Understanding and preventing military suicide

Archives of Suicide Research

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 95-110

  Bryan, Craig J ^a   Jennings, Keith W ^b   Jobes, David A ^b   Bradley, John C ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

^b CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA   (United States)

^c WALTER REED ARMY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

military; suicide; suicide prevention

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; HUMAN; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUALITY OF LIFE; SOLDIER; STATISTICS; SUICIDE;

CULTURE; HUMANS; MILITARY PERSONNEL; QUALITY OF LIFE; SUICIDE;

EID: 84860830881     PISSN: 13811118     EISSN: 15436136     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2012.667321     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Anestis, Bryan, C. J., Cornette, M. M., & Joiner, T. E. (2009). Understanding suicidal behavior in the military: An evaluation of Joiner's interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior in two case studies of active duty post-deployers. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 31 (1), 60-75.
2. Appleby, L., Cooper, J., Amos, T., & Faragher, B. (1999). Psychological autopsy study of suicides by people aged under 35. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 175 (2), 168-174. doi:10.1192/bjp.175.2.168.
3. Baker, McFall, R. M., & Shoham, V. (2008). Current status and future prospects of clinical psychology: Toward a scientifically principled approach to mental and behavioral health care. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 9(2), 67-103.
4. Barlow, Levitt, J. T., & Bufka, L. F. (1999). The dissemination of empirically supported treatments: A view to the future. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37 (Suppl. 1), S147-S162.
5. Bastia, B. K., & Kar, N. (2009). A psychological autopsy study of suicidal hanging from Cuttack, India: Focus on stressful life situations. Archives of Suicide Research, 13 (1), 100-104.
6. Baynes, J. (1967). Morale: A study of men and courage. New York, NY: Frederick A Praeger Publishers.
7. Beck, A. T., Brown, G. K., & Steer, R. A. (1997). Psychometric characteristics of the Scale for Suicide Ideation with psychiatric outpatients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35 (11), 1039-1046. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00073-9.
8. Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of sepression. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
9. Beck, J. G., Gudmundsdottir, B., Palyo, S. A., Miller, L. M., & Grant, D. M. (2006). Rebound effects following deliberate thought suppression: Does PTSD make a difference? Behavior Therapy, 37 (2), 170-180.
10. Biggam, F. H., & Power, K. G. (1999). Suicidality and the state-trait debate on problem solving deficits: A re-examination with incarcerated young offenders. Archives of Suicide Research, 5 (1), 27-42. doi:10.1023/a:1009689005652.
11. Bonanno. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59 (1), 20-28.
12. Bonanno, Field, N. P., Kovacevic, A., & Kaltman, S. (2002). Self-enhancement as a buffer against extreme adversity: Civil war in Bosnia and traumatic loss in the United States. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28 (2), 184-196.
13. Bonanno, Rennicke, C., & Dekel, S. (2005). Self-enhancement among high-exposure survivors of the September 11th terrorist attack: Resilience or social maladjustment? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88 (6), 984-998.
14. Brenner, L. A., Gutierrez, P. M., Cornette, M. M., Betthauser, L. M., & Bahraini, N. (2008). A Qualitative study of potential suicide risk factors in returning combat veterans. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 30 (3), 211-225.
15. Brown, R., Dahlen, E., Mills, C., Rick, J., & Biblarz, A. (1999). Evaluation of an evolutionary model of self-preservation and self-destruction. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 29 (1), 58-71.
16. Brown, R., Johnson, A., Olsen, B., & Melver, K. (2009). Empirical support for an evolutionary model of self-destructive motivation. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 39 (1), 1-12.
17. Bryan, C. J. (2011). The clinical utility of a brief measure of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness for the detection of suicidal military personnel. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67, 981-992. doi:10.1002/jclp.20726.
18. Bryan, C. J., & Cukrowicz, K. C. (2011). Associations between types of combat violence and the acquired capability for suicide. Suicide and Life-Threatening behavior, 41, 126-136.
19. Bryan, C. J., Cukrowicz, K. C., West, C. L., & Morrow, C. E. (2010a). Combat experience and the acquired capability for suicide. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66. doi:10.1002/jclp.20703.
20. Bryan, C. J., & Morrow, C. E. (2011). Circumventing mental health stigma by embracing the warrior culture: feasibility and acceptability of the Defender's Edge Program. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 42, 16-23.
21. Bryan, C. J., Morrow, C. E., Anestis, M. D., & Joiner, T. E. (2010b). A preliminary test of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior in a military sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 48 (3), 347-350. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.10.023.
22. Bryan, C. J., Steiner-Pappalardo, N., & Rudd, M. D. (2009). Exposure to a mnemonic interferes with recall of suicide warning signs in a community-based suicide prevention program. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 39 (2), 194-203. doi:10.1521/suli.2009.39.2.19410.1521/suli.2009.39.2.194 [pii].
23. Cha, C. B., Najmi, S., Park, J. M., Finn, C. T., & Nock, M. K. (2010). Attentional bias toward suicide-related stimuli predicts suicidal behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119 (3), 616-622. doi: 10.1037/a0019710.
24. Chang, T., & Subramaniam, P. R. (2008). Asian and Pacific Islander American men's help-seeking: Understanding the role of cultural values and beliefs, gender roles, and racial stereotypes. International Journal of Men's Health, 7, 121-136.
25. Christian, J. R., Stivers, J. R., & Sammons, M. T. (2009). Training to the warrior ethos: implications for clinicians treating military members and their families. In A. Freeman, S. M. Freeman, & B. A. Moore (Eds.), Living and surviving in harm's way: A psychological treatment handbook for pre- and post-deployment of military personnel. New York, NY: Routledge.
26. Cutler, T. J. (2002). The Bluejacket's manual. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
27. Department of Defense Task Force on the Prevention of Suicide by Members of the Armed Forces. (2010). The challenge and the promise: Strengthening the force, preventing suicide, and saving lives. Washington, DC: Department of Defense.
28. Druss, B., & Pincus, H. (2000). Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in general medical illnesses. Archives of internal medicine, 160 (10), 1522-1526. doi:10.1001/archinte.160.10.1522.
29. Elder, G. H., & Clipp, E. C. (1989). Combat experience and emotional health: Impairment and resilience in later life. Journal of Personality, 57 (2), 311-341.
30. Florian, V., Mikulincer, M., & Taubman, O. (1995). Does hardiness contribute to mental health during a stressful real-life situation? The roles of appraisal and coping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68 (4), 687-695.
31. Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2007). Prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD: Emotional processing of traumatic experiences. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
32. Goldney, R. D., Fisher, L. J., Wilson, D. H., & Cheok, F. (2001). Suicidal ideation and health-related quality of life in the community. Medical Journal of Australia, 175, 546-549.
33. Gray, J. G. (1959). The warriors: Reflections on men in battle. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace.
34. Grojean, M. W., & Thomas, J. L. (2006). From values to performance: it's the journey that changes the traveler. In T. W. Britt, A. B. Adler, & C. A. Castro (Eds.), Military life: The psychology of service in peace and combat (Vol. 4). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishing.
35. Groopman, J. (2007). How doctors think. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
36. Harris, E., & Barraclough, B. (1998). Excess mortality of mental disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 173 (1), 11-53. doi:10.1192/bjp.173.1.11.
37. Hayes, Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64 (6), 1152-1168.
38. Jobes, D. A., Rudd, M. D., Overholser, J. C., & Joiner, Jr., T. E. (2008). Ethical and competent care of suicidal patients: Contemporary challenges, new developments, and considerations for clinical practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 39 (4), 405-413.
39. Jobes, D. A., Wong, S. A., Conrad, A., Drozd, J. F., & Neal-Walden, T. (2005). The collaborative assessment and management of suicidality vs. treatment as usual: A retrospective study with suicidal outpatients. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 35, 483-497.
40. Joiner, T. E. (2005). Why people die by suicide. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
41. Joiner, Jr., T. E., Rudd, M. D., & Rajab, M. H. (1997). The modified scale for suicidal ideation: Factors of suicidality and their relation to clinical and diagnostic variables. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106 (2), 260-265.
42. Juurlink, D. N., Herrmann, N., Szalai, J. P., Kopp, A., & Redelmeier, D. A. (2004). Medical illness and the risk of suicide in the elderly. Archives of Internal Medicine, 164 (11), 1179-1184. doi:10.1001/archinte.164.11.1179.
43. Klerman, G. L., Weissman, M. M., Rounsaville, B. J., & Chevron, E. S. (1984). Interpersonal psychotherapy of depression. New York, NY: Basic Books.
44. Knox, K. L., Litts, D. A., Talcott, G. W., Feig, J. C., & Caine, E. D. (2003). Risk of suicide and related adverse outcomes after exposure to a suicide prevention programme in the US Air Force: cohort study. BMJ, 327 (7428), 1376. doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7428.1376.
45. Kobasa, S. C., Maddi, S. R., & Kahn, S. (1982). Hardiness and health: A prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42 (1), 168-177.
46. Laframboise, T. D., & Lewis, H. A. (2008). The Zuni life skills development program: A school/community-based suicide prevention intervention. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 38, 343-353.
47. LeGris, & van Reekum, R. (2006). The neuropsychological correlates of borderline personality disorder and suicidal behaviour. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry/La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 51 (3), 131-142.
48. Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
49. Linehan, M. M., Goodstein, J. L., Nielsen, S. L., & Chiles, J. A. (1983). Reasons for staying alive when you are thinking of killing yourself: The Reasons for Living Inventory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51 (2), 276-286. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.51.2.276.
50. Mann, J. J., Apter, A., Bertolote, J., Beautrais, A., Currier, D., Haas, A., Hendin, H. (2005). Suicide prevention strategies: a systematic review. Journal of American Medical Association, 294, 2064-2074.
51. Mareth, T. R., & Brooker, A. E. (1985). Combat stress reaction: a concept in evolution. Military Medicine, 150 (4), 186-190.
52. Maris, R. W., Berman, A. L., & Silverman, M. M. (2000). Comprehensive textbook of suicidology. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
53. McGurk, D., Cotting, D., Britt, T., & Adler, A. (2006). Joining the ranks: the role of indoctrination in transforming civilians to service members. In T. W. Britt, A. B. Adler, & C. A. Castro (Eds.), Military life: The psychology of service in peace and combat (Vol. 2). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
54. Mental Health Advisory Team. (2003). Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) Mental Health Advisory Team (MHAT) Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Army Surgeon General & HQDA G-1.
55. Mental Health Advisory Team IV. (2006). Mental Health Advisory Team (MHAT) IV Operation Iraqi Freedom 05-07 Final Report. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon Multinational Force-Iraq & Office of the Surgeon General United States Army Medical Command.
56. Minnix, J. A., Romero, C., Joiner, Jr., T. E., & Weinberg, E. F. (2007). Change in "resolved plans" and "suicidal ideation" factors of suicidality after participation in an intensive outpatient treatment program. Journal of Affective Disorders, 103 (1-3), 63-68. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2006.11.029.
57. Nademin, E., Jobes, D. A., Pflanz, S. E., Jacoby, A. M., Ghahramanlou-Holloway, M., & Campise, R. (2008). An investigation of interpersonal-psychological variables in Air Force suicides: a controlled-comparison study. Archives of Suicide Research, 12, 309-326.
58. Najmi, S., Wegner, D. M., & Nock, M. K. (2007). Thought suppression and self-injurious thoughts and behaviors. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45 (8), 1957-1965.
59. Osman, A., Kopper, B. A., Barrios, F. X., Osman, J. R., Besett, T., & Linehan, M. M. (1996). The Brief Reasons for Living Inventory for Adolescents (BRFL-A). Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24 (4), 433-443. doi:10.1007/bf01441566.
60. Pollock, L. R., & Williams, J. M. G. (2004). Problem-solving in suicide attempters. Psychological medicine, 34 (1), 163-167. doi:10.1017/S0033291703008092.
61. Resick, P. A., Monson, C. M., & Chard, K. M. (2007). Cognitive Processing Therapy: Veteran/Military version. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans' Affairs.
62. Rosenbaum, M., & Richman, J. (1970). Suicide: The role of hostility and death wishes from the family and significant others. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 126 (11), 1652-1655.
63. Schotte, D. E., Cools, J., & Payvar, S. (1990). Problem-solving deficits in suicidal patients: Trait vulnerability or state phenomenon? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58 (5), 562-564.
64. Shipherd, J. C., & Beck, J. G. (1999). The effects of suppressing trauma-related thoughts on women with rape-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37 (2), 99-112.
65. Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (2003). Counseling the culturally diverse. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
66. Tanielian, T., & Jaycox, L. H. (2008). Invisible wounds of war: Psychological and cognitive injuries, their consequences, and services to assist recovery. San Monica, CA: RAND Corp.
67. Tarrier, N., Taylor, K., & Gooding, P. (2008). Cognitive-Behavioral interventions to reduce suicide behavior. Behavior Modification, 32 (1), 77-108. doi:10.1177/0145445507304728.
68. Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103 (2), 193-210.
69. Taylor, S. E., Kemeny, M. E., Reed, G. M., Bower, J. E., & Gruenewald, T. L. (2000). Psychological resources, positive illusions, and health. American Psychologist, 55 (1), 99-109.
70. Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). A clinical approach to posttraumatic growth. In P. A. Linley, & S. Joseph (Eds.), Positive psychology in practice (pp. 405-419). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
71. Uniform code of military justice. (10 U.S.C. Chapter 47) (1950)
72. U.S. Senate. (2010). Department of Defense appropriations for fiscal year 2011. In Senate Hearing 111. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111shrg89104380/html/CHRG-111shrg89104380.htm
73. Van Orden, K. A., Lynam, M. E., Hollar, D., & Joiner, Jr., T. E. (2006). Perceived burdensomeness as an indicator of suicidal symptoms. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30 (4), 457-467.
74. Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Gordon, K. H., Bender, T. W., & Joiner, Jr., T. E. (2008). Suicidal desire and the capability for suicide: Tests of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior among adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(1), 72-83.
75. Wenzel, A., Brown, G. K., & Beck, A. T. (2009). Cognitive therapy for suicidal patients: Scientific and clinical applications. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
76. Williams, J. M. G., Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., & Beck, A. T. (2005). Problem solving deteriorates following mood challenge in formerly depressed patients with a history of suicidal ideation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114 (3), 421-431. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.114.3.421.