The oxygen uptake response to incremental ramp exercise: Methodogical and physiological issues

Sports Medicine

Volumn 42, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 511-526

  Boone, Jan ^a,b   Bourgois, Jan ^a,b  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^b GHENT UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Aerobic exercise; Cardiac output; Exercise tolerance; Movement; Sports medicine.

Indexed keywords

EQUIPMENT DESIGN; EXERCISE; EXERCISE TEST; HUMAN; INSTRUMENTATION; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

EQUIPMENT DESIGN; EXERCISE; EXERCISE TEST; HUMANS; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION;

EID: 84861141783     PISSN: 01121642     EISSN: 11792035     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/11599690-000000000-00000     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. Krogh A, Lindhard J. The regulation of respiration and circulation during the initial stages of muscular work. J Physiol (London) 1913; 47: 112-36
2. Henry FM. Aerobic oxygen consumption and alactic debt in muscular work. J Appl Physiol 1951; 3: 427-38
3. Linnarsson D. Dynamics of pulmonary gas exchange and heart rate changes at start and end of exercise. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 1974; 415: 1-68
4. Whipp BJ, Ward SA, Lamarra N, et al. Parameters of ventilatory and gas exchange dynamics during exercise. J Appl Physiol 1982; 52: 1506-13 (Pubitemid 12044339)
5. Whipp BJ, Wasserman K. Oxygen uptake kinetics for various intensities of constant-load work. J Appl Physiol 1972; 33: 351-6
6. Buchfuhrer MJ, Hansen JE, Robinson TE, et al. Optimizing the exercise protocol for cardiopulmonary assessment. J Appl Physiol 1983; 55: 1558-64 (Pubitemid 14231465)
7. Boone J, Koppo K, Bouckaert J. The . VO2 response to submaximal ramp cycle exercise: influence of ramp slope and training status. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2008; 161: 291-7 (Pubitemid 351645137)
8. Jones AM, Campbell IT, Pringle JS. Influence of muscle fibre type and pedal rate on the . VO2 -work rate slope during ramp exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2004; 91: 238-45 (Pubitemid 38325000)
9. Whipp BJ, Davis JA, Torres F, et al. A test to determine parameters of aerobic function during exercise. J Appl Physiol 1981; 50: 217-21 (Pubitemid 11168030)
10. Stegemann J. Beitrag zum dynamik der atmungs-regelung bei leichter muskelarbeit. Z Biol 1958; 110: 449-56
11. Whipp BJ, Mahler M. Dynamics of gas exchange during exercise. In: West JB, editor. Pulmonary gas exchange. Vol. II. New York: Academic Press, 1980: 33-96
12. Wigertz O. Dynamics of ventilation and heart rate in response to sinusoidal work in man. J Appl Physiol 1970; 29: 208-18
13. Barstow TJ, Molé PA. Linear and nonlinear characteristics of oxygen uptake kinetics during heavy exercise. J Appl Physiol 1991; 71: 2099-106
14. Trappe S, Harber M, Creer A, et al. Single muscle fibre adaptations with marathon training. J Appl Physiol 2006; 101: 721-7 (Pubitemid 44352280)
15. Davis JA, Whipp BJ, Lamarra N, et al. Effect of ramp slope on determination of aerobic parameters from the ramp exercise test. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1982; 14: 339-43 (Pubitemid 13215044)
16. Swanson GD, Hughson RL. On the modelling and interpretation of oxygen uptake kinetics from ramp work rate tests. J Appl Physiol 1988; 65: 2453-8 (Pubitemid 19026406)
17. Markovitz GH, Sayre JW, Storer TW, et al. On the issues of confidence in determining the time constant for oxygen uptake kinetics. Brit J Sports Med 2003; 38: 553-60
18. Meyer K, Schwaibold M, Hajric R, et al. Delayed . VO2 kinetics during ramp exercise: a criterion for cardiopulmonary exercise capacity in chronic heart failure. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30: 643-8 (Pubitemid 28210985)
19. Beaver WL, Wasserman K, Whipp BJ. A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange. J Appl Physiol 1986; 60: 2020-7 (Pubitemid 16066969)
20. Coyle EF, Sidossis LS, Horowitz JF, et al. Cycling efficiency is related to the percentage of type I muscle fibres. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992; 24: 782-8
21. Gaesser GA, Brooks GA. Muscular efficiency during steady state exercise: effects of speed and work rate. J Appl Physiol 1975; 38: 1132-9
22. Wasserman K, Hansen JE, Sue D, et al. editors. Principles of exercise testing and interpretation. 4th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincot Williams and Wilkins, 2005: 11-53
23. Hansen JE, Casaburi R, Cooper DM, et al. Oxygen uptake as related to work rate increment during cycle ergometer exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 1988; 57: 140-5 (Pubitemid 18048470)
24. Zoladz JA, Rademaker AC, Sargeant AJ. Non-linear relationship between O2 uptake and power output at high intensities of exercise in humans. J Physiol 1995; 488: 211-7
25. Barstow TJ, Jones AM, Nguyen PH, et al. Influence of muscle fibre type and fitness on the oxygen uptake/power output slope during incremental exercise in humans. Exp Physiol 2000; 85: 109-16 (Pubitemid 30122170)
26. Scheuermann BW, McConnell JHT, Barstow TJ. EMG and oxygen uptake responses during slow and fast ramp exercise in humans. Exp Physiol 2002; 87: 91-100 (Pubitemid 34083253)
27. Lucia A, Rivero JP, Serrano AL, et al. Determinants of . VO2 kinetics at high power outputs during a ramp exercise protocol. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34: 326-31 (Pubitemid 34132039)
28. Pedersen PK, Sö rensen JB, Jensen K, et al. Muscle fibre type distribution and nonlinear . VO2 /power output relationship in cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34: 655-61 (Pubitemid 34408695)
29. Zoladz JA, Duda K, Majerczak J. Oxygen uptake does not increase linearly at high power outputs during incremental exercise test in humans. Eur J Appl Occup Physiol 1998; 77: 445-51 (Pubitemid 28154151)
30. Bickham DC, Gibbons C, Le Rossignol PF. . VO2 is attenuated above the lactate threshold in endurance-trained runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36: 297-301 (Pubitemid 38177060)
31. Lucia A, Hoyos J, Santalla A, et al. Kinetics of . VO2 in professional cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34: 320-5
32. Zoladz JA, Korzeniewski B. Physiological background of the change point in . VO2 and the slow component of oxygen uptake kinetics. J Physiol Pharmacol 2001; 52: 167-84 (Pubitemid 32613033)
33. Poole DC, Schaffartzik W, Knight DR, et al. Contribution of exercising legs to the slow component of oxygen uptake kinetics in humans. J Appl Physiol 1991; 71: 1245-53
34. Gollnick PD, Piehl K, Saltin B. Selective glycogen depletion pattern in human muscle fibres after exercise of varying intensity and at varying pedalling rates. J Physiol (London) 1974; 241: 45-57
35. Cannon DT,White AC, Andriano MF, et al. Skeletal muscle fatigue precedes the slow component of oxygen uptake kinetics during exercise in humans. J Physiol 2011; 589: 727-39
36. Zoladz JA, Gladden BL, Hogan MC, et al. Progressive recruitment of muscle fibers is not necessary for the slow component of . VO2 kinetics. J Appl Physiol 2008; 105: 575-80
37. G.ore CJ, Clark RJ, Shipp NJ, et al. CPX/D underestimates VO2 in athletes compared with an automated Douglas bag system. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003; 35: 1341-7 (Pubitemid 36936153)
38. Day JR, Rossiter HB, Coats EM, et al. The maximally attainable . VO2 during exercise in humans: the peak vs. maximum issue. J Appl Physiol 2003; 95: 1901-7 (Pubitemid 37310374)
39. Data on file, Boone J, 2007
40. Hughson RL, Inman MD. Oxygen uptake kinetics from ramp work tests: variability of single test values. J Appl Physiol 1986; 61: 373-6 (Pubitemid 16055703)
41. Data on file, Boone J, 2006
42. Hintzy-Cloutier H, Zameziati K, Belli A. Influence of the base-line determination on work efficiency during submaximal cycling. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2003; 43: 51-6 (Pubitemid 36505744)
43. Kautz SA, Neptune RR. Biomechanical determinants of pedalling energetics: internal and external work are not independent. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2002; 30: 159-65 (Pubitemid 35204530)
44. Neptune RR, Kautz SA. Muscle activation and deactivation dynamics: the governing properties in fast cyclical human movement performance. Exerc Sports Sci Rev 2001; 29: 76-81 (Pubitemid 33691243)
45. Hansen EA, Andersen JL, Nielsen JS. Muscle fibre type, efficiency and mechanical optima affect freely chosen pedal rate during cycling. Acta Physiol Scand 2002; 176: 185-94 (Pubitemid 35334937)
46. Takaishi T, Ono T, Yasuda Y. Relationship between muscle fatigue and oxygen uptake during cycle ergometer exercise with different ramp slope increments. Eur J Appl Physiol 1992; 65: 335-9
47. Beelen A, Sargeant AJ. Effect of prior exercise at different pedalling frequencies on maximal power in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 1993; 66: 102-7 (Pubitemid 23093900)
48. Sargeant AJ. Human power output and muscle fatigue. Int J Sports Med 1994; 15: 116-21 (Pubitemid 24116322)
49. Zoladz JA, Duda K, Majerczak J. . VO2/power output relationship and the slow component of oxygen uptake kinetics during cycling at different pedaling rates: relationship to venous lactate accumulation and blood acid-base balance. Physiol Res 1998; 47: 427-38 (Pubitemid 29089123)
50. Fukuba Y, Hayashi N, Koga S, et al. . VO2 kinetics in heavy exercise is not altered by prior exercise with a different muscle group. J Appl Physiol 2002; 92: 2467-76
51. Jones AM, Koppo K, Burnley M. Effect of prior exercise on metabolic and gas exchange responses to exercise. Sports Med 2003; 33: 949-71 (Pubitemid 37330544)
52. Jones AM, Carter H. Oxygen uptake-work rate relationship during two consecutive ramp exercise tests. Int J Sports Med 2004; 25: 415-20 (Pubitemid 39222921)
53. Boone J, Bouckaert J, Barstow TJ, et al. Influence of priming high intensity exercise on the deoxy[hb+Mb] response to ramp exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112: 1143-52
54. Marles A, Mucci P, Legrand R, et al. Effect of prior exercise on the . VO2/work rate relationship during incremental exercise and constant work rate exercise. Int J Sports Med 2006; 27: 345-50
55. Crow MT, Kushmerick MJ. Chemical energetics of slowand fast-twitch muscles of the mouse. J Gen Physiol 1982; 79: 147-66 (Pubitemid 12207673)
56. Kushmerick MJ, Meyer RA, Brown RT. Regulation of oxygen uptake consumption in fast- and slow-twitch muscle. Am J Physiol 1992; 236: C598-606
57. Willis WT, Jackman MR. Mitochondrial function during heavy exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994; 26: 1347-54
58. Vollestad NK, Blom PCS. Effect of varying exercise intensity on glycogen depletion in human muscle fibres. Acta Physiol Scand 1985; 125: 395-405 (Pubitemid 16223765)
59. Barstow TJ, Jones AM, Nguyen PH, et al. Influence of muscle fibre type and pedal frequency on oxygen uptake kinetics of heavy exercise. J Appl Physiol 1996; 81: 1642-50 (Pubitemid 26349620)
60. Mogensen M, Bagger M, Pedersen PK, et al. Cycling efficiency in humans is related to low UCP3 content and to type I fibres but not to mitochondrial efficiency. J Physiol 2006; 571: 669-81 (Pubitemid 43329555)
61. Medbø JI. Type I and type II fibres work with the same mechanical efficiency during bicycling. In: Maréchal G, Carraro U(eds). Muscle and mobility. Vol. Hampshire: Intercept Ltd, 1990: 303-8
62. Costill DL, Fink WJ, Pollock ML. Muscle fibre composition and enzyme activities of elite distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1976; 8: 96-100
63. Casaburi R, Storer TW, Ben-Dov I, et al. Effect of endurance training on possible determinants of . VO2 during heavy exercise. J Appl Physiol 1987; 62: 199-207 (Pubitemid 17060617)
64. Hagberg JM, Hickson RC, Ehsani AA, et al. Faster adjustment to and recovery from submaximal exercise in the trained state. J Appl Physiol 1980; 48: 218-24 (Pubitemid 10139162)
65. Koppo K, Bouckaert J, Jones AM. Effects of training status and exercise intensity on phase II . VO2 kinetics. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36: 225-32 (Pubitemid 38177050)
66. Boone J, Koppo K, Barstow TJ, et al. Aerobic fitness, muscle efficiency and motor unit recruitment during ramp exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42: 402-8
67. Mallory LA, Scheuermann BW, Hoelting BD, et al. Influence of peak . VO2 and muscle fibre type on the efficiency of moderate exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34: 1279-87 (Pubitemid 34840026)
68. Neder JA, Nery LE, Peres C, et al Reference values for dynamic responses to incremental cycle ergometry in males and females aged 20 to Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001 164 1481-6 (Pubitemid 33124031)
69. Kilding AE, Jones AM. . VO2 'overshoot' during moderateintensity exercise in endurance-trained athletes: The influence of exercise modality. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2008; 160: 139-46 (Pubitemid 351173003)
70. Koppo K, Whipp BJ, Jones AM, et al. Overshoot in . VO2 following the onset of moderate-intensity cycle exercise in trained cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 2004; 93: 366-73 (Pubitemid 39534641)
71. Barclay CJ. Mechanical efficiency and fatigue of fast and slow muscles of the mouse. J Physiol 1996; 497: 781-94 (Pubitemid 27032914)
72. Prieur F, Benoit H, Busso J, et al. Effect of endurance training on the . VO2 -work rate relationship in normoxia and hypoxia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37: 664-9 (Pubitemid 40478474)
73. Gross MA, Breil FA, Lehamn AD, et al. Seasonal variation of . VO2max and the . VO2 -work rate relationship in elite alpine skiers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41: 2084-9
74. Gimenes AC, Neder JA, Dal Corso S, et al. Relationship between work rate and oxygen uptake in mitochondrial myopathy during ramp-incremental exercise. Braz J Med Biol Res 2011; 44: 354-60
75. Itoh H. Oxygen uptake: work rate relationship in patients with heart disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992; 37: 374-80
76. Jones S, Elliot PM, Sharma S, et al. Cardiopulmonary responses to exercise in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 1998; 80: 60-7 (Pubitemid 28351122)
77. Toyofuku M, Takaki H, Sugimachi M, et al. Reduced oxygen uptake increase to work rate increment (D . VO2/DW) is predictable by . VO2 response to constant work rate exercise in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003; 90: 76-82 (Pubitemid 37369497)
78. Balady GJ, Arena R, Sietsema K. Clinician's guide to cardiopulmonary exercise testing in adults: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2010; 122: 191-225
79. Lewis MI, Belman MJ, Monn SA, et al. The relationship between oxygen consumption and work rate in patients with airflow obstruction. Chest 1994; 106: 366-72 (Pubitemid 24252027)