Intrinsic religiosity reduces intergroup hostility under mortality salience

European Journal of Social Psychology

Volumn 42, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 451-461

  Golec de Zavala, Agnieszka ^a   Cichocka, Aleksandra ^b   Orehek, Edward ^c   Abdollahi, Abdolhossein ^d  

^a INSTITUTO UNIVERSITÁRIO DE LISBOA ISCTE IUL   (Portugal)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW   (Poland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^d UNIVERSITY OF LIMERICK   (Ireland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84861479619     PISSN: 00462772     EISSN: 10990992     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.1843     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Abdollahi, A., Henthorn, C., & Pyszczynski, T. (2010). Experimental peace psychology: Priming consensus mitigates aggression against outgroups under mortality salience. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 2, 30-37.
2. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
3. Allport G., & Ross M. (1967). Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 432-443.
4. Batson, C. D. (1976). Religion as prosocial: Agent or double agent? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 15(1), 29-45.
5. Batson, C. D., Schoenrade, P, & Ventis, L. (1993). Religion and the Individual. New York: Oxford University Press.
6. Butler, M. H., Stout, J. S., & Gardner, B. C. (2002). Prayer as a conflict resolution ritual: Clinical implications of religious couples' report of relationship softening, healing perspective, and change responsibility. American Journal of Family Therapy, 30(1), 19-37.
7. Butz, D., Plant, E., & Doerr, C. (2007). Liberty and Justice for all? Implications of exposure to the US flag for intergroup relations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 396-408.
8. Castano, E., & Dechesne, M. (2005). On defeating death: Group reification and social identification as immortality strategies. European Review of Social Psychology, 16, 221-255.
9. Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd edn). London: Erlbaum.
10. Cohen, A. B., Hall, D. E., Koenig, H., & Meade, R. (2009). Social versus individual motivation: Implications for normative definitions of religious orientation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9, 48-61. DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0901_4.
11. Cronbach, L. J., Furby, L. (1970). How should we measure "change"-or should we? Psychological Bulletin, 74, 68-80.
12. Das, E., Bushman, B., Bezemer, M., Kerkhof, P, & Vermeulen, I. (2009). How terrorism news reports increase prejudice against outgroups: A terror management account. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 453-459.
13. Donahue, M. (1985). Intrinsic and extrinsic religiousness: Review and meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 400-419.
14. Francis, L. (2007). Introducing the New Indices of Religious Orientation (NIRO): conceptualisation and measurement. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 10, 585-602.
15. Fritsche, I., Jonas, E., & Fankhänel, T. (2008). The role of control motivation in mortality salience effects on ingroup support and defense. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 524-541.
16. Fulton, A., Gorsuch, R., & Maynard, E. (1999). Religious orientation, antihomosexual sentiment, and fundamentalism among Christians. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 38, 14-35.
17. Gallup, Inc. (2009). Religious perceptions in America. With an in-depth analysis of U.S. attitudes toward Muslims and Islam. Retrieved from.
18. Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., Ghramaleki, A. F., Morris, R. J., & Hood, R. W., Jr. (2002). Muslim-Christian religious orientation scales: Distinctions, correlations, and cross-cultural analysis in Iran and the United States. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 12, 69-91.
19. Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., & Rostami, R. (2007). Self reported mysticism, basic need satisfaction, anxiety and depression in Iranian Muslims. Psychological Report, 100, 242-298.
20. Ginges, J., Hansen, I. G., & Norenzayan, A. (2009). Religion and support for suicide attacks. Psychological Science, 20, 224-230.
21. Golec A., & Federico, C. (2004). Understanding responses to political conflict: Interactive effects of the need for closure and salient conflict schemas. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 750-762.
22. Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1999). A dual-process model of defense against conscious and unconscious death-related thoughts: An extension of terror management theory. Psychological Review, 106, 835-845.
23. Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Rosenblatt, A., Veeder, M., Kirkland, S., & Lyon, D. (1990). Evidence for terror management II: The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who threaten or bolster the cultural worldview. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 308-318.
24. Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Simon, L., & Breus, M. (1994). Role of consciousness and accessibility of death-related thoughts in mortality salience effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 627-637.
25. Greenberg, J., Schimel, J., Martens, A., Solomon, S., & Pyszcznyski, T. (2001). Sympathy for the devil: Evidence that reminding Whites of their mortality promotes more favorable reactions to White racists. Motivation and Emotion, 25, 113-133.
26. Greenberg, J., Simon, L., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S, & Chatel, D. (1992). Terror management and tolerance: Does mortality salience always intensify negative reactions to others who threaten one's worldview? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 212-220.
27. Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Pyszczynski, T. (1997). Terror management theory of self-esteem and social behavior: Empirical assessments and conceptual refinements. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 29, pp. 61-139.). New York: Academic Press.
28. Greer, T., Berman, M., Varan, V., Bobrycki, L., & Watson, S. (2005). We are a religious people; we are a vengeful people. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 44, 45-57.
29. Hall, D. L., Matz, D. C., & Wood, W. (2010). Why don't we practice what we preach? A meta-analytic review of religious racism. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 126-139. DOI: 10.1177/1088868309352179.
30. Hansen, D. E., Vandenberg, B., & Patterson, M. L. (1995). The effects of religious orientation on spontaneous and non-spontaneous helping behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 101-104.
31. Harwood, L. K., White, L. J., & Benshoff, J. J. (2009). Death anxiety in a national sample of United States funeral directors and its relationship with death exposure, age, and sex. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 58, 129-146. DOI: 10.2190/OM.58.2.c.
32. Herek, G. M. (1987) Religious orientation and prejudice: A comparison of racial and sexual attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 13, 34-44.
33. Hill, P., & Pargament, K. (2000). Conceptualizing religion and spirituality: Points of commonality, points of departure. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 30(1), 51-77.
34. Hill, P., Francis, L., & Robbins, M. (2005). The development of the Revised Religious Life Inventory (RLI-R) by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1389-1399. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2004.09.006.
35. Hirschberger, G., & Ein-Dor, T. (2006). Defenders of a lost cause: Terror management and violent resistance to the disengagement plan. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 761-769.
36. Hogg, M. A., Adelman, J. R., & Blagg, R. D. (2010). Religion in the face of uncertainty: An uncertainty-identity theory account of religiousness. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 72-83.
37. Hogg, M. A., Sherman, D. K., Dierselhuis, J., Maitner, A. T., & Moffitt, G. (2007). Uncertainty, entitativity, and group identification. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 135-142.
38. Hunsberger, B., & Jackson, L. (2005). Religion, meaning, and prejudice. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 807-826.
39. Jackson, L. M., & Hunsberger, B. (1999). An intergroup perspective on religion and prejudice. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 38, 509-523.
40. Jonas, E., & Fischer, P. (2006). Terror management and religion: Evidence that intrinsic religiousness mitigates worldview defense following mortality salience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 553-567.
41. Jonas, E., Martens, A., Niesta, D., Fritsche, I., Sullivan, D., & Greenberg, J. (2008). Focus theory of normative conduct and terror management theory: The interactive impact of mortality salience and norm salience on social judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1239-1251.
42. Jonas, E., Schimel, J., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2002). The Scrooge effect: Evidence that mortality salience increases prosocial attitudes and behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1342-1353.
43. Khan, Z. H., Watson, P. J., & Habib, F. (2005). Muslim attitudes toward religion, religious orientation, and empathy among Pakistanis. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 8, 49-61.
44. Kirkpatrick, L. (1993). Fundamentalism, Christian orthodoxy, and intrinsic religious orientation as predictors of discriminatory attitudes. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 32, 256-268.
45. Landau, M. J., Johns, M., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Martens, A. (2004). A function of form: Terror management and structuring of the social world. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 190-210.
46. McGregor, H., Lieberman, J. D., Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., Arndt, J., Simon, L, & Pyszczynski, T. (1998). Terror management and aggression: Evidence that mortality salience motivates aggression against worldview threatening others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 590-605.
47. McIntosh, D. N. (1995). Religion-as-schema, with implications for the relation between religion and coping. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 5, 1-16.
48. Moberg, D. O. (2002). Assessing and measuring spirituality: Confronting dilemmas of universal and particular evaluative criteria. Journal of Adult Development, 9, 47-60.
49. Niesta, D., Fritsche, I., & Jonas, E. (2008). Mortality salience and its effects on peace processes. A review. Social Psychology, 39(1), 48-58.
50. Norenzayan, A., Dar-Nimrod, I., Hansen, I. G., & Proulx, T. (2009). Mortality salience and religion: Divergent effects on the defense of cultural worldviews for the religious and the non-religious. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 101-113.
51. Pichon, I., Boccato, G., & Saroglou, V. (2007). Nonconscious influences of religion on prosociality: A priming study. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(5), 1032-1045.
52. Pierce, J. D., Cohen, A. B., Chambers, J., & Meade, R. (2007). Gender differences in death anxiety and religious orientation among US high school and college students. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 10, 143-150. DOI: 10.1080/13694670500440650.
53. Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., & Hayes, A. F. (2007). Assessing moderated mediation hypotheses: Strategies, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42, 185-227.
54. Pronin, E., Kennedy, K., & Butsch, S. (2006). Bombing versus negotiating: How preferences for combating terrorism are affected by perceived terrorist rationality. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 28, 385-392.
55. Pyszczynski, T., Abdollahi, A., Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., Cohen, F., & Weise, D. (2006). Mortality salience, martyrdom, and military might: The great Satan versus the axis of evil. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 525-537.
56. Pyszczynski, T., Rothschild, Z. K., & Abdollahi, A. (2009). Terrorism, violence, and hope for peace. A terror management perspective. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(5), 318-322.
57. Randolph-Seng, B., & Nielsen, M. E. (2007). Honesty: One effect of primed religious representations. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 17, 303-315.
58. Rothschild, Z. K., Abdollahi, A., & Pyszczynski, T. (2009). Does peace have a prayer? The effect of mortality salience, compassionate values, and religious fundamentalism on hostility toward out-groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 816-827.
59. Rowatt, W. C., LaBouff, J., Johnson, M., Froese, P., & Tsang, J. (2009). Associations among religiousness, social attitudes, and prejudice in a national random sample of American adults. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 1, 14-24. DOI: 10.1037/a0014989.
60. Saroglou, V., Corneille, O., & Van Cappellen, P. (2009). "Speak, Lord, your servant is listening": Religious priming activates submissive thoughts and behaviors. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 19, 143-154.
61. Shariff, A. F., & Norenzayan, A. (2007). God is watching you: Priming God concepts increases prosocial behavior in an anonymous economic game. Psychological Science, 18, 803-809.
62. Sheridan, L. (2006). Islamophobia pre- and post-September 11th, 2001. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21, 317-336.
63. Weise, D. R., Pyszczynski, T., Cox, C. R., Arndt, J., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Kosloff, S. (2008). Interpersonal politics: The role of terror management and attachment processes in shaping political preferences. Psychological Science, 19, 448-455.
64. Wenger, J. L. (2003). Implicit components of religious beliefs. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 22, 223-229.
65. Wenger, J. L. (2004). The automatic activation of religious concepts: Implications for religious orientations. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 14, 109-123.
66. Wenger, J. (2007). The implicit nature of intrinsic religious pursuit. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 17, 47-60.
67. Whitley, B. E. (1999). Right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 126-134.
68. Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (2001). Evaluative versus conceptual judgments in automatic attitude activation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 244-252.
69. Wright S., Aron, A., McLaughlin-Volpe, T., & Ropp, S. (1997) The extended contact effect: Knowledge of cross-group friendship and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 73-90.