Progressive disc degeneration at C5-C6 segment affects the mechanics between disc heights and posterior facets above and below the degenerated segment: A flexion-extension investigation using a poroelastic C3-T1 finite element model

Medical Engineering and Physics

Volumn 34, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 552-558

  Hussain, Mozammil ^a   Natarajan, Raghu N ^b,c   An, Howard S ^b   Andersson, Gunnar B J ^b  

^a LOGAN COLLEGE OF CHIROPRACTIC   (United States)

^b RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c University of Illinois at Chicago   (United States)

Author keywords

Anterior disc height; Cervical spine; Disc degeneration; Facet load; Poroelastic finite element; Posterior disc height

Indexed keywords

ANTERIOR DISC HEIGHT; CERVICAL SPINE; DISC DEGENERATION; FACET LOAD; FINITE ELEMENT; POSTERIOR DISC HEIGHT;

LOADING; THREE DIMENSIONAL;

DISKS (MACHINE COMPONENTS);

ADULT; ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; CANCELLOUS BONE; CARTILAGE; CERVICAL SPINE; CORTICAL BONE; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; EXTENSION; FEMALE; FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS; FLEXION; HUMAN; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DEGENERATION; JOINT CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS; NERVE ENDING; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

BIOMECHANICS; DISEASE PROGRESSION; ELASTICITY; FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISC; INTERVERTEBRAL DISC DEGENERATION; MOVEMENT; POROSITY;

EID: 84861331268     PISSN: 13504533     EISSN: 18734030     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2011.08.014     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Sohn H.M., You J.W., Lee J.Y. The relationship between disc degeneration and morphologic changes in the intervertebral foramen of the cervical spine: a cadaveric MRI and CT study. J Korean Med Sci 2004, 19:101-106.
2. Kolstad F., Myhr G., Kvistad K.A., Nygaard O.P., Leivseth G. Degeneration and height of cervical discs classified from MRI compared with precise height measurements from radiographs. Eur J Radiol 2005, 55:415-420.
3. Christe A., Läubli R., Guzman R., Berlemann U., Moore R.J., Schroth G., et al. Degeneration of the cervical disc: histology compared with radiography and magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroradiology 2005, 47:721-729.
4. Gore D.R., Sepic S.B., Gardner G.M. Roentgenographic findings of the cervical spine in asymptomatic people. Spine 1986, 11:521-524.
5. DePalma A.F., Rothman R.H. The intervertebral disced 1970, WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
6. Rechtman A.M., Borden A.G.B., Gershon-Cohen J. The lordotic curve of the cervical spine. Clin Orthop 1961, 20:208-216.
7. Liu J., Ebraheim N.A., Haman S.P., Sanford C.G., Sairyo K., Faizan A., et al. How the increase of the cervical disc space height affects the facet joint: an anatomy study. Spine 2006, 31:E350-E354.
8. Yang K.H., King A.I. Mechanism of facet load transmission as a hypothesis for low-back pain. Spine 1984, 9:557-565.
9. Dunlop R.B., Adams M.A., Hutton W.C. Disc space narrowing and the lumbar facet joints. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1984, 66:706-710.
10. Adams M.A., Hutton W.C. The effect of posture on the role of the apophysial joints in resisting intervertebral compressive forces. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1980, 62:358-362.
11. Hedman T.P., Fernie G.R. Mechanical response of the lumbar spine to seated postural loads. Spine 1997, 22:734-743.
12. Butler D., Trafimow J.H., Andersson G.B., McNeill T.W., Huckman M.S. Discs degenerate before facets. Spine 1990, 15:111-113.
13. Derincek A., Mehbod A., Schellhas K., Pinto M., Transfeldt E. Discography: can pain in a morphologically normal disc be due to an adjacent abnormal disc?. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2007, 127:699-703.
14. Ruberte L.M., Natarajan R.N., Andersson G.B. Influence of single-level lumbar degenerative disc disease on the behavior of the adjacent segments - a finite element model study. J Biomech 2009, 42:341-348.
15. Przybyla A.S., Skrzypiec D., Pollintine P., Dolan P., Adams M.A. Strength of the cervical spine in compression and bending. Spine 2007, 32:1612-1620.
16. Skrzypiec D.M., Pollintine P., Przybyla A., Dolan P., Adams M.A. The internal mechanical properties of cervical intervertebral discs as revealed by stress profilometry. Eur Spine J 2007, 16:1701-1709.
17. Marchiori D.M., Henderson C.N. A cross-sectional study correlating cervical radiographic degenerative findings to pain and disability. Spine 1996, 21:2747-2751.
18. Jäger H.J., Gordon-Harris L., Mehring U.M., Goetz G.F., Mathias K.D. Degenerative change in the cervical spine and load-carrying on the head. Skeletal Radiol 1997, 26:475-481.
19. Matsumoto M., Fujimura Y., Suzuki N., Nishi Y., Nakamura M., Yabe Y., et al. MRI of cervical intervertebral discs in asymptomatic subjects. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1998, 80:19-24.
20. Lysell E. Motion in the cervical spine. An experimental study on autopsy specimens. Acta Orthop Scand 1969, 123(Suppl.):1-61.
21. Abdulkarim J.A., Dhingsa R.L., Finlay D.B. Magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine: frequency of degenerative changes in the intervertebral disc with relation to age. Clin Radiol 2003, 58:980-984.
22. Simpson A.K., Biswas D., Emerson J.W., Lawrence B.D., Grauer J.N. Quantifying the effects of age, gender, degeneration, and adjacent level degeneration on cervical spine range of motion using multivariate analyses. Spine 2008, 33:183-186.
23. el-Bohy A.A., Yang K.H., King A.I. Experimental verification of facet load transmission by direct measurement of facet lamina contact pressure. J Biomech 1989, 22:931-941.
24. Schendel M.J., Wood K.B., Buttermann G.R., Lewis J.L., Ogilvie J.W. Experimental measurement of ligament force, facet force, and segment motion in the human lumbar spine. J Biomech 1993, 26:427-438.
25. Hussain M., Natarajan R.N., An H.S., Andersson G.B.J. Motion changes in adjacent segments due to moderate and severe degeneration in C5-C6 disc: a poroelastic C3-T1 finite element model study. Spine 2010, 35:939-947.
26. Krämer J. Pressure dependent fluid shifts in the intervertebral disc. Orthop Clin North Am 1977, 8:211-216.
27. Adams M.A., Hutton W.C. The effect of posture on the fluid content of lumbar intervertebral discs. Spine 1983, 8:665-671.
28. Panjabi M.M., Oxland T.R., Parks E.H. Quantitative anatomy of cervical spine ligaments. Part II. Middle and lower cervical spine. J Spinal Disord 1991, 4:277-285.
29. Yoganandan N., Kumaresan S., Pintar F.A. Geometric and mechanical properties of human cervical spine ligaments. J Biomech Eng 2000, 122:623-629.
30. Nishizawa S., Yokoyama T., Yokota N., Kaneko M. High cervical disc lesions in elderly patients - presentation and surgical approach. Acta Neurochir 1999, 141:119-126.
31. Arana E., Martí-Bonmatí L., Mollá E., Costa S. Upper thoracic-spine disc degeneration in patients with cervical pain. Skeletal Radiol 2004, 33:29-33.
32. Thompson J.P., Pearce R.H., Schechter M.T., Adams M.E., Tsang I.K., Bishop P.B. Preliminary evaluation of a scheme for grading the gross morphology of the human intervertebral disc. Spine 1990, 15:411-415.
33. Ebara S., Harada T., Hosono N., Inoue M., Tanaka M., Morimoto Y., et al. Intraoperative measurement of lumbar spinal instability. Spine 1992, 17:S44-S50.
34. Nissan M., Gilad I. The cervical and lumbar vertebrae - an anthropometric model. Eng Med 1984, 13:111-114.
35. Panjabi M.M., Duranceau J., Goel V., Oxland T., Takata K. Cervical human vertebrae. Quantitative three-dimensional anatomy of the middle and lower regions. Spine 1991, 16:861-869.
36. Vasavada A.N., Danaraj J., Siegmund G.P. Head and neck anthropometry, vertebral geometry and neck strength in height-matched men and women. J Biomech 2008, 41:114-121.
37. Kumaresan S., Yoganandan N., Pintar F.A., Macias M., Cusick J.F. Morphology of young and old cervical spine intervertebral disc tissues. Biomed Sci Instrum 2000, 36:141-146.
38. Adams M.A., McNally D.S., Dolan P. 'Stress' distributions inside intervertebral discs. The effects of age and degeneration. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1996, 78:965-972.
39. Friedenberg Z.B., Miller W.T. Degenerative disc disease of the cervical spine. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1963, 45:1171-1178.
40. Mercer S., Bogduk N. The ligaments and annulus fibrosus of human adult cervical intervertebral discs. Spine 1999, 24:619-626.
41. Penning L. Normal movements of the cervical spine. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1978, 130:317-326.
42. Dvorák J., Froehlich D., Penning L., Baumgartner H., Panjabi M.M. Functional radiographic diagnosis of the cervical spine: flexion/extension. Spine 1988, 13:748-755.
43. Lind B., Sihlbom H., Nordwall A., Malchau H. Normal range of motion of the cervical spine. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1989, 70:692-695.
44. White A.A., Panjabi M.M. Clinical biomechanics of the spine 1990, J.B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, PA. 2nd ed.
45. Dvorák J., Panjabi M.M., Novotny J.E., Antinnes J.A. In vivo flexion/extension of the normal cervical spine. J Orthop Res 1991, 9:828-834.
46. Dvorák J., Panjabi M.M., Grob D., Novotny J.E., Antinnes J.A. Clinical validation of functional flexion/extension radiographs of the cervical spine. Spine 1993, 18:120-127.
47. Holmes A., Wang C., Han Z.H., Dang G.T. The range and nature of flexion-extension motion in the cervical spine. Spine 1994, 19:2505-2510.
48. Miyaoka S., Hirano H., Ashida I., Miyaoka Y., Yamada Y. Analysis of head movements coupled with trunk drift in healthy subjects. Med Biol Eng Comput 2005, 43:395-402.
49. McGill S.M., Jones K., Bennett G., Bishop P.J. Passive stiffness of the human neck in flexion, extension, and lateral bending. Clin Biomech 1994, 9:193-198.
50. Goel V.K., Clausen J.D. Prediction of load sharing among spinal components of a C5-C6 motion segment using the finite element approach. Spine 1998, 23:684-691.
51. Patwardhan A.G., Havey R.M., Ghanayem A.J., Diener H., Meade K.P., Dunlap B., et al. Load-carrying capacity of the human cervical spine in compression is increased under a follower load. Spine 2000, 25:1548-1554.
52. Nachemson A. Mechanical stresses on lumbar disks. Curr Pract Orthop Surg 1966, 3:208-224.
53. Fujiwara A., Tamai K., Yamato M., An H.S., Yoshida H., Saotome K., et al. The relationship between facet joint osteoarthritis and disc degeneration of the lumbar spine: an MRI study. Eur Spine J 1999, 8:396-401.
54. Gries N.C., Berlemann U., Moore R.J., Vernon-Roberts B. Early histologic changes in lower lumbar discs and facet joints and their correlation. Eur Spine J 2000, 9:23-29.
55. Kirkaldy-Willis W.H., Farfan H.F. Instability of the lumbar spine. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1982, 165:110-123.
56. Dai L. Disc degeneration and cervical instability. Correlation of magnetic resonance imaging with radiography. Spine 1998, 23:1734-1738.
57. Adams M.A., Hutton W.C., Stott J.R. The resistance to flexion of the lumbar intervertebral joint. Spine 1980, 5:245-253.
58. Skipor A.F., Miller J.A., Spencer D.A., Schultz A.B. Stiffness properties and geometry of lumbar spine posterior elements. J Biomech 1985, 18:821-830.
59. Adams M.A., Green T.P., Dolan P. The strength in anterior bending of lumbar intervertebral discs. Spine 1994, 19:2197-2203.
60. Adams M.A., Dolan P., Hutton W.C. The lumbar spine in backward bending. Spine 1988, 13:1019-1026.
61. Haher T.R., O'Brien M., Dryer J.W., Nucci R., Zipnick R., Leone D.J. The role of the lumbar facet joints in spinal stability. Identification of alternative paths of loading. Spine 1994, 19:2667-2670.
62. Yoganandan N., Kumaresan S., Pintar F.A. Biomechanics of the cervical spine. Part 2. Cervical spine soft tissue responses and biomechanical modeling. Clin Biomech 2001, 16:1-27.
63. Kettler A., Rohlmann F., Neidlinger-Wilke C., Werner K., Claes L., Wilke H.J. Validity and interobserver agreement of a new radiographic grading system for intervertebral disc degeneration. Part II. Cervical spine. Eur Spine J 2006, 15:732-741.
64. Teo E.C., Ng H.W. Evaluation of the role of ligaments, facets and disc nucleus in lower cervical spine under compression and sagittal moments using finite element method. Med Eng Phys 2001, 23:155-164.
65. Kumaresan S., Yoganandan N., Pintar F.A. Finite element modeling approaches of human cervical spine facet joint capsule. J Biomech 1998, 31:371-376.
66. Argoubi M., Shirazi-Adl A. Poroelastic creep response analysis of a lumbar motion segment in compression. J Biomech 1996, 29:1331-1339.
67. Kumaresan S., Yoganandan N., Pintar F.A., Maiman D.J., Goel V.K. Contribution of disc degeneration to osteophyte formation in the cervical spine: a biomechanical investigation. J Orthop Res 2001, 19:977-984.
68. Best B.A., Guilak F., Setton L.A., Zhu W., Saed-Nejad F., Ratcliffe A., et al. Compressive mechanical properties of the human anulus fibrosus and their relationship to biochemical composition. Spine 1994, 19:212-221.
69. Iatridis J.C., Weidenbaum M., Setton L.A., Mow V.C. Is the nucleus pulposus a solid or a fluid? Mechanical behaviors of the nucleus pulposus of the human intervertebral disc. Spine 1996, 21:1174-1184.
70. Iatridis J.C., Setton L.A., Weidenbaum M., Mow V.C. Alterations in the mechanical behavior of the human lumbar nucleus pulposus with degeneration and aging. J Orthop Res 1997, 15:318-322.
71. Iatridis J.C., Setton L.A., Foster R.J., Rawlins B.A., Weidenbaum M., Mow V.C. Degeneration affects the anisotropic and nonlinear behaviors of human anulus fibrosus in compression. J Biomech 1998, 31:535-544.
72. Gu W.Y., Mao X.G., Foster R.J., Weidenbaum M., Mow V.C., Rawlins B.A. The anisotropic hydraulic permeability of human lumbar anulus fibrosus. Influence of age, degeneration, direction, and water content. Spine 1999, 24:2449-2455.