Early childhood experiences, parenting and the process of drug dependency among young people in Tehran, Iran

Drug and Alcohol Review

Volumn 31, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 461-468

  Mirlashari, Jila ^a,b   Demirkol, Apo ^b,c   Salsali, Mahvash ^a   Rafiey, Hassan ^d   Jahanbani, Jahanfar ^e  

^a TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^b LIVERPOOL HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^d UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL WELFARE AND REHABILITATION SCIENCES   (Iran)

^e ISLAMIC AZAD UNIVERSITY   (Iran)

Author keywords

Addiction; Iran; Parenting experience; Qualitative research; Young people

Indexed keywords

ADDICTION; ADULT; ARTICLE; CHILD PARENT RELATION; DRUG USE; FAMILY; FEMALE; HUMAN; IRAN; LIFE EVENT; MALE; MENTAL STRESS; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH;

ADULT; BEHAVIOR, ADDICTIVE; DRUG USERS; FAMILY; FEMALE; HUMANS; IRAN; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; MALE; PARENT-CHILD RELATIONS; PARENTING; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

EID: 84861850794     PISSN: 09595236     EISSN: 14653362     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2011.00384.x     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Moharreri MR. Outpatient treatment of opium addiction; report of a pilot project in Shiraz. Bull Narc 1976;28:31-9.
2. Bryant J. Developing a substance abuse prevention program for parents and youth (Doctoral Dissertation). Theological School of Drew University, Madison, New Jersey, 2008.
3. Razzaghi EM, Rahimia Movaghar A, Craig Green T, Khoshnood K. Profiles of risk: a qualitative study of injecting drug users in Tehran, Iran. Harm Reduct J 2006;3:1-13.
4. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. [Home page on the Internet]. Available at: (accessed October 2010).
5. Aliverdinia A, Pridemore WA. A first glimpse at narcotics offenders in an Islamic Republic. A test of an integrated model of drug involvement among a sample of men incarcerated for drug offenses in Iran. Int Crim Justice Rev 2007;17:27-44.
6. Momtazi S, Rawson R. Substance abuse among Iranian high school students. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2010;23:221-6.
7. Jafari S, Rahimi Movaghar A, Craib K, Baharlou S, Mathias R. Socio-cultural factors associated with the initiation of opium use in Darab, Iran. Int J Ment Health Addict 2009;7:376-88.
8. Zamani S, Farnia M, Tavakoli S, etal. A qualitative inquiry into methadone treatment for opioid-dependent prisoners in Tehran, Iran. Int J Drug Policy 2010;21:167-72.
9. Narenjiha H, Rafiey H, Baghestani A, etal. Rapid situation assessment of drug abuse in Iran. Tehran: Danjeh Pub, 2009 (In Farsi).
10. Parvizy S, Nikbakht A, Pournaghash TS, Shahrokhi S. Adolescent' perspective on addiction: qualitative study. Nurs Health Sci 2005;7:192-8.
11. Miller-Day M. Talking to youth about drugs: what do late adolescents say about parental strategies? Fam Relat 2008;57:1-12.
12. Iran Canter for Statistic. [Home page on the Internet]. Tehran, 2006. Available at: (accessed September 2010).
13. Haber P, Demirkol A, Lange K, Murnion B. Management of injecting drug users admitted to hospital. Lancet 2009;374:1284-93.
14. Spooner C. Causes and correlates of adolescents' drug abuse and implications for treatment. Drug Alcohol Rev 1999;18:453-75.
15. Sanders MR. Community-based parenting and family support interventions and the prevention of drug abuse. Addict Behav 2000;25:929-43.
16. Brook JS, Brook DW, Rosa MDL, Whiteman M, Johnson E, Montoya I. Adolescent illegal drug use: the impact of personality, family, and environmental factors. J Behav Med 2001;24:183-203.
17. Spooner C. Causes and correlates of adolescent drug abuse and implications for treatment. Drug Alcohol Rev 1999;18:453-75.
18. Al-Kandari F, Yacoub K, Omu F. Initiation factors for substance abuse. J Adv Nurs 2000;34:78-85.
19. Neale J, Allen D, Coombes L. Qualitative research method within the addictions. Addiction 2005;100:1584-93.
20. Corbin J, Strauss A. Basics of qualitative research: techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Los Angeles/Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2008.
21. Mason M. Sample size and saturation in PhD studies using qualitative interviews. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research 2010; 11(3): Art. 8. Available from URL: (accessed May 2011).
22. Toumbourou JW, Blyth A, Bamberg J, Bowes G, Douvos T. Behavior exchange system training: the 'best' approach for parents stressed by adolescent drug problems. Aust NZ J Fam Ther 1997;18:92-8.
23. Parsai M, Marsiglia FF, Kulis S. Parental monitoring, religious involvement and drug use among Latino and non Latino youth in the Southwestern United State. Br J Soc Work 2010;40:100-14.
24. Bhattacharya G, Cleland C, Holland S. Peer networks, parental attributes, and drug use among Asian-Indian adolescents born in the United States. J Immigr Health 1999;1:145-54.
25. Blatch LM. Child deaths and statutory services: families and substance use: building a resource for recovery. Communities, Children and Families Australia 2007;3:33-43.
26. Shin SH, Hong HG, Hazen AL. Childhood sexual abuse and adolescent substance use: a latent class analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2010;109:226-35.
27. Roberts AR. Drug use among inner-city African American woman; the process of managing loss. Qual Health Res 1999;9:620-38.
28. Pournaghashtehrani S, Feizabadi Z. Predictability of physical and psychological violence by early adverse childhood experiences. J Fam Violence 2009;24:417-22.
29. Kelley ML, Klostermann K, Doane AN, etal. The case for examining and treating the combined effects of parental drug use and interparentals violence on children in their homes. Aggress Violent Behav 2010;15:76-82.
30. Low WY, Zulkifli SN, Yusof K, Batumalia S, Aye KW. The drug abuse problem in Peninsular Malaysia: parent and child differences in knowledge, attitudes and perceptions. Drug Alcohol Depend 1996;42:105-15.
31. Horst SJ. Physical punishment and purposive behaviour (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 1994.
32. Bryant J. Developing a substance abuse prevention program for parents and youth (Doctoral Dissertation). Theological School of Drew University, Los Angeles, 2008.
33. Spruijt E, Goede MD. Transitions in family structure and adolescent well-being. Adolescence 1997;32:897-912.
34. Culbins LA, Klepinger DH. Childhood family and drug use over the life course. J Marriage Fam 2007;69:810-30.
35. Jenkins JE, Zunguze ST. The relationship of family structure to adolescent drug use, peer affiliation, and perception of peer acceptance of drug use. Adolescence 1998;33:811-23.
36. Breivik K, Olweus D, Endresen I. Dose the quality of parent-child relationship mediate the increase risk for antisocial behavior and substance use among adolescent in single-mother and single-father families? J Divorce Remarriage 2009;50:400-26.
37. Paschall MJ, Ringwalt Ch L, Flewelling RL. Effects of parenting, father absence, and affiliation with delinquent peers on delinquent behavior among African-American male adolescents. Adolescence 2003;38:15-34.
38. Eitle D. The moderating effects of peer substance use on the family structure adolescent substance use association: quantity versus quality of parenting. Addict Behav 2005;30:963-80.
39. Fisher M, Crome L, Macleod J, Bloor R, Hickman M. Predictive factors for illicit drug use among young people: a literature review. Home Office Online Report, Probation Journal 2007;54:278-9.
40. Tang Z, Orwin RG. Marijuana initiation among American youth and its risks as dynamic processes: prospective findings from a national longitudinal study. Subst Use Misuse 2009;44:195-211.
41. Velleman RDB, Templeton LJ, Copello AG. The role of family in preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse: a comprehensive review of family interventions with a focus on young people. Drug Alcohol Rev 2005;24:93-109.
42. Kennett J. Talking to your kids. Meanjin 2002;61:34-41.
43. Parvizy S, Ahmadi F. A qualitative study on adolescents, health and family. Ment Health Fam Med 2009;6:163-72.
44. Stoker A, Swad H. Perceived family relationships in drug abusing adolescents. Drug Alcohol Depend 1990;25:293-7.
45. Gorsuch RL, Butler MC. Initial drug abuse: a review of predisposing social psychological factors. Psychol Bull 1976;83:120-37.
46. Micheli DD, Formigon MLOS. Are reasons for the first use of drugs and family circumstances predictors of future use patterns? Addict Behav 2002;27:87-100.
47. Bricker JB, Peterson AV, Sarason IG, Andersen MR, Rajan KB. Changes in the influence of parents' and close friends' smoking on adolescent smoking. Addict Behav 2007;32:740-57.
48. Jang JS, Bader DC, Johnson BR. The cumulative advantage of religiosity in preventing drug use. J Drug Issues 2008;38:771-99.
49. Beaulieu MA, Jason LA. A drug abuse prevention program aimed at teaching seventh grade student's problem-solving strategies. Child Youth Serv Rev 1988;10:131-49.
50. Marie MV. Parent training: drug abuse inoculation in the nineties (Doctoral Dissertation). Georgia State University, Atlanta, 1992.
51. Laoniramai P, Laosee OC, Somrongthong R, Wongchalee S, Sitthi-amorn C. Factors affecting the experiences of drug use by adolescents in a Bangkok slum. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2005;36:1014-19.
52. Perez A, Ariza C, Martinez FS, Nebot M. Cannabis consumption initiation among adolescents: a longitudinal study. Addict Behav 2010;35:129-34.
53. Shinew KJ, Parry DC. Examining college students' participation in the leisure pursuits of drinking and illegal drug use. J Leis Res 2005;37:364-87.
54. Guxens M, Nebot M, Ariza C. Age and sex differences in factors associated with the onset of cannabis use: a cohort study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2007;88:234-43.
55. Schaub M, Gmel G, Annaheim B, Mueller M, Schwappach D. Leisure time activities that predict initiation, progression and reduction of cannabis use: a prospective, population-based. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010;29:378-84.