Radiation treatment for patients with intermediate-risk prostate cancer

Therapeutic Advances in Urology

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 113-124

  Greene, David E ^a   Mayadev, Jyoti S ^b   Valicenti, Richard K ^b  

^a University of California ^*  (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

androgen deprivation; brachytherapy; dose escalation; external beam; intermediate risk; outcomes; prostate cancer; radiation; review

Indexed keywords

ANTIANDROGEN; FLUTAMIDE; GOSERELIN; LEUPRORELIN;

ANDROGEN DEPRIVATION THERAPY; ANEMIA; BRACHYTHERAPY; CANCER HORMONE THERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; COMPUTER ASSISTED RADIOTHERAPY; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DEPRESSION; ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION; FATIGUE; GYNECOMASTIA; HEART DISEASE; HOT FLUSH; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPOGONADISM; INTENSITY MODULATED RADIATION THERAPY; INTERMEDIATE RISK PROSTATE CANCER; LIBIDO DISORDER; LOW RISK POPULATION; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; MUSCLE ATROPHY; ONCOLOGY; OSTEOPOROSIS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; RADIATION DOSE; RADIATION DOSE FRACTIONATION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SIDE EFFECT; WEIGHT GAIN;

EID: 84861864345     PISSN: 17562872     EISSN: 17562880     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1756287212442977     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Al-Mamgani A. Van Putten W.L.J. Heemsbergen W.D. Van Leenders G.J.L.H. Slot A. Dielwart M.F.H. (2008) Update of Dutch multicenter dose-escalation trial of radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. IntJ Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 72: 980–988.
2. Aluwini S. van Rooij P. Hoogeman M. Bangma C. Kirkels W.J. Incrocci L. (2010) CyberKnife stereotactic radiotherapy as monotherapy for low-to intermediate-stage prostate cancer: early experience, feasibility, and tolerance. J Endourol 24: 865–869.
3. Boike T.P. Lotan Y. Cho L.C. Brindle J. DeRose P. Xie X.J. (2011) Phase I dose-escalation study of stereotactic body radiation therapy for low-and intermediate-risk prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 29: 2020–2026
4. Bolla M. Collette L. Blank L. Warde P. Dubois J.B. Mirimanoff R.O. (2002) Long-term results with immediate androgen suppression and external irradiation in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer (an EORTC study): a phase III randomised trial. The Lancet 360: 103–108.
5. Bolla M. Descotes J.L. Artignan X. Fourneret P. (2007) Adjuvant treatment to radiation: combined hormone therapy and external radiotherapy for locally advanced prostate cancer. BJU Int 100: 44–47.
6. Bolla M. Van Tienhoven G. Warde P. Dubois J.B. Mirimanoff R.O. Storme G. (2010) External irradiation with or without long-term androgen suppression for prostate cancer with high metastatic risk: 10-year results of an EORTC randomised study. Lancet Oncol 11: 1066–1073.
7. Brenner D.J. Martinez A.A. Edmundson G.K. Mitchell C. Thames H.D. Armour E.P. (2002) Direct evidence that prostate tumors show high sensitivity to fractionation (low [alpha]/[beta] ratio), similar to late-responding normal tissue. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 52: 6–13.
8. Briganti A. Chun F.K.H. Hutterer G.C. Gallina A. Shariat S.F. Salonia A. (2007) Systematic assessment of the ability of the number and percentage of positive biopsy cores to predict pathologic stage and biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol 52: 733–745.
9. Buyyounouski M.K. Price R.A. Harris E.E.R. Miller R. Tomé W. Schefter T. (2010) Stereotactic body radiotherapy for primary management of early-stage, low-to intermediate-risk prostate cancer: report of the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology Emerging Technology Committee. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 76: 1297–1304.
10. Chybowski F. Keller J. Bergstralh E. Oesterling J. (1991) Predicting radionuclide bone scan findings in patients with newly diagnosed, untreated prostate cancer: prostate specific antigen is superior to all other clinical parameters. J Urol 145: 313.
11. Crook J. Ludgate C. Malone S. Lim J. Perry G. Eapen L. (2004) Report of a multicenter Canadian phase III randomized trial of 3 months vs. 8 months neoadjuvant androgen deprivation before standard-dose radiotherapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 60: 15–23.
12. Crook J. Ludgate C. Malone S. Perry G. Eapen L. Bowen J. (2009) Final report of multicenter Canadian Phase III randomized trial of 3 versus 8 months of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy before conventional-dose radiotherapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 73: 327–333.
13. Crook J. McLean M. Catton C. Yeung I. Tsihlias J. Pintilie M. (2002) Factors influencing risk of acute urinary retention after TRUS-guided permanent prostate seed implantation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 52: 453–460.
14. D–Amico A.V. Chen M.H. Renshaw A.A. Loffredo M. Kantoff P.W. (2008) Androgen suppression and radiation vs radiation alone for prostate cancer. JAMA 299: 289–295.
15. D–Amico A.V. Manola J. Loffredo M. Renshaw A.A. DellaCroce A. Kantoff P.W. (2004a) 6-month androgen suppression plus radiation therapy vs radiation therapy alone for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA 292: 821–827.
16. D–Amico A.V. Renshaw A.A. Cote K. Hurwitz M. Beard C. Loffredo M. (2004b) Impact of the percentage of positive prostate cores on prostate cancer–specific mortality for patients with low or favorable intermediate-risk disease. J Clin Oncol 22: 3726–3732.
17. D–Amico A.V. Renshaw A.A. Sussman B. Chen M.H. (2005) Pretreatment PSA velocity and risk of death from prostate cancer following external beam radiation therapy. JAMA 294: 440–447.
18. D–Amico A.V. Whittington R. Malkowicz S.B. Schultz D. Blank K. Broderick G.A. (1998) Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA 280: 969–974.
19. Dearnaley D.P. Sydes M.R. Graham J.D. Aird E.G. Bottomley D. Cowan R.A. (2007) Escalated-dose versus standard-dose conformal radiotherapy in prostate cancer: first results from the MRC RT01 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 8: 475–487.
20. Demanes D.J. Rodriguez R.R. Schour L. Brandt D. Altieri G. (2005) High-dose-rate intensity-modulated brachytherapy with external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer: California endocurietherapy–s 10-year results. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 61: 1306–1316.
21. Denham J.W. Steigler A. Lamb D.S. Joseph D. Mameghan H. Turner S. (2005) Short-term androgen deprivation and radiotherapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: results from the Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group 96.01 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 6: 841–850.
22. Denham J.W. Steigler A. Lamb D.S. Joseph D. Turner S. Matthews J. (2011) Short-term neoadjuvant androgen deprivation and radiotherapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: 10-year data from the TROG 96.01 randomised trial. Lancet Oncol 12: 351–259.
23. Edge S.B. Byrd D.R. Compton C.C. Fritz A.G. Greene F.L. Trotti A. (eds) (2010) AJCC Cancer Staging Manual (7th ed.). New York: Springer.
24. Efstathiou J.A. Bae K. Shipley W.U. Hanks G.E. Pilepich M.V. Sandler H.M. (2008) Cardiovascular mortality and duration of androgen deprivation for locally advanced prostate cancer: analysis of RTOG 92-02. Eur Urol 54: 816–824.
25. Efstathiou J.A. Bae K. Shipley W.U. Hanks G.E. Pilepich M.V. Sandler H.M. (2009) Cardiovascular mortality after androgen deprivation therapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: RTOG 85-31. J Clin Oncol 27: 92–99.
26. Flanigan R.C. McKay T.C. Olson M. Shankey T.V. Pyle J. Waters W.B. (1996) Limited efficacy of preoperative computed tomographic scanning for the evaluation of lymph node metastasis in patients before radical prostatectomy. Urology 48: 428–432.
27. J.F., Fowler, M.A., Ritter, R.J., Chappell, D.J., Brenner, What hypofractionated protocols should be tested for prostate cancer?, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, (2003), 56, 1093-1104
28. Heesakkers R.A.M. Hovels A.M. Jager G.J. van den Bosch H. Witjes J.A. Raat H.P.J. (2008) MRI with a lymph-node-specific contrast agent as an alternative to CT scan and lymph-node dissection in patients with prostate cancer: a prospective multicohort study. Lancet Oncol 9: 850–856.
29. Huang J. Kestin L.L. Ye H. Wallace M. Martinez A.A. Vicini F.A. (2011) Analysis of second malignancies after modern radiotherapy versus prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer. Radiother Oncol 98: 81–86.
30. Jemal A. Siegel R. Xu J. Ward E. (2010) Cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 60: 277–300.
31. Kagawa K. Lee W.R. Schultheiss T.E. Hunt M.A. Shaer A.H. Hanks G.E. (1997) Initial clinical assessment of CT-MRI image fusion software in localization of the prostate for 3D conformal radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 38: 319–325.
32. King C.R. Brooks J.D. Gill H. Pawlicki T. Cotrutz C. Presti J.C. Jr. (2009) Stereotactic body radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: interim results of a prospective phase II clinical trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 73: 1043–1048.
33. Kuban D.A. Tucker S.L. Dong L. Starkschall G. Huang E.H. Cheung M.R. (2008) Long-term results of the MD Anderson randomized dose-escalation trial for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 70: 67–74.
34. Kupelian P.A. Willoughby T.R. Reddy C.A. Klein E.A. Mahadevan A. (2007) Hypofractionated intensity-modulated radiotherapy (70 Gy at 2.5 Gy per fraction) for localized prostate cancer: Cleveland Clinic experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 68: 1424–1430.
35. Landis D. Wallner K. Locke J. Ellis W. Russell K. Cavanagh W. (2002) Late urinary function after prostate brachytherapy. Brachytherapy 1: 21–26.
36. Laverdiere J. Gomez J.L. Cusan L. Raul Suburu E. Diamond P. Lemay M. (1997) Beneficial effect of combination hormonal therapy administered prior and following external beam radiation therapy in localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 37: 247–252.
37. Lawton C.A. Won M. Pilepich M.V. Asbell S.O. Shipley W.U. Hanks G.E. (1991) Long-term treatment sequelae following external beam irradiation for adenocarcinoma of the prostate: analysis of RTOG studies 7506 and 7706. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 21: 935–939.
38. Macías V. Biete A. (2009) Hypofractionated radiotherapy for localised prostate cancer. Review of clinical trials. Clin Transl Oncol 11: 437–445.
39. Madsen B.L. Hsi R.A. Pham H.T. Fowler J.F. Esagui L. Corman J. (2007) Stereotactic hypofractionated accurate radiotherapy of the prostate (SHARP), 33.5 Gy in five fractions for localized disease: first clinical trial results. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 67: 1099–1105.
40. Martin J.M. Rosewall T. Bayley A. Bristow R. Chung P. Crook J. (2007) Phase II trial of hypofractionated image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy for localized prostate adenocarcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 69: 1084–1089.
41. Martinez A.A. Gonzalez J. Ye H. Ghilezan M. Shetty S. Kernen K. (2011) Dose escalation improves cancer-related events at 10 years for intermediate-and high-risk prostate cancer patients treated with hypofractionated high-dose-rate boost and external beam radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 79: 363–370.
42. Mazaheri Y. Shukla Dave A. Muellner A. Hricak H. (2011) MRI of the prostate: clinical relevance and emerging applications. J Magn Reson Imaging 33: 258–274.
43. McGowan D.G. Hunt D. Jones C.U. Amin M. Leibenhaut M.H. Husian S.M. (2010) Short-term endocrine therapy prior to and during radiation therapy improves overall survival in patients with T1b–T2b adenocarcinoma of the prostate and PSA
44. Merrick G.S. Butler W.M. Lief J.H. Dorsey A.T. (2000) Temporal resolution of urinary morbidity following prostate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 47: 121–128.
45. Merrick G.S. Wallner K.E. Butler W.M. (2003) Minimizing prostate brachytherapy-related morbidity. Urology 62: 786–792.
46. Michalski J.M. Bae K. Roach M. Markoe A.M. Sandler H.M. Ryu J. (2010) Long-term toxicity following 3D conformal radiation therapy for prostate cancer from the RTOG 9406 phase I/II dose-escalation study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 76: 14–22.
47. Norkus D. Miller A. Kurtinaitis J. Haverkamp U. Popov S. Prott F.J. (2009a) A randomized trial comparing hypofractionated and conventionally fractionated three-dimensional external-beam radiotherapy for localized prostate adenocarcinoma. Strahlenther Onkol 185: 715–721.
48. Norkus D. Miller A. Plieskien A. Janulionis E. Valuckas K.P. (2009b) A randomized trial comparing hypofractionated and conventionally fractionated three-dimensional conformal external-beam radiotherapy for localized prostate adenocarcinoma: a report on the first-year biochemical response. Medicina (Kaunas) 45: 469–475.
49. Peeters S.T.H. Heemsbergen W.D. Koper P. van Putten W.L.J. Slot A. Dielwart M.F.H. (2006) Dose-response in radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: results of the Dutch multicenter randomized phase III trial comparing 68 Gy of radiotherapy with 78 Gy. J Clin Oncol 24: 1990–1996.
50. Pickett B. Kurhanewicz J. Coakley F. Shinohara K. Fein B. Roach M. (2004) Use of MRI and spectroscopy in evaluation of external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 60: 1047–1055.
51. Pilepich M. Asbell S. Krall J. Baerwald W. Sause W. Rubin P. (1987a) Correlation of radiotherapeutic parameters and treatment related morbidity – analysis of RTOG Study 77-06. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 13: 1007–1012.
52. Pilepich M. Krall J. Sause W. Johnson R. Russ H. Hanks G. (1987b) Correlation of radiotherapeutic parameters and treatment related morbidity in carcinoma of the prostate – analysis of RTOG study 75-06. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 13: 351–357.
53. Pollack A. Hanlon A.L. Horwitz E.M. Feigenberg S.J. Konski A.A. Movsas B. (2006) Dosimetry and preliminary acute toxicity in the first 100 men treated for prostate cancer on a randomized hypofractionation dose escalation trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 64: 518–526.
54. Pollack A. Zagars G.K. Starkschall G. Antolak J.A. Lee J.J. Huang E. (2002) Prostate cancer radiation dose response: results of the MD Anderson phase III randomized trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 53: 1097–1105.
55. Pucar D. Shukla-Dave A. Hricak H. Moskowitz C.S. Kuroiwa K. Olgac S. (2005) Prostate cancer: correlation of MR imaging and MR spectroscopy with pathologic findings after radiation therapy – initial experience. Radiology 236: 545–553.
56. Rasch C. Barillot I. Remeijer P. Touw A. van Herk M. Lebesque J.V. (1999) Definition of the prostate in CT and MRI: a multi-observer study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 43: 57–66.
57. Roach M. (1996) Prostate volumes defined by magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomographic scans for three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 35: 1011–1018.
58. Roach M. Bae K. Speight J. Wolkov H.B. Rubin P. Lee R.J. (2008) Short-term neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy and external-beam radiotherapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: long-term results of RTOG 8610. J Clin Oncol 26: 585–591.
59. Sathya J.R. Davis I.R. Julian J.A. Guo Q. Daya D. Dayes I.S. (2005) Randomized trial comparing iridium implant plus external-beam radiation therapy with external-beam radiation therapy alone in node-negative locally advanced cancer of the prostate. J Clin Oncol 23: 1192–1199.
60. Sharifi N. Gulley J.L. Dahut W.L. (2005) Androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. JAMA 294: 238.
61. Shipley W.U. Verhey L.J. Munzenrider J.E. Suit H.D. Urie M.M. McManus P.L. (1995) Advanced prostate cancer: the results of a randomized comparative trial of high dose irradiation boosting with conformal protons compared with conventional dose irradiation using photons alone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 32: 3–12.
62. Stone N. Stock R. (2002) Complications following permanent prostate brachytherapy. Eur Urol 41: 427–433.
63. Sylvester J.E. Blasko J.C. Grimm P.D. Meier R. Malmgren J.A. (2003) Ten-year biochemical relapse-free survival after external beam radiation and brachytherapy for localized prostate cancer: the Seattle experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 57: 944–952.
64. Sylvester J.E. Grimm P.D. Blasko J.C. Millar J. Orio P.F. III Skoglund S. (2007) 15-Year biochemical relapse free survival in clinical Stage T1-T3 prostate cancer following combined external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy; Seattle experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 67: 57–64.
65. Vargas C.E. Martinez A.A. Boike T.P. Spencer W. Goldstein N. Gustafson G.S. (2006) High-dose irradiation for prostate cancer via a high-dose-rate brachytherapy boost: results of a phase I to II study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 66: 416–423.
66. Villeirs G.M. De Meerleer G.O. (2007) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) anatomy of the prostate and application of MRI in radiotherapy planning. European journal of radiology 63: 361–368.
67. Wong W.W. Vora S.A. Schild S.E. Ezzell G.A. Andrews P.E. Ferrigni R.G. (2009) Radiation dose escalation for localized prostate cancer. Cancer 115: 5596–5606.
68. Zelefsky M.J. Chan H. Hunt M. Yamada Y. Shippy A.M. Amols H. (2006) Long-term outcome of high dose intensity modulated radiation therapy for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol 176: 1415–1419.
69. Zietman A.L. Bae K. Slater J.D. Shipley W.U. Efstathiou J.A. Coen J.J. (2010) Randomized trial comparing conventional-dose with high-dose conformal radiation therapy in early-stage adenocarcinoma of the prostate: long-term results from Proton Radiation Oncology Group/American College of Radiology 95-09. J Clin Oncol 28: 1106–1111.
70. Zietman A.L. DeSilvio M.L. Slater J.D. Rossi C.J. Miller D.W. Adams J.A. (2005) Comparison of conventional-dose vs high-dose conformal radiation therapy in clinically localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate. JAMA 294: 1233–1239.