Polychaete diversity and distribution patterns in Canadian marine waters

Marine Biodiversity

Volumn 42, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 93-107

  Carr, Christina May ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

Author keywords

Biogeography; Canada; Polychaetes; Species checklist; Species diversity

Indexed keywords

BASELINE SURVEY; BENTHOS; BIOGEOGRAPHY; ENDEMIC SPECIES; GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION; ICE FREE CORRIDOR; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; NESTEDNESS; POLYCHAETE; RECOLONIZATION; SPECIES COMPLEX; SPECIES DIVERSITY; SPECIES INVENTORY; SPECIES RICHNESS; TURNOVER;

ARCTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN; CANADA; HUDSON BAY; PACIFIC OCEAN;

POLYCHAETA;

EID: 84860919905     PISSN: 18671616     EISSN: 18671624     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12526-011-0095-y     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Addison JA, Hart MW (2005) Colonization, dispersal, and hybridization influence phylogeography of North Atlantic sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis). Evolution 59: 532-543. doi: 10. 1111/j. 0014-3820. 2005. tb01013. x.
2. Archambault P, Snelgrove PVR, Fisher JAD et al (2010) From sea to sea: Canada's three oceans of biodiversity. PLoS ONE 5: e12182. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0012182.
3. Banse K (1973) The ventral parapodial cirrus of the benthic Phyllodocidae (Polychaeta), with special reference to Clavadoce Hartman and Bergstroemia Banse. J Nat Hist 7: 683-689. doi: 10. 1080/00222937300770581.
4. Barnich R, Fiege D (2009) Revision of the genus Harmothoe Kinberg, 1856 (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) in the Northeast Atlantic. Zootaxa 2104: 1-76.
5. Baselga A (2010) Partitioning the turnover and nestedness components of beta diversity. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 19: 134-143. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1466-8238. 2009. 00490. x.
6. Beals CS (1968) Science, history and Hudson Bay. Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa.
7. Bilyard GR, Carey AG (1980) Zoogeography of western Beaufort Sea Polychaeta (Annelida). Sarsia 65: 19-26.
8. Blake JA (1991) Revision of some genera and species of Cirratulidae (Polychaeta) from the Western North Atlantic. Ophelia Suppl 5: 17-30.
9. Blake JA (1996a) Family Orbiniidae Hartman, 1942. In: Blake JA, Holbig B, Scott PH (eds) Taxonomic atlas of the benthic fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, pp 1-26.
10. Blake JA (1996b) Family Paraonidae Cerruti, 1909. In: Blake JA, Holbig B, Scott PH (eds) Taxonomic atlas of the benthic fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, pp 27-70.
11. Bleidorn C, Kruse I, Albrecht S, Bartolomaeus T (2006) Mitochondrial sequence data expose the putative cosmopolitan polychaete Scoloplos armiger (Annelida, Orbiniidae) as a species complex. BMC Evol Biol 6: 47. doi: 10. 1186/1471-2148-6-47.
12. Bluhm BA, MacDonald IR, Debenham C, Iken K (2005) Macro- and megabenthic communities in the high Arctic Canada Basin: initial findings. Polar Biol 28: 218-231. doi: 10. 1007/s00300-004-0675-4.
13. Bluhm BA, Ambrose WG, Bergmann M et al (2011) Diversity of the arctic deep-sea benthos. Mar Biodiv 41: 87-107. doi: 10. 1007/s12526-010-0078-4.
14. Böggemann M (2002) Revision of the Glyceridae Grube 1850 (Annelida: Polychaeta). Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Frankfurt.
15. Briggs JC (1970) A faunal history of the North Atlantic Ocean. Syst Zool 19: 19-34.
16. Briggs JC (1974) Marine zoogeography. McGraw-Hill, New York and London.
17. Briggs JC (2007) Marine longitudinal biodiversity: causes and conservation. Divers Distrib 13: 544-555. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1472-4642. 2007. 00362. x.
18. Bucklin A, Steinke D, Blanco-Bercial L (2011) DNA barcoding of marine metazoa. Annu Rev Mar Sci 3: 471-508. doi: 10. 1146/annurev-marine-120308-080950.
19. Chambers SJ, Dominguez-Tejo EL, Mair JM, Mitchell LA, Woodham A (2007) The distribution of three eyeless Chaetozone species (Cirratulidae: Polychaeta) in the north-east Atlantic. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 87: 1111-1114.
20. Chao A (1984) Nonparametric estimation of the number of classes in a population. Scand J Stat 11: 265-270.
21. Chao A, Chazdon RL, Colwell RK, Shen TJ (2005) A new statistical approach for assessing similarity of species composition with incidence and abundance data. Ecol Lett 8: 148-159. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1461-0248. 2004. 00707. x.
22. Clarke A, Lidgard S (2000) Spatial patterns of diversity in the sea: bryozoan species richness in the North Atlantic. J Anim Ecol 69: 799-814. doi: 10. 1046/j. 1365-2656. 2000. 00440. x.
23. Coachman LK, Barnes CA (1961) The contribution of Bering Sea water to the Arctic Ocean. Arctic 14: 145-161.
24. Colwell RK (2009) EstimateS: Statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. Version 8. 2, http://purl.oclc.org/estimates. Accessed 10 Jan 2011.
25. Colwell RK, Coddington JA (1994) Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 345: 101-118.
26. Cusson M, Archambault P, Aitken A (2007) Biodiversity of benthic assemblages on the Arctic continental shelf: historical data from Canada. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 331: 291-304.
27. Darling KF, Kucera M, Wade CM (2007) Global molecular phylogeography reveals persistent Arctic circumpolar isolation in a marine planktonic protist. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 5002-5007. doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 0700520104.
28. Dauvin JC, Dewarumez JM, Gentil F (2003) Liste actualisée des espèces d'annelides polychètes présentes en Manche. Cah Biol Mar 44: 67-95.
29. Dauvin JC, Bachelet G, Bellan G (2006) Biodiversity and biogeographic relationships of the polychaete fauna in French Atlantic and Mediterranean waters. Sci Mar 70S3: 259-267. doi: 10. 3989/scimar. 2006. 70s3259.
30. Dauvin JC, Ruellet T, Desroy N, Janson AL (2007) The ecological quality status of the Bay of Seine and the Seine estuary: use of biotic indices. Mar Pollut Bull 55: 241-257.
31. Day JH (1967) A monograph on the Polychaeta of Southern Africa Part I. Errantia. British Museum (Natural History), London.
32. Dietz RS, Shumway G (1961) Arctic basin geomorphology. Bull Geol Soc Am 72: 1319-1329. doi: 10. 1130/0016-7606(1961)72[1319: ABG]2. 0. CO; 2.
33. Dodson JJ, Tremblay S, Colombani F, Carscadden JE, Lecomte F (2007) Trans-arctic dispersals and the evolution of a circumpolar marine fish species complex, the capelin (Mallotus villosus). Mol Ecol 16: 5030-5043. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1365-294X. 2007. 03559. x.
34. Dunbar MJ, Moore DM (1980) Marine life and its environment in the Canadian Eastern Arctic: a biogeographic study. McGill University, Montreal.
35. Dunton K (1992) Arctic biogeography: the paradox of the marine benthic fauna and flora. Trends Ecol Evol 7: 183-189. doi: 10. 1016/0169-5347(92)90070-R.
36. Durham JW, MacNeil FS (1967) Cenozoic migrations of marine invertebrates through the Bering Strait region. In: Hopkins DM (ed) The Bering Land Bridge. Stanford University Press, Stanford, pp 326-349.
37. Dyke AS, Dale JE, McNeely RN (1996) Marine molluscs as indicators of environmental change in glaciated North America and Greenland during the last 18, 000 years. Géogr Phys Quat 50: 125-184.
38. Fauchald K (1982) Revision of Onuphis, Nothria and Paradiopatra. (Polychaeta: Onuphidae) based upon type material. Smithson Contrib Zool 356: 1-109.
39. Fauchald K (2009) World Polychaeta database. http://www.marinespecies.org. Accessed 12 April 2009.
40. Fauchald K, Rouse G (1997) Polychaete systematics: past and present. Zool Scr 26: 71-138.
41. Fitzhugh K (1990) A revision of the genus Fabricia Blainville, 1828 (Polychaeta: Sabellidae: Fabriciinae). Sarsia 75: 1-16.
42. Ford E, Hutchings P (2005) An analysis of morphological characters of Owenia useful to distinguish species: description of three new species of Owenia (Oweniidae: Polychaeta) from Australian waters. Mar Ecol 26: 181-196. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1439-0485. 2005. 00062. x.
43. Glasby CJ, Hutchings PA, Fauchald K et al (2000) Class Polychaeta. In: Beesley PL, Ross GJB, Glasby CJ (eds) Polychaetes & allies: the southern synthesis. Fauna of Australia, vol 4 A, Polychaeta, Myzostomida, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, pp 1-296.
44. Gotelli NJ, Colwell RK (2001) Quantifying biodiversity: procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness. Ecol Lett 4: 379-391. doi: 10. 1046/j. 1461-0248. 2001. 00230. x.
45. Grainger EH (1954) Polychaetous annelids of Ungava Bay, Hudson Strait, Frobisher Bay and Cumberland Sound. J Fish Res Board Can 11: 507-527.
46. Hardy SM, Carr CM, Hardman M, Steinke D, Corstorphine E, Mah C (2011) Biodiversity and phylogeography of Arctic marine fauna: insights from molecular tools. Mar Biodiv 41: 195-210. doi: 10. 1007/s12526-010-0056-x.
47. Harrison S, Ross SJ, Lawton JH (1992) Beta diversity on geographic gradients in Britain. J Anim Ecol 62: 151-158.
48. Hartman O (1938) Review of the annelid worms of the family Nephtyidae from the northeast Pacific, with descriptions of five new species. Proc US Natl Mus 85: 143-158.
49. Hartman O (1959) Catalogue of the polychaetous annelids of the world. Parts I & II. Allan Hancock Found Occ Pap 23: 1-628.
50. Hobson KD, Banse K (1981) Sedentariate and archiannelid polychaetes of British Columbia and Washington. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa.
51. Holthe T (1978) The zoogeography of the Terebellomorpha (Polychaeta) of the northern European waters. Sarsia 63: 191-198.
52. Hutchings P (1998) Biodiversity and functioning of polychaetes in benthic sediments. Biodivers Conserv 7: 1133-1145.
53. Hutchings P, Fauchald C (2000) Class Polychaeta. Definition and general description. In: Beesley PL, Ross GJB, Glasby CJ (eds) Polychaetes & allies: the southern synthesis. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, pp 1-3.
54. Hutchings P, Peart R (2002) A review of the genera of Pectinariidae (Polychaeta) together with a description of the Australian fauna. Rec Aust Mus 54: 99-127.
55. Jirkov IA (2001) Polychaeta of the Arctic Ocean. Yanus-K, Moscow.
56. Jumars PA (1974) A generic revision of the Dorvilleidae (Polychaeta), with six new species from the deep North Pacific. Zool J Linn Soc 54: 101-135.
57. Kato T, Pleijel F (2002) A revision of Notophyllum Oersted, 1843 (Phyllodocidae, Polychaeta). J Nat Hist 36: 1135-1178. doi: 10. 1080/00222930110039954.
58. Knight-Jones P (1998) A revision of Sabella, Bispira and Stylomma (Polychaeta: Sabellidae). Zool J Linn Soc 123: 385-467.
59. Knox GA, Lowry JK (1977) A comparison between the benthos of the Southern Ocean and the North Polar Ocean with special reference to the Amphipoda and the Polychaeta. In: Dunbar MJ (ed) Polar oceans. Arctic Institute of North America, Calgary, pp 423-462.
60. Koh B, Bhaud MR, Jirkov IA (2003) Two new species of Owenia (Annelida: Polychaeta) in the northern part of the North Atlantic Ocean and remarks on previously erected species from the same area. Sarsia 88: 175-188. doi: 10. 1080/00364820310001318.
61. Koleff P, Gaston KJ, Lennon JJ (2003a) Measuring beta diversity for presence-absence data. J Anim Ecol 72: 367-382. doi: 10. 1046/j. 1365-2656. 2003. 00710. x.
62. Koleff P, Lennon JJ, Gaston KJ (2003b) Are there latitudinal gradients in species turnover? Glob Ecol Biogeogr 12: 483-498. doi: 10. 1046/j. 1466-822X. 2003. 00056. x.
63. Krasnov BR, Mouillot D, Shenbrot GI, Khokhlova IS, Poulin R (2011) Beta-specificity: the turnover of host species in space and another way to measure host specificity. Int J Parasitol 41: 33-41. doi: 10. 1016/j. ijpara. 2010. 06. 001.
64. Kupriyanova EK, Badyaev AV (1998) Ecological correlates of arctic Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) distributions. Ophelia 49: 181-193.
65. Lennon JJ, Koleff P, Greenwood JJD, Gaston KJ (2001) The geographical structure of British bird distributions: diversity, spatial turnover and scale. J Anim Ecol 70: 966-979. doi: 10. 1046/j. 0021-8790. 2001. 00563. x.
66. Leprieur F, Tedesco PA, Hugueny B, Beauchard O, Dürr HH, Brosse S, Oberdorff T (2011) Partitioning global patterns of freshwater fish beta diversity reveals contrasting signatures of past climate changes. Ecol Lett 14: 325-334. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1461-0248. 2011. 01589. x.
67. Light WJH (1991) Systematic revision of the genera of the polychaete subfamily Maldanidae Arwidsson. Ophelia Suppl 5: 133-146.
68. Lovell LL (1997) A review of six species of Nephtys (Cuvier, 1817) (Nephtyidae: Polychaeta) described from the eastern Pacific. Bull Mar Sci 60: 350-363.
69. Maciolek NJ (1985) A revision of the genus Prionospio Malmgren, with special emphasis on species from the Atlantic Ocean, and new records of species belonging to the genera Apoprionospio Foster and Paraprionospio Caullery(Polychaeta, Annelida, Spionidae). Zool J Linn Soc 84: 325-383.
70. Maciolek NJ (1990) A redescription of some species belonging to the genera Spio and Microspio (Polychaeta: Annelida) and descriptions of three new species from the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. J Nat Hist 24: 1109-1141.
71. Mackie ASY (1987) A review of species currently assigned to the genus Leitoscoloplos Day, 1977 (Polychaeta: Orbiniidae), with descriptions of species newly referred to Scoloplos Blainville, 1828. Sarsia 72: 1-28.
72. Maltagliati F, Peru AP, Casu M et al (2000) Is Syllis gracilis (Polychaeta: Syllidae) a species complex? An allozyme perspective. Mar Biol 136: 871-879.
73. Mecklenburg CW, Møller PR, Steinke D (2010) Biodiversity of arctic marine fishes: taxonomy and zoogeography. Mar Biodiv 41: 109-140. doi: 10. 1007/s12526-010-0070-z.
74. Nygren A (2004) Revision of Autolytinae (Syllidae: Polychaeta). Zootaxa 680: 1-314.
75. Olsgard F, Brattegard T, Holthe T (2003) Polychaetes as surrogates for marine biodiversity: lower taxonomic resolution and indicator groups. Biodivers Conserv 12: 1033-1049.
76. Parapar J (2006) The genera Myriochele and Myrioglobula (Polychaeta, Oweniidae) in Icelandic waters with the revision of type material of Myriochele heeri Malmgren, 1867, and the description of a new species. J Nat Hist 40: 523-547. doi: 10. 1080/00222930600711758.
77. Paterson GLJ, Glover AG, Barrio Froján CRS et al (2009) A census of abyssal polychaetes. Deep Sea Res II 56: 1739-1746. doi: 10. 1016/j. dsr2. 2009. 05. 018.
78. Paxton H (1986) Generic revision and relationships of the family Onuphidae (Annelida: Polychaeta). Rec Aust Mus 38: 1-74.
79. Petersen ME (1999) Reproduction and development in Cirratulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta). Hydrobiol 402: 107-128.
80. Pettibone MH (1954) Marine polychaete worms from Point Barrow, Alaska, with additional records from the north Atlantic and north Pacific. Proc US Natl Mus 103: 203-356.
81. Pettibone MH (1956) Some polychaete worms of the families Hesionidae, Syllidae, and Nereididae from the east coast of North America, West Indies, and Gulf of Mexico. J Wash Acad Sci 46: 281-294.
82. Pettibone MH (1963) Revision of some genera of polychaete worms of the family Spionidae, including the description of a new species of Scolelepis. Proc Biol Soc Wash 76: 89-104.
83. Pettibone MH (1971) Revision of some species referred to Leptonereis, Nicon, and Laeonereis (Polychaeta: Nereididae). Smithson Contrib Zool 104: 1-53.
84. Pettibone MH (1993) Revision of some species referred to Antinoe, Antinoella, Antinoana, Bylgides, and Harmothoe (Polychaeta: Polynoidae: Harmothoinae). Smithson Contrib Zool 545: 1-41.
85. Piepenburg D, Archambault P, Ambrose WG et al (2011) Towards a pan-Arctic inventory of the species diversity of the macro- and megabenthic fauna of the Arctic shelf seas. Mar Biodiv 41: 51-70. doi: 10. 1007/s12526-010-0059-7.
86. Pleijel F (1990) A revision of the genus Sige Malmgren (Polychaeta: Phyllodocidae). Zool J Linn Soc 98: 161-184.
87. Pleijel F (1991) Phylogeny and classification of the Phyllodocidae (Polychaeta). Zool Scr 20: 225-261.
88. Pleijel F (1998) Phylogeny and classification of Hesionidae (Polychaeta). Zool Scr 27: 89-163.
89. Pocklington P, Tremblay MJ (1987) Faunal zones in the northwest Atlantic based on polychaete distribution. Can J Zool 65: 391-402.
90. Pocklington P, Wells PG (1992) Polychaetes: key taxa for marine environmental quality monitoring. Mar Pollut Bull 24: 593-598.
91. Powell NV, Bousfield EL (1969) Canadian marine invertebrate life. In: Animal life in Canada today. National Museum of Natural Science, Ottawa, pp 14-15.
92. Qian H, Ricklefs RE, White PS (2005) Beta diversity of angiosperms in temperate floras of eastern Asia and eastern North America. Ecol Lett 8: 15-22. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1461-0248. 2004. 00682. x.
93. Quijón PA, Snelgrove PVR (2005) Polychaete assemblages of a sub-arctic Newfoundland fjord: habitat, distribution, and identification. Polar Biol 28: 495-505. doi: 10. 1007/s00300-005-0719-4.
94. Radulovici AE, Archambault P, Dufresne F (2010) DNA barcodes for marine biodiversity: moving fast forward? Diversity 3: 450-472. doi: 10. 3390/d2040450.
95. Rice SA, Stephen K, Rice KA (2008) The Polydora cornuta complex (Annelida: Polychaeta) contains populations that are reproductively isolated and genetically distinct. Invertebr Biol 127: 45-64. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1744-7410. 2007. 00104. x.
96. Rouse GW, Pleijel F (2001) Polychaetes. Oxford University Press, London.
97. Schüller M, Ebbe B (2007) Global distributional patterns of selected deep-sea Polychaeta (Annelida) from the Southern Ocean. Deep Sea Res II 54: 1737-1751. doi: 10. 1016/j. dsr2. 2007. 07. 005.
98. Shorthouse DP (2010) SimpleMappr, a web-enabled tool to produce publication-quality point maps. http://www.simplemappr.net. Accessed 10 Sep 2010.
99. Sikorski AV, Bick A (2004) Revision of Marenzelleria Mesnil, 1896 (Spionidae, Polychaeta). Sarsia 89: 253-275.
100. Simpson GG (1943) Mammals and the nature of continents. Am J Sci 241: 1-31.
101. Sirenko BI, Gagaev SU (2007) Unusual abundance of macrobenthos and biological invasions in the Chukchi Sea. Russ J Mar Biol 33: 355-364.
102. Sirenko BI, Clarke C, Hopcroft RR et al (2010). The Arctic Register of Marine Species (ARMS) compiled by the Arctic Ocean Diversity (ArcOD) project. http://www.marinespecies.org/arms. Accessed 6 Jan 2011.
103. Snelgrove PVR (1997) The importance of marine sediment biodiversity in ecosystem processes. Ambio 26: 578-583.
104. Sørensen TA (1948) A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology based on similarity of species content, and its application to analyses of the vegetation on Danish commons. K Dan Vidensk Selsk Biol Skr 5: 1-34.
105. Spalding MD, Fox HE, Gerald R et al (2007) Marine ecoregions of the world: a bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. Bioscience 57: 573-583.
106. Svitoch AA, Taldenkova EE (1994) Recent history of the Bering Strait. Oceanology 34: 439-443.
107. ten Hove HA, Jansen-Jacobs MJ (1984) A revision of the genus Crucigera (Polychaeta: Serpulidae); a proposed methodical approach to serpulids, with special references to variation in Serpula and Hydroides. In: Hutchings PA (ed) Proceedings of the First International Polychaete Conference. The Linnean Society of New South Wales, Sydney, pp 143-180.
108. Tovar-Hernandez MA (2007) Revision of Chone Krøyer, 1856 (Polychaeta: Sabellidae) from North America and descriptions of four new species. J Nat Hist 41: 511-566. doi: 10. 1080/00222930701250912.
109. Ulrich W, Almeida-Neto M, Gotelli NJ (2009) A consumer's guide to nestedness analysis. Oikos 118: 3-17. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1600-0706. 2008. 17053. x.
110. UNEP/GRID-Arendal (1996) The Arctic region. UNEP/GRID-Arendal Maps and Graphics Library. http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/the_arctic_region1. Accessed 6 January 2011.
111. Ushakov PV (1965) Polychaeta of the far Eastern Seas of the USSR. Keys to the fauna of the USSR. Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Jerusalem.
112. Väinölä R (2003) Repeated trans-Arctic invasions in littoral bivalves: molecular zoogeography of the Macoma balthica complex. Mar Biol 143: 935-946. doi: 10. 1007/s00227-003-1137-1.
113. van Oppen MJH, Draisma SGA, Olsen JL, Stam WT (1995) Multiple trans-Arctic passages in the red alga Phycodrys rubens: evidence from nuclear rDNA ITS sequences. Mar Biol 123: 179-188.
114. Vermeij GJ (1991) Anatomy of an invasion: the trans-Arctic interchange. Paleobiology 17: 281-307.
115. Vermeij GJ, Roopnarine PD (2008) The coming Arctic invasion. Science 321: 780-781. doi: 10. 1126/science. 1160852.
116. Wares JP, Cunningham CW (2001) Phylogeography and historical ecology of the North Atlantic intertidal. Evolution 55: 2455-2469.
117. Warren LM, Hutchings PA, Doyle S (1994) A revision of the genus Mediomastus Hartman, 1944 (Polychaeta: Capitellidae). Rec Aust Mus 46: 227-256.
118. Wehe T, Fiege D (2002) Annotated checklist of the polychaete species of the seas surrounding the Arabian Peninsula: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Gulf. Faun Arab 19: 7-238.
119. Weider LJ, Hobæk A (2000) Phylogeography and arctic biodiversity: a review. Ann Zool Fenn 37: 217-231.
120. Westheide W, Schmidt H (2003) Cosmopolitan versus cryptic meiofaunal polychaete species: an approach to a molecular taxonomy. Helgol Mar Res 57: 1-6. doi: 10. 1007/s10152-002-0114-2.
121. Wilce RT (1990) Role of the Arctic Ocean as a bridge between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans: fact and hypothesis. In: Garbary DJ, South GR (eds) Evolutionary biogeography of the marina algae of the North Atlantic. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 323-348.
122. Wilson RS (1988) A review of Eteone Savigny, 1820, Mysta Malmgren, 1865 and Hypereteone Bergström, 1914 (Polychaeta: Phyllodocidae). Mem Mus Vic 49: 385-431.
123. Worm B, Barbier EB, Beaumont N et al (2006) Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science 314: 787-790. doi: 10. 1126/science. 1132294.