Functional outcomes in schizophrenia: Employment status as a metric of treatment outcome

Current Psychiatry Reports

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 229-236

  Schennach, Rebecca ^a   Musil, Richard ^a   Möller, Hans Jürgen ^a   Riedel, Michael ^a,b  

^a LUDWIG MAXIMILIANS UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b Vinzenz von Paul Hospital   (Germany)

Author keywords

Atypical antipsychotics; Cognitive remediation; Employment; Employment status; Functioning; Influencing factors; Outcome; Recovery; Schizophrenia; Symptomatic remission; Treatment; Treatment outcome; Vocational rehabilitation

Indexed keywords

ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; CLOZAPINE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; RISPERIDONE;

ARTICLE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COPING BEHAVIOR; DISEASE COURSE; EMPLOYMENT STATUS; FUNCTIONAL STATUS; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; NEGATIVE SYNDROME; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PSYCHOPHARMACOTHERAPY; PUBLICATION; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REMISSION; SCHIZOAFFECTIVE PSYCHOSIS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SELF ESTEEM; SOCIAL INTERACTION; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; STIGMA; STRESS MANAGEMENT; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION;

EMPLOYMENT; HUMANS; PROGNOSIS; QUALITY OF LIFE; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84861095158     PISSN: 15233812     EISSN: 15351645     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11920-012-0261-3     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Kraepelin E. Dementia praecox and paraphrenia. Edinburgh: Livingstone; 1919.
2. Harrison G, Hopper K, Craig T, Laska E, Siegel C, Wanderling J, Dube KC, Ganev K, Giel R, an der Heiden W, Holmberg SK, Janca A, Lee PW, Leon CA, Malhotra S, Marsella AJ, Nakane Y, Sartorius N, Shen Y, Skoda C, Thara R, Tsirkin SJ, Varma VK, Walsh D,Wiersma D. Recovery from psychotic illness: a 15- and 25- year international follow-up study. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;178:506-17-506-517.
3. Robinson DG, Woerner MG, McMeniman M, Mendelowitz A, Bilder RM. Symptomatic and functional recovery from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(3):473-9. (Pubitemid 38326102)
4. Andreasen NC, Carpenter Jr WT, Kane JM, Lasser RA, Marder SR, Weinberger DR. Remission in schizophrenia: proposed criteria and rationale for consensus. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(3):441-9. (Pubitemid 40343909)
5. Karow A,Moritz S, LambertM, Schottle D, Naber D. Remitted but still impaired? symptomatic versus functional remission in patients with schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatr. 2011.
6. Schennach-Wolff R, Jager M, Seemuller F, Obermeier M, Messer T, Laux G, Pfeiffer H, Naber D, Schmidt LG, Gaebel W, Huff W, Heuser I, Maier W, Lemke MR, Ruther E, Buchkremer G, Gastpar M, Moller HJ, Riedel M. Defining and predicting functional outcome in schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophr Res. 2009.
7. Möller HJ, Jäger M, Riedel M, Obermeier M, Strauss A, Bottlender R. The Munich 15-year follow-up study (MUFUSSAD) on firsthospitalized patients with schizophrenic or affective disorders: comparison of psychopathological and psychosocial course and outcome and prediction of chronicity. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2010;260(5):367-84.
8. Davidson L, Lawless MS, Leary F. Concepts of recovery: competing or complementary? Curr Opin Psychiatr. 2005;18(6):664-7. (Pubitemid 41578737)
9. Harvey PD, Bellack AS. Toward a terminology for functional recovery in schizophrenia: is functional remission a viable concept? Schizophr Bull. 2009.
10. Liberman RP, Kopelowicz A. Recovery from schizophrenia: a concept in search of research. Psychiatr Serv. 2005;56(6):735-42. (Pubitemid 40770970)
11. Bachmann S, Bottmer C, Schroder J. One-year outcome and its prediction in first-episode schizophrenia - a naturalistic study. Psychopathology. 2008;41(2):115-23. (Pubitemid 350308312)
12. Eaton WW, Mortensen PB, Herrman H, Freeman H, Bilker W, Burgess P, Wooff K. Long-term course of hospitalization for schizophrenia: part I. Risk for rehospitalization. Schizophr Bull. 1992;18(2):217-28.
13. Noordsy DL, Torrey WC, Mueser KT, Mead S, O'Keefe CO, Fox L. Recovery from severe mental illness: an interpersonal and functional outcome definition. Int Rev Psychiatr. 2002;14318-326. (Pubitemid 35398857)
14. Liberman R, Kopelowicz A, Ventura J, Gutkind D. Operational criteria and factors related to recovery from schizophrenia. Int Rev Psychiatr. 2002;4256-272.
15. Habich R, Noll HH. Objektive lebensbedingungen und subjektives Wohlbefinden im vereinten Deutschland. Datenreport 1994. 1994. Statistisches Bundesamt.
16. Harding CM, Strauss JS, Hafez H, Lieberman PB. Work and mental illness. I. Toward an integration of the rehabilitation process. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1987;175(6):317-26. (Pubitemid 17091657)
17. Warner R. Recovery from schizophrenia. Psychiatry and political economy. Brunner-Routledge; 2004.
18. Brown GW. CGM&TG: post-hospital adjustment of chronic mental patients. Lancet. 1958;2685-689.
19. Dunn EC,Wewiorski NJ, Rogers ES. The meaning and importance of employment to people in recovery from serious mental illness: results of a qualitative study. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2008;32(1): 59-62.
20. Krupa T. Employment, recovery, and schizophrenia: integrating health and disorder at work. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2004;28(1):8-15. (Pubitemid 39167593)
21. Ucok A, Gorwood P, Karadayi G. Employment and its relationship with functionality and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia: EGOFORS Study. Eur Psychiatr. 2011.
22. Priebe S, Warner R, Hubschmid T, Eckle I. Employment, attitudes toward work, and quality of life among people with schizophrenia in three countries. Schizophr Bull. 1998;24(3):469-77. (Pubitemid 28378231)
23. Lambert M, Naber D, Schacht A, Wagner T, Hundemer HP, Karow A, Huber CG, Suarez D, Haro JM, Novick D, Dittmann RW, Schimmelmann BG. Rates and predictors of remission and recovery during 3 years in 392 never-treated patients with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008;118(3):220-9.
24. Kilian R, Lauber C, Kalkan R, Dorn W, Rossler W, Wiersma D, van Buschbach JT, Fioritti A, Tomov T, Catty J, Burns T, Becker T. The relationships between employment, clinical status, and psychiatric hospitalisation in patients with schizophrenia receiving either IPS or a conventional vocational rehabilitation programme. Soc Psychiatr Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2011.
25. Schennach R, Riedel M, Obermeier M, Jager M, Schmauss M, Laux G, Pfeiffer H,Naber D, Schmidt LG,GaebelW, Klosterkotter J, Heuser I, Maier W, Lemke MR, Ruther E, Klingberg S, Gastpar M, Seemuller F, Moller HJ. Remission and recovery and their predictors in schizophrenia spectrum disorder: results from a 1-year follow-up naturalistic trial. Psychiatr Q. 2011.
26. Novick D, Haro JM, Suarez D, Vieta E, Naber D. Recovery in the outpatient setting: 36-month results from the Schizophrenia Outpatients Health Outcomes (SOHO) study. Schizophr Res. 2009;108(1-3):223-30.
27. Schennach R, Obermeier M, Meyer S, Jager M, Schmauss M, Laux G, Pfeiffer H, Naber D, Schmidt LG, Gaebel W, Klosterkotter J, Heuser I,MaierW, LemkeMR, Ruther E, Klingberg S, Gastpar M, Seemuller F, Moller HJ, Riedel M. Predictors of relapse in the year after hospital discharge among patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv. 2012;63(1):87-90.
28. Chabungbam G, Avasthi A, Sharan P. Sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with relapse in schizophrenia. Psychiatr Clin Neurosci. 2007;61(6):587-93. (Pubitemid 350233479)
29. Shrivastava A, Shah N, Johnston M, Stitt L, Thakar M. Predictors of long-term outcome of first-episode schizophrenia: a ten-year follow-up study. Indian J Psychiatr. 2010;52(4):320-6.
30. Gaite L, Vazquez-Barquero JL, Borra C, Ballesteros J, Schene A, Welcher B, Thornicroft G, Becker T, Ruggeri M, Herran A. Quality of life in patients with schizophrenia in five European countries: the EPSILON study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2002;105(4):283-92. (Pubitemid 34275846)
31. Tsang HW, Leung AY, Chung RC, Bell M, Cheung WM. Review on vocational predictors: a systematic review of predictors of vocational outcomes among individuals with schizophrenia: an update since 1998. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2010;44(6):495-504.
32. Mueser KT, Salyers MP, Mueser PR. A prospective analysis of work in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2001;27(2):281-96. (Pubitemid 33644303)
33. Marwaha S, Johnson S, Bebbington P, Stafford M, Angermeyer MC, Brugha T, Azorin JM, Kilian R, Hansen K, Toumi M. Rates and correlates of employment in people with schizophrenia in the UK, France and Germany. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;191:30-7-30-37.
34. Ucok A, Serbest S, Kandemir PE. Remission after first-episode schizophrenia: results of a long-term follow-up. Psychiatr Res. 2011;189(1):33-7.
35. Lysaker P, Bell M. Negative symptoms and vocational impairment in schizophrenia: repeated measurements of work performance over 6 months. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1995;91 (3):205-8.
36. Albert N, Bertelsen M, Thorup A, Petersen L, Jeppesen P, Le QP, Krarup G, Jorgensen P, Nordentoft M. Predictors of recovery from psychosis analyses of clinical and social factors associated with recovery among patients with first-episod psychosis after 5 years. Schizophr Res. 2011;125(2-3):257-66.
37. Erickson M, Jaafari N, Lysaker P. Insight and negative symptoms as predictors of functioning in a work setting in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Res. 2011;189(2):161-5.
38. Giugiario M, Crivelli B, Mingrone C, Montemagni C, Scalese M, Sigaudo M, Rocca G, Rocca P. Cognitive function and competitive employment in schizophrenia: relative contribution of insight and psychopathology. Soc Psychiatr Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2011.
39. Palmer BW, Dawes SE, Heaton RK. What do we know about neuropsychological aspects of schizophrenia? Neuropsychol Rev. 2009;19(3):365-84.
40. Green MF, Kern RS, Braff DL, Mintz J. Neurocognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia: are we measuring the "right stuff"? Schizophr Bull. 2000;26(1):119-36. (Pubitemid 30317696)
41. McGurk SR. Neurocognition as a determinant of employment status in schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Pract. 2000;6(4):190-6.
42. Velligan DI, Mahurin RK, Diamond PL, Hazleton BC, Eckert SL, Miller AL. The functional significance of symptomatology and cognitive function in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 1997;25 (1):21-31. (Pubitemid 27239627)
43. Kurtz MM. Neurocognition as a predictor of response to evidence-based psychosocial interventions in schizophrenia: what is the state of the evidence? Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31(4): 663-72.
44. Tandberg M, Ueland T, Sundet K, Haahr U, Joa I, Johannessen JO, Larsen TK, Opjordsmoen S, Rund BR, Rossberg JI, Simonsen E, Vaglum P, Melle I, Friis S, McGlashan T. Neurocognition and occupational functioning in patients with first-episode psychosis: a 2-year follow-up study. Psychiatr Res. 2011;188(3):334-342.
45. Hofer A, Bodner T, Kaufmann A, Kemmler G, Mattarei U, Pfaffenberger NM, Rettenbacher MA, Trebo E, Yalcin N, Fleischhacker WW. Symptomatic remission and neurocognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 2011;1-9.
46. Muller P, Gaebel W, Bandelow B, Kopcke W, Linden M, Muller- Spahn F, Pietzcker A, Tegeler J. The social status of schizophrenic patients. Nervenarzt. 1998;69(3):204-9.
47. Wagner LC, Torres-Gonzalez F, Geidel AR, King MB. Existential questions in schizophrenia: perception of patients and caregivers. Rev Saude Publica. 2011;45(2):401-8.
48. Bond GR, Becker DR, Drake RE, Rapp CA, Meisler N, Lehman AF, Bell MD, Blyler CR. Implementing supported employment as an evidence-based practice. Psychiatr Serv. 2001;52(3):313-22. (Pubitemid 32259663)
49. Cook JA, Razzano L. Vocational rehabilitation for persons with schizophrenia: recent research and implications for practice. Schizophr Bull. 2000;26(1):87-103. (Pubitemid 30317694)
50. Twamley EW, Jeste DV, Lehman AF. Vocational rehabilitation in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders: a literature review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2003;191(8):515-23. (Pubitemid 37071720)
51. Lehman AF, Steinwachs DM. Translating research into practice: the Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) treatment recommendations. Schizophr Bull. 1998;24(1):1-10. (Pubitemid 28128486)
52. Young KA. Working toward recovery in New Hampshire: a study of modernized vocational rehabilitation from the viewpoint of the consumer. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2001;24(4):355-67. (Pubitemid 32618959)
53. Corrigan P, Mueser KT, Bond GR, Drake RE, Solomon P. The principle and practice of psychiatric rehabilitation: an empirical approach. New York: Guilford; 2008.
54. Becker DR, Drake RE. A working life: the Individual Placement Support (IPS) program. Psychiatric Research Center New Hampshire-Dartmouth; 1993.
55. Falkai P,Wobrock T, Lieberman J, Glenthoj B, GattazWF, Moller HJ. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, part 1: acute treatment of schizophrenia.World J Biol Psychiatr. 2005;6(3):132-91.
56. Lindstrom L, Lundberg T. Long-term effect on outcome of clozapine in chronic therapy-resistant schizophrenic patients. Eur Psychiatr. 1997;12 Suppl 5:353s-5s-353s-355s.
57. Littrell K. Maximizing schizophrenia treatment outcomes: a model for integration. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 1995;1975-77.
58. Noordsy DL, O'Keefe C, Mueser KT, Xie H. Six-month outcomes for patients who switched to olanzapine treatment. Psychiatr Serv. 2001;52(4):501-7. (Pubitemid 32275312)
59. Noordsy DL, O'Keefe C. Effectiveness of combining atypical antipsychotics and psychosocial rehabilitation in a community mental health center setting. J Clin Psychiatr. 1999;19(60 Suppl):47-51. discussion 52-3.47-51. (Pubitemid 29446954)
60. Meyer PS, Bond GR, Tunis SL, McCoy ML. Comparison between the effects of atypical and traditional antipsychotics on work status for clients in a psychiatric rehabilitation program. J Clin Psychiatr. 2002;63(2):108-16. (Pubitemid 34173846)
61. Bond GR, Kim HW, Meyer PS, Gibson PJ, Tunis S, Evans JD, Lysaker P, McCoy ML, Dincin J, Xie H. Response to vocational rehabilitation during treatment with first- or second-generation antipsychotics. Psychiatr Serv. 2004;55(1):59-66. (Pubitemid 38045017)
62. McGurk SR, Mueser KT, DeRosa TJ, Wolfe R. Work, recovery, and comorbidity in schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial of cognitive remediation. Schizophr Bull. 2009;35(2):319-35.
63. Barlati S, De PL, Deste G, Fusar-Poli P, Vita A. Cognitive remediation in the early course of schizophrenia: a critical review. Curr Pharmaceut Des. 2012.
64. Wykes T, Huddy V, Cellard C, McGurk SR, Czobor P. A metaanalysis of cognitive remediation for schizophrenia: methodology and effect sizes. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168(5):472-85.
65. Wykes T, Spaulding WD. Thinking about the future cognitive remediation therapy - what works and could we do better? Schizophr Bull. 2011;37(Suppl 2):S80-90-S80-S90.
66. Wexler BE, Bell MD. Cognitive remediation and vocational rehabilitation for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2005;31(4):931-41. (Pubitemid 41437788)
67. Kozma C, Dirani R, Canuso C, Mao L. Change in employment status over 52 weeks in patients with schizophrenia: an observational study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011;27(2):327-33.