Asian and Pacific Islander American men's help-seeking: Cultural values and beliefs, gender roles, and racial stereotypes

International Journal of Men's Health

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 121-136

  Chang, Tai ^a   Subramaniam, Prithwi Raj ^b  

^a ALLIANT INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b ITHACA COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Asian American; Cultural values; Health; Help seeking; Men; Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander

Indexed keywords

ASIAN AMERICAN; CULTURAL VALUE; FAMILY; HEALTH STATUS; HELP SEEKING BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; INTERDEPENDENCE; MALE; PACIFIC ISLANDER; PHILOSOPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RACISM; RELIGION; REVIEW; SEX ROLE; STEREOTYPY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 77649093437     PISSN: 15326306     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3149/jmh.0702.121     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Abe-Kim, J., Okazaki, S., & Goto, S. (2001). Unidimensional versus multidimensional approaches to the assessment of acculturation for Asian American populations. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 7, 232-246.
2. Abe-Kim, J., Takeuchi, D., & Hwang, W.-C. (2002). Predictors of help seeking for emotional distress among Chinese Americans: Family matters. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 1186-1190.
3. Amaro, H., Jenkins, W., Kunitz, S., Levy, J., Mixon, M., & Yu, E. (1995). Panel I: Epidemiology of minority health. Health Psychology, 14, 592-600.
4. Atkinson, D. R., & Gim, R. H. (1989). Asian-American cultural identity and attitudes toward mental health services. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36, 209-212.
5. Atkinson, D. R., Kim, B. S. K., & Caldwell, R. (1998). Ratings of helper roles by multicultural psychologists and Asian American students: Initial support for the three-dimensional model of multicultural counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 414-423.
6. Atkinson, D. R., Lowe, S., & Matthews, L. (1995). Asian American acculturation, gender, and willingness to seek counseling. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 23, 130-138.
7. Atkinson, D. R., Ponterotto, J. G., & Sanchez, A. R. (1984). Attitudes of Vietnamese and Anglo-American students toward counseling. Journal of College Student Personnel, 25, 448-452.
8. Barnes, J. S., & Bennett, C. E. (2002). The Asian population: 2000 (U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-16). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved September 11, 2002, from http://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/c2kbr01-16.pdf
9. Berry, J. W. (1989). Psychology of acculturation. In J. Berman (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation (Vol. 37, pp. 201-234). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
10. Braun, K. L., & Browne, C. V. (1998a). Cultural values and caregiving patterns among Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. In D. Redburn & R. McNamara (Eds.), Social gerontology (pp. 155-182). New York: Greenwood Press.
11. Braun, K. L., & Browne, C. V. (1998b). Perceptions of dementia, caregiving, and help seeking among Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. Health and Social Work, 23, 262-274.
12. Buchwald, D., Panwala, S., & Hooton, T. M. (1992). Use of traditional health practices by Southeast Asian refugees in a primary care clinic. The Western Journal of Medicine, 156, 507-511.
13. Chang, R. S. (2003). Examination of cultural differences and cultural variables related to somatic symptom expression between Chinese-American and European-American college students. Dissertation Abstracts International, 64(4-B), 1894.
14. Chang, T., & Chang, R. (2004). Counseling and the Internet: Asian American and Asian international college students' attitudes toward seeking on-line professional psychological help. Journal of College Counseling, 7, 140-150.
15. Chang, T., Tracey, T., & Moore, T. (2005). The structure of Asian American acculturation: An examination of prototypes. Self and Identity, 4, 25-43.
16. Chang, T., Yeh, C. J., & Krumboltz, J. D. (2001). Process and outcome evaluation of an on-line support group for Asian American male college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 319-329.
17. Chen, A. S. (1999). Lives at the center of the periphery, lives at the periphery of the center: Chinese American masculinities and bargaining with hegemony. Gender & Society, 13, 584-607.
18. Chua, P., & Fujino, D. (1999). Negotiating new Asian-American masculinities: Attitudes and gender expectations. Journal of Men's Studies, 7, 391-413.
19. Dalaker, J. (2001). Poverty in the United States: 2000 [Electronic version] (U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, Series P60-214). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
20. Das, A. K., & Kemp, S. F. (1997). Between two worlds: Counseling South Asian Americans. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 25, 23-33.
21. Eng, D. L. (2001). Racial castration: Managing masculinity in Asian America. London: Duke University Press.
22. Espiritu, Y. L. (1997). Asian American women and men. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
23. Gong, F., Gage, S.-J. L., & Tacata, Jr., L. A. (2003). Help-seeking behavior among Filipino Americans: A cultural analysis of face and language. Journal of Community Psychology, 31, 469-488.
24. Good, G. E., Dell, D., & Mintz, L. B. (1989). Male role and gender role conflict: Relations to help-seeking in men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36, 295-300.
25. Grieco, E. M. (2001). The Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander population: 2000 (U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-14). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved September 11, 2002, from http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/ c2kbr01-14.pdf
26. Ho, D. Y. (1991). The concept of "face" in Chinese-American interaction. In W. C. Hu & C. L. Grove (Eds.), Encountering the Chinese: A guide for Americans (pp. 111-124). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.
27. Hom, K., & McNeill, B. (1998, August). Investigating the influence of individualism-collectivism and acculturation on counselor preference and attitudes toward seeking counseling among Asian Americans. Poster presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA.
28. Johnson, K.W., Anderson, N. B., Bastida, E., Kramer, B. J., Williams, D., & Wong, M. (1995). Panel II: Macrosocial and environmental influences on minority health. Health Psychology, 14, 601-612.
29. Johnson, M. E. (1988). Influences of gender and sex role orientation on help-seeking attitudes. Journal of Psychology, 122, 237-241.
30. Kernicki, J. G. (1997). A multicultural perspective of cardiovascular disease. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 11(4), 31-40.
31. Kessler, R. C. (1994). The National Comorbidity Survey of the United States. International Review of Psychiatry, 6, 365-376.
32. King, A. Y. C., & Bond, M. H. (1985). The Confucian paradigm of man: A sociological view. In W.-S. Tseng & D. Y. H. Wu (Eds.), Chinese culture and mental health (pp. 29-46). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
33. Kirmayer, L. J., Dao, T. H. T., & Smith, A. (1998). Somatization and psychologization. In O. Samuel (Ed.), Clinical methods in transcultural psychiatry (pp. 233-265). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
34. Komiya, N., Good, G. E., & Sherrod, N. B. (2000). Emotional openness as a predictor of college students' attitudes toward seeking psychological help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 138-143.
35. Kung, W.W. (2003). Chinese Americans' help seeking for emotional distress. Social Service Review, 77, 114-134.
36. Landrine, H., & Klonoff, E. A. (1992). Culture and health-related schemas: A review and proposal for interdisciplinary integration. Health Psychology, 11, 267-276.
37. Lee, D. B., & Saul, T. T. (1987). Counseling Asian men. In M. Scher, M. Stevens, G. Good, & G. Eichenfield (Eds.), Handbook of counseling and psychotherapy with men (pp. 180-191). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
38. Leong, F. T. L., & Lau, A. S. L. (2001). Barriers to providing effective mental health services to Asian Americans. Mental Health Services Research, 3, 201-214.
39. Liao, H.-Y., Rounds, J., & Klein, A. G. (2005). A test of Cramer's (1999) help-seeking model and acculturation effects with Asian and Asian American college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 400-411.
40. Liu, W. M., & Iwamoto, D. K. (2006). Asian American men's gender role conflict: The role of Asian values, self-esteem, and psychological distress. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 7, 153-164.
41. Loo, C., Tong, B., & True, R. (1989). A bitter bean: Mental health status and attitudes in Chinatown. Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 283-296.
42. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
43. Matsuoka, J. K., Breaux, C., & Ryujin, D. H. (1997). National utilization of mental health services by Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders. Journal of Community Psychology, 25, 141-145.
44. McLoed, B. (1986). The Oriental express. Psychology Today, 20, 48-52.
45. Mills, R. J. (2001). Health insurance coverage: 2000 [Electronic version] (U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, Series P60-215). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
46. Mokuau, N. (1990). The impoverishment of native Hawaiians and the social work challenge. Health and Social Work, 15, 235-242.
47. Morrissey, M. (1997). The invisible minority: Counseling Asian Americans. Counseling Today, 40(6), 1, 21-22.
48. Murdock, G. P. (1980). Theories of illness: A world survey. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
49. Myers, H. F., Kagawa-Singer, M., Kumanyika, S. K., Lex, B. W., & Markides, K. S. (1995). Panel III: Behavioral risk factors related to chronic diseases in ethnic minorities. Health Psychology, 14, 613-621.
50. Nakamura, R. M. (1999). Health in America: A multicultural perspective. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
51. Ogawa, B. K. (1999). Developing cultural competence in Asian American and Pacific Islander Communities: Opportunities in primary health care and substance abuse prevention. In B.W. K. Yee., N. Mokuau., & S. Kim (Eds.), E Hana Pono: Issues of responsibility, justice, and culture in the design and practice of prevention programs for Pacific Islanders (pp. 249-277). Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
52. O'Sullivan, M. J., Peterson, P. D., Cox, G. B., & Kirkeby, J. (1989). Ethnic populations: Community mental health services ten years later. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 17-30.
53. Pachuta, D. M. (1993). Chinese medicine: The law of five elements. In A. A. Sheikh & K. S. Sheikh (Eds.), Eastern and Western approaches to healing: Ancient wisdom and modern knowledge (pp. 64-90). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
54. Pedersen, P. (1991). Balance as a criteria for social services for Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. In N. Mokuau (Ed.), Handbook of social services for Asians and Pacific Islanders (pp. 37-57). New York: Greenwood Press.
55. Penn, N. E., Kar, S., Kramer, J., Skinner, J., & Zambrana, R. E. (1995). Panel VI: Ethnic minorities, health care systems, and behavior. Health Psychology, 14, 641-646.
56. Pido, A. J. A. (1986). The Pilipinos in America: Macro/microdimensions of immigration and integration. Staten Island, NY: Center for Migration Studies.
57. Ramakrishna, J., & Weiss, M. G. (1992). Health, illness, and immigration: East Indians in the United States. The Western Journal of Medicine, 157, 265-270.
58. Reid, D. (1995). The complete book of Chinese health and healing. Boston: Shambhala.
59. Robertson, J. M., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1992). Overcoming the masculine mystique: Preferences for alternative forms of assistance among men who avoid counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 39, 240-246.
60. Root, M. (1985). Guidelines for facilitating therapy with Asian American clients. Psychotherapy, 22, 349-356.
61. Rule, W. R., & Gandy, G. L. (1994). A thirteen-year comparison in patterns of attitudes toward counseling. Adolescence, 29, 575-589.
62. Schmidley, A. D. (2001). Profile of the foreign-born population in the United States: 2000 [Electronic version] (U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, Series P23-206). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
63. Shin, J. K. (2002). Help-seeking behaviors by Korean immigrants for depression. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 23, 461-476.
64. Singelis, T. M., & Sharkey, W. F. (1995). Culture, self-construal, and embarrassability. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 26, 622-644.
65. Sodowsky, G. R., Kwan, K. L. K., & Pannu, R. (1995). Ethnic identity of Asians in the United States. In J. G. Ponterotto, J. M. Casas, L. A. Suzuki, & C. M. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (pp. 123-154). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
66. Solberg, V. S., Ritsma, S., Davis, B. J., Tata, S. P., & Jolly, A. (1994). Asian-American Students' severity of problems and willingness to seek help from university counseling centers: Role of previous counseling experience, gender, and ethnicity. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 275-279.
67. Suan, L. V., & Tyler, J. D. (1990). Mental health values and preference for mental health resources of Japanese-American and Caucasian-American students. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 21, 291-296.
68. Sue, D.W. (1994). Asian-American mental health and help-seeking behavior: Comment on Solberg et al. (1994), Tata and Leong (1994), and Lin (1994). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 292-295.
69. Sue, D. W. (1996). Asian men in groups. In M. P. Andronico (Ed.), Men in groups: Insights, interventions and psychoeducational work (pp. 69-80). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
70. Sue, D. W., & Kirk, B. A. (1975). Use of counseling and psychiatric services on a college campus. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 22, 84-86.
71. Sue, D.W., & Sue, D. (1999). Counseling the culturally different: Theory and practice (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
72. Sue, S. (1994). Mental health. In N. W. S. Zane, D. T. Takeuchi, & K. N. J. Young (Eds.), Confronting critical health issues of Asian and Pacific Islander Americans (pp. 266-288). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
73. Sue, S., Fujino, D. C., Hu, L., Takeuchi, D. T., & Zane, N. (1991). Community mental health services for ethnic minority groups: A test of the cultural responsiveness hypothesis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 533-540.
74. Tata, S. P., & Leong, F. T. L. (1994). Individualism-collectivism, social-network orientation, and acculturation as predictors of attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help among Chinese Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 280-287.
75. Tracey, T., Leong, F. T. L., & Glidden, C. (1986). Help seeking and problem perception among Asian Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33, 331-336.
76. Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96, 506-520.
77. Tsai, M., Teng, L. N., & Sue, S. (1980). Mental status of Chinese in the United States. In A. Kleinman & T.Y. Lin (Eds.), Normal and deviant behavior in Chinese culture (pp. 291-310). Hingham, MA: Reidel.
78. Uba, L. (1994). Asian Americans: Personality patterns, identity, and mental health. New York: Guilford Press.
79. Uehara, E. (2001). Understanding the dynamics of illness and help-seeking: Event-structure analysis and a Cambodian-American narrative of "spirit invasion." Social Science and Medicine, 52, 519-536.
80. U.S. Census Bureau. (2001a). Population by race and Hispanic or Latino origin for the United States: 1990 and 2000. (U.S. Census Bureau, PHC-T-1). Retrieved September 17, 2002 from http://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/phc- t1/tab04.pdf
81. U.S. Census Bureau. (2001b). Money income in the United States: 2000 [Electronic version] (U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-213). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
82. Vessey, J. T., & Howard, K. I. (1993). Who seeks psychotherapy? Psychotherapy, 30, 546-553.
83. Walsh, R. (1989). Towards a synthesis of Eastern and Western psychologies. In A. A. Sheikh & K. S. Sheikh (Eds.), Eastern and Western approaches to healing: Ancient wisdom and modern knowledge (pp. 542-555). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
84. Yamashiro, G., & Matsuoka, J. K. (1997). Help-seeking among Asian and Pacific Americans:A multiperspective analysis. Social Work, 42, 176-186.
85. Yee, B.W. K. (1996). Breaking bamboo barriers: Prevention in Southeast Asian immigrant communities. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association Convention, Toronto, Canada.
86. Yee, B. W. K. (1999). Developing cultural competence in Asian American and Pacific Islander Communities: Opportunities in primary health care and substance abuse prevention. In B.W. K. Yee., N. Mokuau., & S. Kim (Eds.), Strategic opportunities and challenges for primary health care: Developing cultural competence for Asian American and Pacific Islander communities (pp. 1-38). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
87. Yee, B. K. W., & Mokuau, N. (1999). Developing cultural competence in Asian American and Pacific Islander Communities: Opportunities in primary health care and substance abuse prevention. In B. W. K. Yee., N. Mokuau., & S. Kim (Eds.), Developing cultural competence evaluation for Asian-American and Pacific Islander communities (pp. 279-284). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
88. Yeh, C. J. (2002). Taiwanese students' gender, age, interdependent and independent self-construal, and collective self-esteem as predictors of professional psychological help-seeking attitudes. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 8, 19-29.
89. Yeh, C. J., & Wang, Y.-W. (2000). Asian American coping attitudes, sources, and practices: Implications for indigenous counseling strategies. Journal of College Student Development, 41, 94-103.
90. Ying, Y.-W. (1990). Explanatory models of major depression and implications for help-seeking among immigrant Chinese-American women. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 14, 393-408.
91. Ying, Y.-W., & Hu, L.-T. (1994). Public outpatient mental health services: Use and outcome among Asian Americans. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 64, 448-455.
92. Ying, Y.-W., & Miller, L. S. (1992). Help seeking behavior and attitudes of Chinese Americans regarding psychological problems. American Journal of Community Psychology, 20, 549-556.
93. Young, K. (1998). Help-seeking for emotional/psychological problems among Chinese Americans in the Los Angeles area: An examination of the effects of acculturation. Dissertation Abstracts International, 58 (12-B), 6833.
94. Yu, E., Liu, H., & Williams, T. (1993). Methodological problems in collecting epidemiological data on Asian Americans and Pacific-Islanders. In D. Takeuchi & N. Zane (Eds.), Asian American health (pp. 22-50). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
95. Zane, N., & Yeh, M. (2002). The use of culturally based variables in assessment: Studies on loss of face. In K. Kurasaki, S. Okazaki, & S. Sue (Eds.), Asian American mental health: Assessment theories and methods (pp. 123-138). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
96. Zhang, A. Y., & Snowden, L. R. (1999). Ethnic characteristics of mental disorders in five U.S. communities. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 5, 134-146.
97. Zhang, A. Y., Snowden, L. R., & Sue, S. (1998). Differences between Asian and White Americans' help seeking and utilization patterns in the Los Angeles area. Journal of Community Psychology, 26, 317-326.
98. Zhang, N. (2000). Acculturation and counseling expectancies: Asian international students' attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help. Dissertation Abstracts International, 60(7-A), 2392.