Vitamin A content of fortified maize meal and porridge as purchased and consumed in South Africa

Food Research International

Volumn 47, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 128-133

  Pretorius, Beulah ^a,b   Schönfeldt, Hettie C ^b  

^a AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Maize meal; Porridge; Retention; Staple foods; Vitamin a fortification

Indexed keywords

MAIZE MEAL; PORRIDGE; RETENTION; STAPLE FOOD; VITAMIN A;

NUTRITION;

MILITARY ENGINEERING;

ZEA MAYS;

EID: 84861731054     PISSN: 09639969     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.03.033     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. Allen L.H., Haskell M. Estimating the potential for vitamin A toxicity in women and young children. The Journal of Nutrition 2002, 132(9):2907S-2919S.
2. AOAC Official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Method 935.29 2005, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg, USA. 18th ed. W. Horwitz (Ed.).
3. AOAC Official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Appendix E: Laboratory quality assurance 2005, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg, USA. 18th ed. W. Horwitz (Ed.).
4. Bengtsson A., Namutebi A., Alminger M.L., Svanberg U. Effects of various traditional processing methods on the all-trans-β-carotene content of orange fleshed sweet potato. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 2008, 21:134-143.
5. Blake C.J.B. Status of methodology for the determination of fat-soluble vitamins in foods, dietary supplements, and vitamin premixes. Journal of AOAC International 2007, 90(4):897-910.
6. Clarke R. Micronutrient fortification of food: Technology and quality control. FAO. (1996) Food Fortification: Technology and Quality Control. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 60 1995, [Internet], reprinted 1997. Available from:.
7. [Accessed on 17 March 2005]. http://www.fao.org/docrep/W2840E/W2840E00.htm.
8. de Hoop M. National Food Fortification Programme: Plans to revitalise the fortification programme. Nutrition Congress 2010, Durban International Convention Centre, 19-22 September Presentation available from:. http://www.nutritioncongress.co.za/images/stories/PDFS/Tuesday/Venue5B/16h35%20maude%20de%20hoop%20tuesday%20hall%205b%202.pdf.
9. DSM (2009). Quality is Essential. Published April 2009. DSM Nutritional Products LTD, Nutrition Improvement Program, PO Box 2676, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.
10. FAO FAO/WHO expert consultation on human vitamin and mineral requirements: Chapter 7 2001, Food and Nutrition Division, Rome.
11. Department of Health (2003). Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act, 1972 (Act no 54 of 1972), regulation R7634 dated 7 April 2003, regulations relating to the fortification of certain foodstuffs. [pdf] Pretoria: Government Gazette Available from:, [Accessed 13 June 2011]. http://www.doh.gov.za/docs/regulations/2008/reg1206.pdf.
12. Johnson Q., Mannar V., Ranum P. Vitamin and mineral fortification of wheat flour [internet]. The micronutrient initiative fortification handbook Available from:, [Accessed 07 June 2010]. http://www.micronutrient.org/CMFiles/PubLib/Fort_handbook1NDB-3242008-2608.pdf.
13. Kuyper, L. (ed). (2000). Report: Stability tests and sensory evaluation of fortified food vehicles for the national food fortification programme. Developed for The Directorate: Nutrition, Department of Health; Developed by: National Food Science and Technology Programme, BioChemtek, CSIR, Pretoria.
14. Lešková E., Kubíová J., Kováčiková E., Košická M., Porubská J., Holčíová K. Vitamin losses: Retention during heat treatment and continual changes expressed by mathematical models. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 2006, 19:252-276.
15. Long G.L., Winefordner J.D. Limit of detection. A closer look at the IUPAC definition. Analytical Chemistry 1983, 55(7):712-724.
16. Markinor/Sunday Times Top Brands Results: Business-to-consumer Retrieved September 15, 2008 from:. http://www.brandsandbranding.co.za/pdf/brandtrust.pdf.
17. Mehansho H., Mellican R.I., Hughes D.L., Compton D.B., Walter T. Multiple-micronutrient technology development and evaluation: From lab to market. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2003, 24(4):S111-S119.
18. NFCS (National Food Consumption Survey) The National Food Consumption Survey: Children aged 1-9years South Africa, 1999 2000, Department of Health, Nutrition Directorate, Pretoria, South Africa.
19. NFCS-FB-I (National Food Consumption Survey Fortification Baseline) Executive summary of the National Food Consumption Survey Fortification Baseline South Africa, 2005. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2008, 21(3):245-300. (Supplement 2).
20. SAS Institute Inc. SAS/STAT user's guide, version 9, 1st printing, (Vol. 2). SAS Campus Drive, Cary 1999, SAS Institute Inc, USA.
21. SAVACG (South African Vitamin A Consultative Group) Anthropometric, vitamin A, iron, and immunisation coverage status in children aged 6-71months in South Africa, 1994. South African Medical Journal 1996, 86:354-357.
22. Steyn N.P., Maunder E.M., Labadarios D., Nel J.H. Foods and beverages that make a significant contribution to macro- and micronutrient intakes of children in South Africa: Do they meet the food-based dietary guidelines?. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2006, 19(2):66-76.
23. Steyn N.P., Nel J., Labadarios D. Will fortification of staple foods make a difference to the dietary intake of South African children?. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2008, 21(1):22-26.
24. Van Lieshout M., West C.E. Chapter 2: Vitamin A. In: Micronutrient malnutrition course for Southern Africa, September 6-17, 2004 2004, 1-29. University of Pretoria, South Africa.
25. WHO (World Health Organisation) Guidelines on food fortification with micronutrients. Part III: Fortificants - Physical characteristics, selection and use with specific food vehicles 2006, World Health Organization, Geneva. L. Allen, B. de Benoist, O. Dary, R. Hurrell (Eds.).
26. WHO (World Health Organisation) Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations at risk 1995-2005. WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency 2009, World Health Organization, Geneva.
27. WHO (World Health Organisation) Recommendations on wheat and maize flour fortification meeting report: Interim consensus statement. Geneva, World Health Organization Retrieved May 31, 2010 from:. http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/wheat_maize_fort.pdf.
28. Wolmarans P., Danster N., Chetty J. Energy and nutrient composition of South African maize meal. Technical report 2005, Nutritional Intervention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg.