SPAD smart pixel for time-of-flight and time-correlated single-photon counting measurements

IEEE Photonics Journal

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 795-804

  Villa, F ^a   Markovic, B ^a   Bellisai, S ^a   Bronzi, D ^a   Tosi, A ^a   Zappa, F ^a   Tisa, S ^b   Durini, D ^c   Weyers, S ^c   Paschen, U ^c   Brockherde, W ^c  

^a POLITECNICO DI MILANO   (Italy)

^b Micro Photon Devices Srl   (Italy)

^c FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR MICROELECTRONIC CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS   (Germany)

Author keywords

2 D imaging; 3 D ranging; CMOS imager; fluorescence lifetime imaging; photon counting; photon timing; single photon detector; time of flight (TOF); time correlated single photon counting (TCSPC); time to digital converter

Indexed keywords

CMOS IMAGERS; FLUORESCENCE LIFETIME IMAGING; PHOTON COUNTING; PHOTON TIMING; SINGLE-PHOTON DETECTORS; TIME OF FLIGHT; TIME TO DIGITAL CONVERTERS; TIME-CORRELATED SINGLE-PHOTON COUNTING;

CMOS INTEGRATED CIRCUITS; FLUORESCENCE; FREQUENCY CONVERTERS; MEDICAL IMAGING; PARTICLE BEAMS; PHOTONS; THREE DIMENSIONAL;

PIXELS;

EID: 84861524277     PISSN: 19430655     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2012.2198459     Document Type: Article

References (22)

1. Buller and Wallace, BRanging and three-dimensional imaging using time-correlated single-photon counting and pointby-point acquisition,[ IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1006-1015, Jul./Aug. 2007.
2. D. V. O'Connor and V. Phillips, Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting. London, U.K.: Academic, 1984.
3. W. Becker, Advanced Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting Techniques. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2005.
4. R. A. Colyer, G. Scalia, F. Villa, F. Guerrieri, S. Tisa, F. Zappa, S. Cova, S. Weiss, and X. Michalet, BUltra highthroughput single molecule spectroscopy with a 1024 pixel SPAD,[ in Proc. SPIEVProgress Biomedical Optics and Imaging, 2011, vol. 7905, p. 790503.
5. S. Carrara, A. Cavallini, Y. Maruyama, E. Charbon, and G. De Micheli, BA new ethylene glycol-silane monolayer for highly-specific DNA detection on silicon chips,[ Surf. Sci., vol. 604, no. 23/24, pp. L71-L74, Nov. 2010.
6. M. E. Daube-Witherspoon, S. Matej, M. E. Werner, S. Surti, and J. S. Karp, BComparison of list-mode and DIRECT approaches for time-of-flight PET reconstruction,[ in IEEE Nucl. Sci. Symp. Conf. Record., 2010, pp. 2252-2258.
7. S. Cova, M. Ghioni, A. Lacaita, C. Samori, and F. Zappa, BAvalanche photodiodes and quenching circuits for singlephoton detection,[ Appl. Opt., vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 1956-1976, Apr. 1996. (Pubitemid 126622118)
8. F. Zappa, S. Tisa, A. Tosi, and S. Cova, BPrinciples and features of single-photon avalanche diode arrays,[ Sens. Actuators A, Phys., vol. 140, no. 1, pp. 103-112, Oct. 2007. (Pubitemid 47375065)
9. F. Guerrieri, S. Tisa, A. Tosi, and F. Zappa, BTwo-dimensional SPAD imaging camera for photon counting,[ IEEE Photon. J., vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 759-774, Oct. 2010.
10. E. Charbon, BHighly sensitive arrays of nano-sized single-photon avalanche diodes for industrial and bio imaging,[ in Proc. Nano-Net, 4th Int. ICST Conf., 2009, pp. 161-168.
11. B. Markovic, S. Tisa, F. A. Villa, A. Tosi, and F. Zappa, BA high-linearity, 17 ps precision time-to-digital converter based on a single-stage delay Vernier loop fine interpolation,[ in Proc. IEEE TCAS-I, to be published.
12. M. Gersbach, Y. Maruyama, E. Labonne, J. Richardson, R. Walker, L. Grant, R. Henderson, F. Borghetti, D. Stoppa, and E. Charbon, BA parallel 32×32 time-to-digital converter array fabricated in a 130 nm imaging CMOStechnology,[ in Proc. 35th ESSCIRC, 2009, pp. 196-199.
13. C. Veerappan, J. Richardson, R. Walker, D. Li, M. W. Fishburn, Y. Maruyama, D. Stoppa, F. Borghetti, M. Gersbach, R. K. Henderson, and E. Charbon, BA 160 × 128 single-photon image sensor with on-pixel 55 ps 10b time-to-digital converter,[ in Proc. IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf. Dig. Tech. Papers, 2011, pp. 312-314.
14. C. Niclass, C. Favi, T. Kluter, M. Gersbach, and E. Charbon, BA 128 × 128 single-photon image sensor with columnlevel 10-bit time-to-digital converter array,[ IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 43, no. 12, pp. 2977-2989, Dec. 2008.
15. M. Gersbach, J. Richardson, E. Mazaleyrat, S. Hardillier, C. Niclass, R. Henderson, L. Grant, and E. Charbon, BA lownoise single-photon detector implemented in a 130 nm CMOS imaging process,[ Solid-State Electron., vol. 53, no. 7, pp. 803-808, Jul. 2009.
16. S. Tisa, F. Guerrieri, and F. Zappa, BVariable-load quenching circuit for single-photon avalanche diodes,[ Opt. Exp., vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 2232-2244, Feb. 2008. (Pubitemid 351240065)
17. M. A. Karami, M. Gersbach, and E. Charbon, BA new single-photon avalanche diode in 90 nm standard CMOS technology,[ in Proc. SPIE, 2012, vol. 7780, p. 77801F.
18. A. Gulinatti, F. Panzeri, I. Rech, P. MacCagnani, M. Ghioni, and S. Cova, BPlanar technologies for SPAD arrays with improved performances,[ in Proc. SPIE, 2012, vol. 8268, p. 82681D.
19. K. Arisaka, BNew trends in vacuum-based photon detectors,[ Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, Accel. Spectrom. Detect. Assoc. Equip., vol. 442, no. 1-3, pp. 80-90, Mar. 2000. (Pubitemid 30596755)
20. F. Zappa, A. Tosi, A. Dalla Mora, and S. Tisa, BSPICE modeling of single photon avalanche diodes,[ Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, Accel. Spectrom. Detect. Assoc. Equip., vol. 153, no. 2, pp. 197-204, Aug. 2009.
21. C. Cottini, E. Gatti, and V. Svelto, BA new method for analog to digital conversion,[ Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, Accel. Spectrom. Detect. Assoc. Equip., vol. 24, pp. 241-242, Jul.-Nov. 1963.
22. S. Tisa, F. Zappa, A. Tosi, and S. Cova, BElectronics for single photon avalanche diode arrays,[ Sens. Actuators A, Phys., vol. 140, no. 1, pp. 113-122, Oct. 2007. (Pubitemid 47375066)