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The concept of development has run through Brazilian political discourses in two main (nonexclusionary) ways. First, it has been used as a noun to state a particular action ('development is the goal'; 'the country needs development') or prefaced by an adjective to specify a focus area, such as in 'sustainable development', 'regional development' and 'social development'. Second, it is also widely used as an adjective to contrast 'developing' with 'developed' economies.
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It is important to note that, while national-developmentalist ideas were translated into foreign policy, dependency theory was not. Most of the prominent scholars in this area-such as Theotonio dos Santos, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Enzo Faletto and Ruy Mauro Marini-were forced into exile during the country's military government (which began in 1964). As Bresser-Pereira explains, not only did dependency theory have a Marxist base but it was focused on exploitation structured upon class-not foreign-relations.
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This approach was explicit in Fernando Collor de Mello's tenure (1989-92). Considerable debate still exists, however, over how far President Fernando Henrique Cardoso-one of the main contributors to dependency theory-consciously followed this approach during his first term (1995-98). One can also argue that the need and effort to stabilise Brazil's fragile economy curtailed Cardoso's ability to manoeuvre freely and challenge the 'neoliberal' international order.
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President Lula ran unsuccessfully for the presidency three times before being elected in 2002 (and reelected in 2006): in 1988 he lost to Fernando Collor de Mello; in 1994 and 1998 he was defeated by Fernando Henrique Cardoso.
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39
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This was particularly the case during the presidencies of Castelo Branco (1964-67), Collor de Mello (1989-92), and (arguably) during the first tenure of Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995-98). For a thorough assessment of Brazil's foreign policy since its independence, see C Bueno & AL Cervo, Historia da Politica Exterior do Brasil, Brasília: UnB, 2008.
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Over the past three decades the production yield of sugarcane has almost doubled; currently close to 90 per cent of all passenger vehicles produced in Brazil are 'flex-fuel' (supporting a combination of gasoline and ethanol), with these representing over two-fifths of the country's total motorised fleet.
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Note
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BRICS' Joint Statement on Global Food Security, Ekaterinburg, 16 June 2009.
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79
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84861464064
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Section 3.2.11: 'Temas Multilaterais-Energias renováveis', subsection 2.1: 'Descriçã o: Atuação internacional do Brasil na área de energias renováveis, incluindo biocombustíveis', Balanç o de Política Externa 2003/2010, Brasilia: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2010, at, accessed 7 September 2011
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Section 3.2.11: 'Temas Multilaterais-Energias renováveis', subsection 2.1: 'Descriçã o: Atuação internacional do Brasil na área de energias renováveis, incluindo biocombustíveis', Balanç o de Política Externa 2003/2010, Brasilia: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2010, at http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/temas/balanco-de-politica-externa-2003-2010/3.2.11-temas-multilaterais-energias-renovaveis, accessed 7 September 2011.
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80
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84861472249
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Note
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In the period between 2008 and 2009 alone Brazil participated in over 50 international fora related to biofuels.
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81
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84861466664
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Note
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Translated from Celso Amorim's speech given during the International Biofuels Conference, São Paulo, 11 November 2008.
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82
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84861472259
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Note
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Translated from President Lula's final speech at the International Biofuels Conference, São Paulo, 11 November 2008.
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84
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84861470346
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Translated from President Dilma Rousseff's speech given to the graduating class of new Brazilian diplomats, 20 April 2011, at, accessed 19 November 2011
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Translated from President Dilma Rousseff's speech given to the graduating class of new Brazilian diplomats, 20 April 2011, at http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/sala-de-imprensa/discursos-artigos-entrevistas-e-outras-comunicacoes/presidente-da-republica-federativa-do-brasil/discurso-da-presidenta-da-republica-dilma-rousseff-na-cerimonia-de-formatura-da-turma-2009-2011-do-instituto-rio-branco-1, accessed 19 November 2011.
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