurrOpin Obstet Gynecol 14(2):145-151.
45. Hoffman, D.; Hoffman, I. (1998). Chemistry and Toxicology. In: National Cancer Institute, Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 9, NIH publication 984302, Cigars: Health Effects and Trends. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
46. Hughes, J.R.; Gust, S.W.; Pachecek, T.F. (1987). Prevalence of tobacco dependence and withdrawal. Am J Psychiatry 144(2):205-208.
47. Hurt, R.D.; Offord, K.P.; Croghan, I.T.; Gomez-Dahl, L.; Kottke, T.E.; Morse, R.M.; Melton, M.J. (1996). Mortality following inpatient addictions treatment. JAMA 275(14):1097-1103.
48. Johnson, L.C.; Letzel, H.W. (1984). Measuring passive smoking: Methods, problems, and perspectives. Prev Med 13(6):705-716.
49. Knight-Lozano, C.A.; Young, C.G.; Burow, D.L.; Hu, Z.Y.; Uyeminami, D.; Pinkerton, K.E.; Ischiropoulos, H., Ballinger, S.W. (2002). Cigarette smoke exposure and hypercholesterolemia increase mitochondrial damage in cardiovascular tissues. Circulation 105(7):849-854.
50. Knoke, J.D.; Shanks, T.G.; Vaughn, J.W.; Thun, M.J.; Burns, D.M. (2004). Lung cancer mortality is related to age in addition to duration and intensity of cigarette smoking: An analysis of CPS-I data. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13(6): 949-957.
51. Kozlowski, L.T.; Mehta, N.Y.; Sweeney, C.T.; Schwartz, S.S.; Vogler, G.P.; Jarvis, M.J.; West, R.J. (1998). Filter ventilation and nicotine content of tobacco in cigarettes from Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States. Tob Control 7:369-375.
52. Kozlowski, L.T.; O’Connor, R.J. (2002). Cigarette filter ventilation is a defective design because of misleading taste, bigger puffs, and blocked vents. Tob Control 11(Suppl 1):I40-I50.
53. Kwitny, J. (1972). Defending the weed. The Wall Street Journal. January 24. Bates No. 500324162-500324164.
54. Lasser, K.; Wesley, B.J.; Woolhandler, S.; Himmestein, D.U.; McCormick, D.; Bor, D.H. (2000). Smoking and mental illness: A population-based prevalence study. JAMA 284:2606-2610.
55. Law, M.R.; Morris, J.K.; Wald, N.J. (1997). Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and ischemic heart disease: An evaluation of the evidence. BMJ 315:973-980.
56. Law, M.R.; Morris, J.K.; Watt, H.C.; Wald, N.J. (1997). The dose-response relationship between cigarette consumption and biochemical markers and risk of lung cancer. Br J Cancer 75(11):1690-1693.
57. Law, M.R.; Wald, N.J. (2003). Environmental tobacco smoke and ischemic heart disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 46:31-38.
58. Levy, D.T.; Mumford, E.A.; Cummings, K.M.; Gilpin, E.A.; Giovino, G.; Hyland, A.; Sweanor, D.; Warner, K.E. (2004). The relative risks of a low-nitrosamine smokeless tobacco product compared with smoking cigarettes: Estimates of a panel of experts. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13(12):2035-2042.
59. Lopez, A.D.; Collishaw, N.E.; Piha, T. (1994). A Descriptive Model of the Cigarette Epidemic in Developed Countries. Tob Control 3:242-247.
60. Malson, J.L.; Lee, E.M.; Murty, R.; Moolchan, E.T.; Pickworth, W.B. (2003). Clove cigarette smoking: Biochemical, physiological, and subjective effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 74(3):739-745.
61. Malson, J.; Sims, K.; Murty, R. (2001). Comparison of the nicotine content of tobacco used in bidis and conventional cigarettes. Tob Control 10(2):181-183.
62. Martin, J.; Dunn, W.L. (1967). A Study of the Effect of Air Hole Blockage on Gross Puff Volume in Air Diluted Cigarettes. Philip Morris; Bates No. 1001892505.
63. McGinnis, J.M.; Foege, W.H. (1993). Actual causes of death in the United States. JAMA 270(18):2207-2212.
64. McNeill, A.; Bedi, R.; Islam, S.; Alkhatib, M.N.; West, R. (2006). Levels of toxins in oral tobacco products in the UK. Tob Control 15(1):64-67.
65. National Cancer Institute (1996). Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 7, The FTC Cigarette Test Method for Determining Tar, Nicotine and Carbon-monoxide Yields of US Cigarettes. Bethesda, MD: NCI.
66. National Cancer Institute (1998). Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 9, NIH publication 98-4302, Cigars: Health Effects and Trends. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
67. National Cancer Institute (1999). Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph 10, Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke. Bethesda, MD: NCI. Retrieved October 16, 2005 from http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/tcrb/monographs/10/index.html.
68. Nusselder, W.J.; Looman, C.W.; Marang-van de Mheen, P.J.; Van e Mheen, H.; Mackenbach, J.P. (2000). Smoking and the compression of morbidity. J Epidemiol Community Health 54(8):566-574.
69. Nyman, A.L.; Taylor, T.M.; Biener, L. (2002). Trends in cigar smoking and perceptions of health risks among Massachusetts adults. Tob Control 11(Suppl 2): ii25-ii28.
70. Ockene, J.K.; Pechacek, T.F.; Vogt, T.; Svendsen, K. (1987). Does switching from cigarettes to pipes or cigars reduce tobacco smoke exposure? Am J Public Health 77(11):1412-1416.
71. O’Loughlin, J.; Tarasuk, J.; Difranza, J.; Paradis, G. (2002). Reliability of selected measures of nicotine dependence among adolescents. Ann Epidemiol 12(5):353-362.
72. Pakhale, S.S.; Maru, G.B. (1998). Distribution of major and minor alkaloids in tobacco, mainstream and sidestream smoke of popular Indian smoking products. Food Chem Toxicol 36(12):1131-1138.
73. Pauly, J.L.; Mepani, A.B.; Lesses, J.D.; Cummings, K.M.; Streck, R.J. (2002). Cigarettes with defective filters marketed for 40 years: What Philip Morris never told smokers. Tob Control 11(Suppl 1):I51-I61.
74. Peto, R.; Darby, S.; Deo, H.; Silcocks, P.; Whitley, E.; Doll, R. (2000). Smoking, smoking cessation, and lung cancer in the UK since 1950: Combination of national statistics with two case-control studies. BMJ 321(7257):323-329.
75. Peto, R.; Lopez, A.D.; Boreham, J.; Thun, M.; Clark, H. (1994). Mortality from Smoking in Developed Countries 1950-2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
76. Powell, J.T. (1998). Vascular damage from smoking: Disease mechanisms at the arterial wall. Vascular Medicine 3(1):21-28.
77. Pryor, W.A.; Stone, K. (1993). Oxidants in cigarette smoke: Radicals, hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrate, and peroxynitrite. Ann NY Acad Sci 686:12-28.
78. Royal College of Physicians (2000). Nicotine Addiction in Britain. A report of the tobacco advisory group of the Royal College of Physicians. London.
79. Royal College of Physicians of London (1962). Smoking and Health. Summary and report on smoking in relation to cancer of the lung and other diseases. New York: Pitman Publishing.
80. Sargent, R.P.; Shephard, R.M.; Glantz, S.A. (2004). Reduced incidence of admissions for myocardial infarction associated with public smoking ban: Before and after study. BMJ 328(7446):977-980.
81. Scanlon, P.D.; Connett, J.E.; Waller, L.A.; Altose, M.D.; Bailey, W.C.; Buist, A.S. (2000). Smoking cessation and lung function in mild-to-moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161(2 Pt 1):381-390.
82. Shaper, A.G.; Wannamethee, S.G.; Walker, M. (2003). Pipe and cigar smoking and major cardiovascular events, cancer incidence and all-cause mortality in middle-aged British men. Int J Epidemiol 32(5):802-808.
83. Shaw, M.; Mitchell, R.; Dorling, D. (2000). Time for a smoke? One cigarette reduces your life by 11 minutes. BMJ 320(7226):53.
84. Stampfer, M.J.; Hu, F.B.; Manson, J.E.; Rimm, E.B.; Willett, W.C. (2000). Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle. N Engl J Med 342(1):16-22.
85. Stepanov, I.; Hecht, S.S.; Ramakrishnan, S.; Gupta, P.C. (2005). Tobacco-specific nitrosamines smokeless tobacco products marketed in India. Int J Cancer 116(1):16-19.
86. Stroup, T.S.; Gilmore, J.H.; Jarskog, L.F. (2000). Management of medical illness in persons with schizophrenia. Psych Annals 30(1):35-40.
87. Thun, M.J.; Apicalla, L.F.; Henley, S.J. (2000). Smoking vs. other risk factors as the cause smoking-attributable deaths: Confounding in the courtroom. JAMA 284: 706-712.
88. Thun, M.J.; Myers, D.G.; Day-Lally, C.; Namboodiri, M.M.; Calle, E.E.; Flanders, W.D.; Adams, S.L.; Heath, C.W. (1997). Age and exposure-response relationships between cigarette smoking and premature death in Cancer Prevention Study II. In: Shopland, D.R.; Burns, D.M.; Garfinkel, L.; Samet, J.M. (Eds.), Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 8, NIH publication number 97-4213, Changes in Cigarette-Related Disease Risks and Their Implications for Prevention and Control. Bethesda, MD: DHSS, National Cancer Institute.
89. Tobacco Industry Research Committee (1954). A Frank Statement to Cigarette Smokers. Bates No. 500849398-500849399.
90. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (1988). The Health Consequences of Smoking: Nicotine Addiction. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
91. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (1990). The Health Benefits of Smoking Cessation. Washington, DC: CDC Office on Smoking and Health.
92. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2004). The Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health.
93. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service (1964). Smoking and Health Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General ofthe Public Health Service. PHS Publication No.1103.
94. Valkonen, M.; Kuusi, T. (1998). Passive smoking induces atherogenic changes in low-density lipoprotein. Circulation 97:2012-2016.
95. Wallenfeldt, K.; Hulthe, J.; Bokemark, L.; Wikstrand, J.; Fagerberg, B. (2001). Carotid and femoral atherosclerosis, cardiovascular risk factors and C-reactive protein in relation to smokeless tobacco use or smoking in 58-year-old men. J Intern Med 250(6):492-501.
96. Webb, D.A.; Boyd, N.R.; Messina, D.; Windsor, R.A. (2003). The discrepancy between self-reported smoking status and urine continine levels among women enrolled in prenatal care at four publicly funded clinical sites. J Public Health Manag Pract 9(4):322-325.
97. Wellman, R.J.; DiFranza, J.R.; Savageau, J.A.; Godiwala, S.; Friedman, K.: Hazel-ton, J. (2005). Measuring adults’ loss of autonomy over nicotine use: The Hooked on Nicotine Checklist. Nicotine Tob Res 7(1):157-161.
98. White, J.L.; Conner, B.T.; Perfetti, T.A.; Bombick, B.R.; Avalos, J.T.; Fowler, K.W.; Smith, Cl. J.; Doolittle, D.J. (2001). Effect of pyrolysis temperature on the mutagenicity of tobacco smoke condensate. FoodChem Toxicol 39(5):499-505.
99. World Health Organization (1992). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision. Geneva: WHO.
100. World Health Organization (1997). Tobacco or Health: A Global Status Report. Geneva: WHO.
101. Wynder, E.L.; Graham, E.A. (1950) Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in bronchogenic carcinoma. JAMA 143:329-336.
102. Yeaman, A. (1963). Implications of Battelle Hippo I & II and the Griffith Filter. July 17, 1963. Bates Bo. 1802.05. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xrc72d00.