Drowning

New England Journal of Medicine

Volumn 366, Issue 22, 2012, Pages 2102-2110

  Szpilman, David ^a,b   Bierens, Joost J L M ^c   Handley, Anthony J ^d   Orlowski, James P ^e,f  

^a HOSPITAL MUNICIPAL MIGUEL COUTO   (Brazil)

^b Corpo de Bombeiros Militar ^*  (Brazil)

^c Society to Prevent People from Drowning   (Netherlands)

^d Royal Life Saving Society UK   (United Kingdom)

^e FLORIDA HOSPITAL   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; NORADRENALIN;

ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; COMPRESSION THERAPY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DROWNING; EARLY INTERVENTION; EMERGENCY CARE; HEART ARREST; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; KIDNEY FAILURE; LUNG INJURY; METABOLIC ACIDOSIS; NERVOUS SYSTEM INJURY; OXYGEN THERAPY; PNEUMONIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESUSCITATION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SYNDROME; TREATMENT INDICATION;

EID: 84861677391     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: 15334406     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1013317     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. Peden M, McGee K, Sharma K. The injury chart book: a graphical overview of the global burden of injuries. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2002.
2. Injuries and violence prevention: non-communicable diseases and mental health: fact sheet on drowning. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2003 (http://www.who.int/violence-injury-prevention/other-injury/drowning/en/index. html).
3. Lu TH, Lunetta P, Walker S. Quality of cause-of-death reporting using ICD-10 drowning codes: a descriptive study of 69 countries. BMC Med Res Methodol 2010;10:30.
4. Borse NN, Gilchrist J, Dellinger AM, Rudd RA, Ballesteros MF, Sleet DA. CDC childhood injury report: patterns of unintentional Injuries among 0-19 year olds in the United States, 2000-2006. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008.
5. Linnan M, Anh LV, Cuong PV, et al. Special series on child injury: child mortality and injury in Asia: survey results and evidence. Florence, Italy: UNICEF Innocenti Research Center, 2007.
6. Modell JH. Prevention of needless deaths from drowning. South Med J 2010;103:650-3.
7. Cummings P, Mueller BA, Quan L. Association between wearing a personal floatation device and death by drowning among recreational boaters: a matched cohort analysis of United States Coast Guard data. Inj Prev 2011;17:156-9.
8. Bell GS, Gaitatzis A, Bell CL, Johnson AL, Sander JW. Drowning in people with epilepsy: how great is the risk? Neurology 2008;71:578-82.
9. Mitchell RJ, Williamson AM, Olivier J. Estimates of drowning morbidity and mortality adjusted for exposure to risk. Inj Prev 2010;16:261-6.
10. Branche CM, Stewart S, eds. Life-guard effectiveness: a report of the Working Group. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2001.
11. Informações de Saúde: Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Brasilia: Departamento de Informática do SUS, 2008 (http://www2.datasus.gov.br/DATASUS/index.php?area=02).
12. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009 (http://www.cdc.gov/ injury/wisqars).
13. van Beeck EF, Branche CM, Szpilman D, Modell JH, Bierens JJLM. A new definition of drowning: towards documentation and prevention of a global public health problem. Bull World Health Organ 2005;83:853-6.
14. Idris AH, Berg RA, Bierens J, et al. Recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of data from drowning: the "Utstein style." Circulation 2003;108:2565-74.
15. Youn CS, Choi SP, Yim HW. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to drowning: an Utstein Style report of 10 years of experience from St. Mary's Hospital. Resuscitation 2009;80:778-83.
16. Sterba JA, Lundgren CE. Diving bradycardia and breath-holding time in man. Undersea Biomed Res 1985;12:139-50.
17. Orlowski JP, Abulleil MM, Phillips JM. The hemodynamic and cardiovascular effects of near-drowning in hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic solutions. Ann Emerg Med 1989;18:1044-9.
18. Grmec S, Strnad M, Podgorsek D. Comparison of the characteristics and outcome among patients suffering from out-of-hospital primary cardiac arrest and drowning victims in cardiac arrest. Int J Emerg Med 2009;2:7-12.
19. Tipton MJ, Golden FS. A proposed decision-making guide for the search, rescue and resuscitation of submersion (head under) victims based on expert opinion. Resuscitation 2011;82:819-24.
20. Modell JH, Graves SA, Ketover A. Clinical course of 91 consecutive near-drowning victims. Chest 1976;70:231-8.
21. Szpilman D. Near-drowning and drowning classification: a proposal to stratify mortality based on the analysis of 1831 cases. Chest 1997;112:660-5.
22. Polderman KH. Application of therapeutic hypothermia in the ICU: opportunities and pitfalls of a promising treatment modality. Part 1: indications and evidence. Intensive Care Med 2004;30:556-75.
23. Venema AM, Groothoff JW, Bierens JJ. The role of bystanders during rescue and resuscitation of drowning victims. Resuscitation 2010;81:434-9.
24. Szpilman D, Soares M. In-water resuscitation - is it worthwhile? Resuscitation 2004;63:25-31.
25. Watson RS, Cummings P, Quan L, Bratton S, Weiss NS. Cervical spine injuries among submersion victims. J Trauma 2001;51:658-62.
26. Szpilman D, Handley A. Positioning the drowning victim. In: Bierens JJLM, ed. Handbook on drowning: prevention, rescue, and treatment. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2006:336-41.
27. Orlowski JP, Szpilman D. Drowning: rescue, resuscitation, and reanimation. Pediatr Clin North Am 2001;48:627-46.
28. Vanden Hoek TL, Morrison LJ, Shuster M, et al et al. Part 12: cardiac arrest in special situations: drowning: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2010;122:Suppl 3:S847-S848.
29. Soar J, Perkins GD, Abbasc G, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010. Section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution. Resuscitation 2010;81:1400-33.
30. International Life Saving Federation Medical Committee. Clarification statement on cardiopulmonary resuscitation for drowning. Leuven, Belgium: International Life Saving Federation, April 3, 2008 (http://www.ilsf.org/sites/ ilsf.org/files/filefield/ ILS%20Clarification%20Statement%20on%20Cardiopulmonary%20Resuscitation%20- %203%20April%2008.pdf ).
31. Baker PA, Webber JB. Failure to ventilate with supraglottic airways after drowning. Anaesth Intensive Care 2011;39:675-7.
32. Manolios N, Mackie I. Drowning and near-drowning on Australian beaches patrolled by life-savers: a 10-year study, 1973-1983. Med J Aust 1988;148:165-71.
33. Claesson A, Svensson L, Silfverstolpe J, Herlitz J. Characteristics and outcome among patients suffering out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to drowning. Resuscitation 2008;76:381-7.
34. Szpilman D, Elmann J, Cruz-Filho FES. Drowning classification: a revalidation study based on the analysis of 930 cases over 10 years. Presented at the World Congress on Drowning, Amsterdam, June 26-28, 2002. abstract.
35. Gregorakos L, Markou N, Psalida V, et al. Near-drowning: clinical course of lung injury in adults. Lung 2009;187:93-7.
36. Diamond W, MacDonald RD. Submersion and early-onset acute respiratory distress syndrome: a case report. Prehosp Emerg Care 2011;15:288-93.
37. Kochanek PM, Bayir H. Titrating oxygen during and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. JAMA 2010;303:2190-1.
38. Weiss SJ, Muniz A, Ernst AA, Lippton HL, Nick TG. The effect of prior hyperthermia on the physiological response to norepinephrine. Resuscitation 2000;45:201-7.
39. Beerman S, Lofgren B. Automated external defibrillator in the aquatic environment. In: Bierens JJLM, ed. Handbook on drowning: prevention, rescue, and treatment. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2006:331-6.
40. Quan L, Cummings P. Characteristics of drowning by different age groups. Inj Prev 2003;9:163-8.
41. Rafaat KT, Spear RM, Kuelbs C, Parsapour K, Peterson B. Cranial computed tomographic findings in a large group of children with drowning: diagnostic, prognostic, and forensic implications. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2008;9:567-72.
42. Oehmichen M, Hennig R, Meissner C. Near-drowning and clinical laboratory changes. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2008;10:1-5.
43. Eggink WF, Bruining HA. Respiratory distress syndrome caused by near- or secondary drowning and treatment by positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation. Neth J Med 1977;20:162-7.
44. Foex BA, Boyd R. Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary: corticosteroids in the management of near-drowning. Emerg Med J 2001;18:465-6.
45. van Berkel M, Bierens JJ, Lie RL, et al. Pulmonary oedema, pneumonia and mortality in submersions victims: a retrospective study in 125 patients. Intensive Care Med 1996;22:101-7.
46. Wood C. Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary: BET 1: prophylactic antibiotics in near-drowning. Emerg Med J 2010;27:393-4.
47. Kapur N, Slater A, McEniery J, Greer ML, Masters IB, Chang AB. Therapeutic bronchoscopy in a child with sand aspiration and respiratory failure from near drowning - case report and literature review. Pediatr Pulmonol 2009;44:1043-7.
48. Cubattoli L, Franchi F, Coratti G. Surfactant therapy for acute respiratory failure after drowning: two children victim of cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2009;80:1088-9.
49. Takano Y, Hirosako S, Yamaguchi T, et al. Nitric oxide inhalation as an effective therapy for acute respiratory distress syndrome due to near-drowning: a case report. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi 1999;37:997-1002. (In Japanese.)
50. Gauger PG, Pranikoff T, Schreiner RJ, Moler FW, Hirschl RB. Initial experience with partial liquid ventilation in pediatric patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 1996;24:16-22.
51. Warner D, Knape J. Recommendations and consensus brain resuscitation in the drowning victim. In Bierens JJLM, ed. Handbook on drowning: prevention, rescue, and treatment. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2006:436-9.
52. Guenther U, Varelmann D, Putensen C, Wrigge H. Extended therapeutic hypothermia for several days during extracorporeal membrane-oxygenation after drowning and cardiac arrest: two cases of survival with no neurological sequelae. Resuscitation 2009;80:379-81.
53. Spicer ST, Quinn D, Nyi Nyi NN, Nankivell BJ, Hayes JM, Savdie E. Acute renal impairment after immersion and near drowning. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999;10:382-6.
54. Eich C, Bräuer A, Timmermann A, et al. Outcome of 12 drowned children with attempted resuscitation on cardiopulmonary bypass: an analysis of variables based on the "Utstein Style for Drowning." Resuscitation 2007;75:42-52.
55. Gilbert M, Busund R, Skagseth A, Nilsen PÅ, Solbø JP. Resuscitation from accidental hypothermia of 13.7° C with cardiac arrest. Lancet 2000;355:375-6.
56. Moran K, Quan L, Franklin R, Bennett E. Where the evidence and expert opinion meet: a review of open-water: recreational safety messages. Int J Aquatic Res Educ 2011;5:251-70.
57. Quan L, Bennett E, Branche CM. Interventions to prevent drowning. In: Doll LS, Bonzo SE, Sleet DA, et al., eds. Handbook of injury and violence prevention. New York: Springer, 2007:81-96.