Energy distribution patterns in Australia and its relationship to age, gender and body mass index among children and adults

Nutrition and Dietetics

Volumn 69, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 102-110

  Fayet, Flavia ^a   Mortensen, Andrea ^b   Baghurst, Katrine ^c  

^a Nutrition Research Australia   (Australia)

^b Food and Nutrition Communications   (Australia)

^c NONE

Author keywords

Adult; BMI; Children; Energy intake

Indexed keywords

EID: 84861945888     PISSN: 14466368     EISSN: 17470080     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0080.2012.01582.x     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Cameron AJ, Welborn TA, Zimmet PZ etal. Overweight and obesity in Australia: the 1999-2000 Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab). Med J Aust 2003; 178: 427-32.
2. Australian Bureau of Statistics. National Health Survey: Summary of Results, 2004-2005. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006.
3. Australian Bureau of Statistics. National Health Survey: Summary of Results, 2007-2008. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2009.
4. Feillet CA, Albrecht U, Challet E. 'Feeding time' for the brain: a matter of clocks. J Physiol Paris 2006; 100: 252-60.
5. Laposky AD, Bass J, Kohsaka A, Turek FW. Sleep and circadian rhythms: key components in the regulation of energy metabolism. FEBS Lett 2008; 582: 142-51.
6. Ma Y, Bertone ER, Stanek EJ 3rd etal. Association between eating patterns and obesity in a free-living US adult population. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 158: 85-92.
7. Bellisle F, McDevitt R, Prentice AM. Meal frequency and energy balance. Br J Nutr 1997; 77 (Suppl. 1): S57-70.
8. Summerbell CD, Moody RC, Shanks J, Stock MJ, Geissler C. Relationship between feeding pattern and body mass index in 220 free-living people in four age groups. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996; 50: 513-9.
9. Hampl JS, Heaton CL, Taylor CA. Snacking patterns influence energy and nutrient intakes but not body mass index. J Hum Nutr Diet 2003; 16: 3-11.
10. Howarth NC, Huang TT, Roberts SB, Lin BH, McCrory MA. Eating patterns and dietary composition in relation to BMI in younger and older adults. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007; 31: 675-84.
11. Koletzko B, Toschke AM. Meal patterns and frequencies: do they affect body weight in children and adolescents? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2010; 50: 100-5.
12. Smeets AJ, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Acute effects on metabolism and appetite profile of one meal difference in the lower range of meal frequency. Br J Nutr 2008; 99: 1316-21.
13. Speechly DP, Buffenstein R. Greater appetite control associated with an increased frequency of eating in lean males. Appetite 1999; 33: 285-97.
14. Jenkins DJ, Ocana A, Jenkins AL etal. Metabolic advantages of spreading the nutrient load: effects of increased meal frequency in non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55: 461-7.
15. Jenkins DJ. Carbohydrate tolerance and food frequency. Br J Nutr 1997; 77 (Suppl. 1): S71-81.
16. Fabry P, Hejl Z, Fodor J, Braun T, Zvolankova K. The frequency of meals. Its relation to overweight, hypercholesterolaemia, and decreased glucose-tolerance. Lancet 1964; 2: 614-5.
17. Kerver JM, Yang EJ, Obayashi S, Bianchi L, Song WO. Meal and snack patterns are associated with dietary intake of energy and nutrients in US adults. J Am Diet Assoc 2006; 106: 46-53.
18. McLennan W, Podge A. National Nutrition Survey Selected Highlights, Australia 1995. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1997.
19. CSIRO, University of South Australia, Flinders University. The 2007 Australian National Chilren's Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey Users Guide. Canberra: Department of Health and Ageing, 2008.
20. CSIRO, University of South Australia, Flinders University. 2007 National Chilren's Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. Canberra: Department of Health and Ageing, 2008.
21. National Health and Medical Research Council. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand. NHMRC. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2006.
22. Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ 2000; 320: 1240-3.
23. Cole TJ, Flegal KM, Nicholls D, Jackson AA. Body mass index cut offs to define thinness in children and adolescents: international survey. BMJ 2007; 335: 194-201.
24. National Health and Medical Research Council. Acting on Australia's Weight: A Strategic Plan for the Prevention of Overweight and Obesity. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1997.
25. Commonwealth Department of Health. National Nutrition Survey: Nutrient Intakes and Physical Measurements: Australia 1995. Canberra: ABS, 1998.
26. Arbie DM, Bass J, Laposky A, Vitaterna MH, Turek FW. Circadian timing of food intake contributes to weight gain. Obesity 2009; 17: 2100-2.
27. Bray MS, Tsai JY, Villegas-Montoya C etal. Time-of-day dependent dietary fat consumption influences multiple cardiometabolic syndrome parameters in mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010; 34: 1589-98.
28. Fonken LK, Workman JL, Walton JC etal. Light at night increases body mass by shifting the time of food intake. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107: 18664-9.
29. Szajewska H, Ruszczynski M. Systematic review demonstrating that breakfast consumption influences body weight outcome in children and adolescents in Europe. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2010; 50: 113-9.
30. Toschke AM, Thorsteinsdottir KH, von Kries R, GME Study Group. Meal frequency, breakfast consumption and childhood obesity. Int J Pediatr 2009; 4: 242-8.
31. Macdiarmid J, Loe J, Craig LC, Masson LF, Holmes B, McNeill G. Meal and snacking patterns of school-aged children in Scotland. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63: 1297-304.
32. Kim SY, Kim SM. Energy intake and snack choice by the meal patterns of employed people. Nutr Res Pract 2010; 4: 43-50.
33. Ovaskainen ML, Tapanainen H, Pakkala H. Changes in the contribution of snacks to the daily energy intake of Finnish adults. Appetite 2010; 54: 623-6.
34. Piernas C, Popkin BM. Snacking increased among U.S. adults between 1977 and. J Nutr 2006; 140: 325-32.
35. de Castro JM. The time of day of food intake influences overall intake in humans. J Nutr 2004; 134: 104-11.
36. de Castro JM. When, how much and what foods are eaten are related to total daily food intake. Br J Nutr 2009; 102: 1228-37.
37. Ekmekcioglu C, Touitou Y. Chronobiological aspects of food intake and metabolism and their relevance on energy balance and weight regulation. Obes Rev 2011; 12: 14-25.
38. Dubois L, Girard M, Potvin Kent M, Farmer A, Tatone-Tokuda F. Breakfast skipping is associated with differences in meal patterns, macronutrient intakes and overweight among pre-school children. Public Health Nutr 2009; 12: 19-28.
39. Patro B, Szajewska H. Meal patterns and childhood obesity. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2010; 13: 300-4.
40. Cho S, Dietrich M, Brown CJ, Clark CA, Block G. The effect of breakfast type on total daily energy intake and body mass index: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Am Coll Nutr 2003; 22: 296-302.
41. Kant AK, Andon BM, Angelopoulos TJ, Rippe JM. Association of breakfast energy density with diet quality and body mass index in American adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1999-2004. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88: 1396-404.
42. Maffeis C, Provera S, Filippi L etal. Distribution of food intake as a risk factor for childhood obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24: 75-80.
43. Summerbell CD, Moody RC, Shanks J, Stock MJ, Geissler C. Sources of energy from meals versus snacks in 220 people in four age groups. Eur J Clin Nutr 1995; 49: 33-41.
44. Morley JE. Anorexia of aging: physiologic and pathologic. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66: 760-73.
45. Gatenby SJ. Eating frequency: methodological and dietary aspects. Br J Nutr 1997; 77 (Suppl. 1): S7-20.
46. Schoeller DA. Limitations in the assessment of dietary energy intake by self-report. Metabolism 1995; 44: 18-22.
47. Heitmann BL, Lissner L. Dietary underreporting by obese individuals-is it specific or non-specific? BMJ 1995; 311: 986-9.
48. Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Nieuwenhuizen A, Tome D, Soenen S, Westerterp KR. Dietary protein, weight loss, and weight maintenance. Annu Rev Nutr 2009; 29: 21-41.