Paradoxical embolism and stroke

Uncommon Causes of Stroke, 2nd Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 483-490

  Dastur, Cyrus K ^a   Cramer, Steven C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84860802505     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511544897.065     Document Type: Chapter

References (113)

1. Adams, H. P. Jr. 2004. Patent foramen ovale: Paradoxical embolism and paradox-ical data. Mayo Clin Proc, 79, 15-20.
2. Aggarwal, K., Jayam, V. K., Meyer, M. A., Nayak, A. K., and Nathan, S. 2002. Thrombus-in-transit and paradoxical embolism. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 15, 1021-2.
3. Albers, G., Amarenco, P., Easton, J., Sacco, R., and Teal, P. 2001. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke. Chest, 119, 300S-320S.
4. Albers, G., Amarenco, P., Easton, J., Sacco, R., and Teal, P. 2004. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke: The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest, 126, 483S-512S.
5. Au, V., Walsh, G., and Fon, G. 2001. Computed tomography pulmonary angiogra-phy with pelvic venography in the evaluation of thrombo-embolic disease. Australas Radiol, 45, 141-5.
6. Ay, H., Buonanno, F., Abraham, S., Kistler, J., and Koroshetz, W. 1998. An elec-trocardiographic criterion for diagnosis of patent foramen ovale associated with ischemic stroke. Stroke, 29, 1393-7.
7. Bendixen, B., Posner, J., and Lango, R. 2001. Stroke in young adults and children. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep, 1, 54-66.
8. Bergqvist, D., and Bergentz, S. E. 1990. Diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis. World J Surg, 14, 679-87.
9. Berthet, K., Lavergne, T., Cohen, A., et al. 2000. Significantassociationofatrialvul-nerability with atrial septal abnormalities in young patients with ischemic stroke of unknown cause. Stroke, 31, 398-403.
10. Bogousslavsky, J., Garazi, S., Jeanrenaud, X., et al. 1996. Stroke recurrence in patients with patent foramen ovale: The Lausanne Study. Neurology, 46, 1301-5.
11. Cabanes, L., Mas, J., Cohen, A., et al. 1993. Atrial septal aneurysm and patent foramen ovale as risk factors for cryptogenic stroke in patients less than 55 years of age. A study using transesophageal echocardiography. Stroke, 24, 1865-73.
12. Cakmak, S., Nighoghossian, N., Desestret, V., et al. 2005. Pulmonary embolism: An unusual complication of cerebral venous thrombosis. Neurology, 65, 1136-7.
13. Chant, H., and McCollum, C. 2001. Stroke in young adults: The role of paradoxical embolism. Thromb Haemost, 85, 22-9.
14. Chaturvedi, S. 1998. Coagulation abnormalities in adults with cryptogenic stroke and patent foramen ovale. J Neurol Sci, 160, 158-60.
15. Cohnheim, J. 1877. Thrombose und Embolie, Vorlesungen Uber Allgemeine Pathologie; ein Handbuch fur Aertze und Studierende. Berlin: Hirschwald.
16. Comess, K., DeRook, F., Beach, K., et al. 1994. Transesophageal echocardiography and carotid ultrasound in patients with cerebral ischemia: Prevalence of findings and recurrent stroke risk. J Am Coll Cardiol, 23, 1598-603.
17. Corrin, B. 1964. Paradoxical embolism. Br Heart J, 26, 549-53.
18. Cramer, S., Maki, J., Waitches, G., et al. 2003. Paradoxical emboli from calf and pelvic veins in cryptogenic stroke. J Neuroimaging, 13, 218-23.
19. Cramer, S., Rordorf, G., Kaufman, J., et al. 1998. Clinically occult pelvic-vein thrombosis in cryptogenic stroke. Lancet, 351, 1927-8.
20. Cramer, S., Rordorf, G., Maki, J., et al. 2004. Increased pelvic vein thrombi in cryptogenic stroke: Results of the Paradoxical Emboli from Large Veins in Ischemic Stroke (PELVIS) study. Stroke, 35, 46-50.
21. de Belder, M., Tourikis, L., Leech, G., and Camm, A. 1992. Risk of patent foramen ovale for thromboembolic events in all age groups. Am JCardiol, 69, 1316-20.
22. De Castro, S., Cartoni, D., Fiorelli, M., et al. 2000. Morphological and functional characteristics of patent foramen ovale and their embolic implications. Stroke, 31, 2407-13.
23. Di Tullio, M., Sacco, R., Gopal, A., Mohr, J., and Homma, S. 1992. Patent fora-men ovale as a risk factor for cryptogenic stroke. Ann Intern Med, 117, 461-5.
24. Dodge, S. M., Hassell, K., Anderson, et al. 2004. Antiphospholipid antibodies are common in patients referred for percutaneous patent foramen ovale closure. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 61, 123-7.
25. Droste, D., Lakemeier, S., Wichter, T., et al. 2002. Optimizing the technique of contrast transcranial Doppler ultrasound in the detection of right-to-left shunts. Stroke, 33, 2211-6.
26. Dubourg, O., Rigaud, M., and Bardet, J. 1984. Contrast echocardiographic visu-alization of cough-induced right-to-left shunt through a patent foramen ovale. J Am Coll Cardiol, 4, 587-94.
27. Fedullo, P. F., and Tapson, V. F. 2003. Clinical practice. The evaluation of suspected pulmonary embolism. N EnglJ Med, 349, 1247-56.
28. Foster, P. P., Boriek, A. M., Butler, B. D., Gernhardt, M. L., and Bove, A. A. 2003. Patent foramen ovale and paradoxical systemic embolism: A bibliographic review. Aviat Space Environ Med, 74, B1-64.
29. Fraser, D., Moody, A., Davidson, I., Martel, A., and Morgan, P. 2003. Deep venous thrombosis: Diagnosis by using venous enhanced subtracted peak arterial MR venography versus conventional venography. Radiology, 226, 812-20.
30. Fraser, D., Moody, A., Morgan, P., Martel, A., and Davidson, I. 2002. Diagno-sis of lower-limb deep venous thrombosis: A prospective blinded study of magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging. Ann Intern Med, 136, 89-98.
31. Furlan, A. 2004. Patent foramen ovale and recurrent stroke: Closure is the best option: yes. Stroke, 35, 803-4.
32. Gautier, J., Durr, A., Koussa, S., Lasault, G., and Grosgogeat, T. 1991. Paradoxical cerebral embolism with a patent foramen ovale. Cerebrovasc Dis, 1, 193-202.
33. Georgopoulos, S., Chronopoulos, A., Dervisis, K., and Arvanitis, D. 2001. Para-doxical embolism. An old but, paradoxically, under-estimated problem. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino), 42, 675-7.
34. Gin, K., Huckell, V., and Pollick, C. 1993. Femoral vein delivery of contrast medium enhances transthoracic echocardiographic detection of patent foramen ovale. J Am Coll Cardiol, 22, 1994-2000.
35. Greer, D., and Buonanno, F. 2001. Cerebral infarction in conjunction with patent foramen ovale and May-Thurner syndrome. J Neuroimaging, 11, 432-4.
36. Ha, J., Shin, M., Kang, S., et al. 2001. Enhanced detection of right-to-left shunt through patent foramen ovale by transthoracic contrast echocardiography using harmonic imaging. Am J Cardiol, 87, 669-71, A11.
37. Hagen, P., Scholz, D., and Edwards, W. 1984. Incidence and size of patent foramen ovale during the first 10 decades of life: An autopsy study of 965 normal hearts. Mayo Clin Proc, 59, 17-20.
38. Hamann, G., Schatzer-Klotz, D., Frohlig, G., et al. 1998. Femoral injection of echo contrast medium may increase the sensitivity of testing for a patent foramen ovale. Neurology, 50, 1423-8.
39. Hara, H., Virmani, R., Ladich, E., et al. 2005. Patent foramen ovale: Current pathol-ogy, pathophysiology, and clinical status. J Am Coll Cardiol, 46, 1768-76.
40. Hausmann, D., Mugge, A., Becht, I., and Daniel, W. 1992. Diagnosis of patent foramen ovale by transesophageal echocardiography and asso-ciation with cerebral and peripheral embolic events. Am J Cardiol, 70, 668-72.
41. Hausmann, D., Mugge, A., and Daniel, W. 1995. Identification of patent foramen ovale permitting paradoxic embolism. J Am Coll Cardiol, 26, 1030-8.
42. Havig, O. 1977a. Deep vein thrombosis. Acta Chir Scand, Suppl 478, 4-11.
43. Havig, O. 1977b. Source of pulmonary emboli. Acta Chir Scand, Suppl 478, 42-7
44. Hirsh, J., and Hoak, J. 1996. Managementofdeepveinthrombosisandpulmonary embolism. A statement for healthcare professionals. Council on Thrombosis (in consultation with the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology), American Heart Association. Circulation, 93, 2212-45.
45. Homma, S., Di Tullio, M., Sacco, R., et al. 1994. Characteristics of patent fora-men ovale associated with cryptogenic stroke. A biplane transesophageal echocardiographic study. Stroke, 25, 582-6.
46. Homma, S., Sacco, R., Di Tullio, M., et al. 2002. Effect of medical treatment in stroke patients with patent foramen ovale: Patent foramen ovale in the Cryp-togenic Stroke Study. Circulation, 105, 2625-31.
47. Horowitz, P. E. 2002. Fat embolism. Anaesthesia, 57, 830-1; discussion 831.
48. Jacobs, B., Boden-Albala, B., Lin, I., and Sacco, R. 2002. Stroke in the young in the northern Manhattan stroke study. Stroke, 33, 2789-93.
49. Jeanrenaud, X., Bogousslavsky, J., Payot, M., Regli, F., and Kappenberger, L. 1990. Patent foramen ovale and cerebral infarct in young patients. Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 120, 823-9.
50. Job, F., Ringelstein, E., Grafen, Y., et al. 1994. Comparison of transcranial contrast Doppler sonography and transesophageal contrast echocardiography for the detection of patent foramen ovale in young stroke patients. Am J Cardiol, 74, 381-4.
51. Johnson, B. 1951. Paradoxical emboli. J Clin Pathol, 4, 316-32.
52. Jones, E., Calafiore, P., Donnan, G., and Tonkin, A. 1994. Evidence that patent foramen ovale is not a risk factor for cerebral ischemia in the elderly. Am J Cardiol, 74, 596-9.
53. Kearon, C., Ginsberg, J., and Hirsh, J. 1998. The role of venous ultrasonogra-phy in the diagnosis of suspected deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med, 129, 1044-9.
54. Kearon, C., and Hirsh, J. 1994. Factors influencing the reported sensitivity and specificity of impedance plethysmography for proximal deep vein throm-bosis. Thrombosis Haemost, 72, 652-8.
55. Kelly, J., Rudd, A., Lewis, R., and Hunt, B. 2001. Venous thromboembolism after acute stroke. Stroke, 32, 262-7.
56. Kerut, E., Norfleet, W., Plotnick, G., and Giles, T. 2001. Patent foramen ovale: A review of associated conditions and the impact of physiological size. J Am Coll Cardiol, 38, 613-23.
57. Klotzsch, C., Janssen, G., and Berlit, P. 1994. Transesophageal echocardiography and contrast-TCD in the detection of a patent foramen ovale. Neurology, 44, 1603-6.
58. Koessler, M. J., and Pitto, R. P. 2002. Fat embolism and cerebral function in total hip arthroplasty. Int Orthop, 26, 259-62.
59. Konstantinides, S., Geibel, A., Kasper, W., et al. 1998. Patent foramen ovale is an important predictor of adverse outcome in patients with major pulmonary embolism. Circulation, 97, 1946-51.
60. Lamy, C., Giannesini, C., Zuber, M., et al. 2002. Clinical and imaging findings in cryptogenic stroke patients with and without patent foramen ovale: The PFO-ASA Study. Atrial Septal Aneurysm. Stroke, 33, 706-11.
61. Landi, G., D'Angelo, A., Boccardi, E., et al. 1992. Venous thromboembolism in acute stroke: Prognostic importance of hypercoagulability. Arch Neurol, 49, 279-83.
62. Lechat, P., Mas, J., and Lascault, G. 1988. Prevalence of patent foramen ovale in patients with stroke. N EnglJ Med, 318, 1148-52.
63. Leon, L., Giannoukas, A. D., Dodd, D., Chan, P., and Labropoulos, N. 2005. Clinical significance of superficial vein thrombosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 29, 10-7.
64. Lethen, H., Flachskampf, F., Schneider, R., et al. 1997. Frequency of deep vein thrombosis in patients with patent foramen ovale and ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Am J Cardiol, 80, 1066-9.
65. Lohr, J., James, K., Deshmukh, R., et al. 1995. Karmody Award. Calf vein thrombi are not a benign finding. AmJ Surg, 170, 86-90.
66. Loscalzo, J. 1986. Paradoxical embolism: Clinical presentation, diagnostic strate-gies, and therapeutic options. Am Heart J, 112, 141-5.
67. Loud, P., Katz, D., Bruce, D., Klippenstein, D., and Grossman, Z. 2001. Deep venous thrombosis with suspected pulmonary embolism: Detection with combined CT venography and pulmonary angiography. Radiology, 219, 498-502.
68. Maldjian, P. D., Anis, A., and Saric, M. 2006. Radiological reasoning: Pulmonary embolism-thinking beyond the clots. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 186, S219-23.
69. Mas, J.-L., Arquizan, C., Lamy, C., et al. 2001. Recurrent cerebrovascular events associated with patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, or both. N Engl J Med, 345, 1740-6.
70. Mas, J.-L., Zuber, M., the French Study Group on Patent Foramen Ovale and Atrial Septal Aneurysm. 1995. Recurrent cerebrovascular events in patients with patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, or both and cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Am Heart J, 130, 1083-8.
71. McGaw, D., and Harper, R. 2001. Patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic cerebral infarction. Intern Med J, 31, 42-7.
72. Meissner, I., Khandheria, B. K., Heit, J. A., et al. 2006. Patent foramen ovale: Innocent or guilty. Evidence from a prospective population-based study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 47, 440-5.
73. Messe, S., Silverman, I., Kizer, J., et al. 2004. Practice parameter: Recurrent stroke with patent foramen ovale and atrial septal aneurysm. Neurology, 62, 1042-50.
74. Miller, R. L., Das, S., Anandarangam, T., et al. 1997. Relation between patent foramen ovale and perfusion abnormalities in acute pulmonary embolism. Am J Cardiol, 80, 377-8.
75. Modan, B., Sharon, E., and Jelin, N. 1972. Factors contributing to the incorrect diagnosis of pulmonary embolic disease. Chest, 62, 388-93.
76. Mohr, J. 1988. Cryptogenic stroke. N EnglJ Med, 318, 1197-8.
77. Mohr, J., Caplan, L., Melski, J., et al. 1978. The Harvard Cooperative Stroke Registry: A prospective registry of patients hospitalized with stroke. Neu-rology, 28, 754-62.
78. Mohr, J., Thompson, J., Lazar, R., et al. 2001. A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke. N EnglJ Med, 345, 1444-51.
79. Nendaz, M., Sarasin, F., Junod, A., and Bogousslavsky, J. 1998. Preventing stroke recurrence in patients with patent foramen ovale: Antithrombotic therapy, foramen closure, or therapeutic abstention. A decision analytic perspective. Am Heart J, 135, 532-41.
80. Noser, E., Felberg, R., and Alexandrov, A. 2001. Thrombolytic therapy in an ado-lescent ischemic stroke. J Child Neurol, 16, 286-8.
81. Obernosterer, A., Aschauer, M., Schnedl, W., Lipp, R. 2002. Anomalies of the inferior vena cava in patients with iliac venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med, 136, 37-41.
82. Orgera, M., O'Malley, P., and Taylor, A. 2001. Secondary prevention of cerebral ischemia in patent foramen ovale: Systematic review and meta-analysis. South Med J, 94, 699-703.
83. Overell, J., Bone, I., and Lees, K. 2000. Interatrial septal abnormalities and stroke: A meta-analysis of case-control studies. Neurology, 55, 1172-9.
84. Parisi, D. M., Koval, K., and Egol, K. 2002. Fat embolism syndrome. Am J Orthop, 31, 507-12.
85. Petty, G., Khandheria, B., Chu, C.-P., Sicks, J., and Whisnant, J. 1997. Patent fora-men ovale in patients with cerebral infarction. Arch Neurol, 54, 819-22.
86. Pezzini, A., Del Zotto, E., Magoni, M., et al. 2003. Inherited thrombophilic disor-ders in young adults with ischemic stroke and patent foramen ovale. Stroke, 34, 28-33.
87. Philbrick, J., and Becker, D. 1988. Calf deep venous thrombosis. A wolf in sheep's clothing. Arch Intern Med, 148, 2131-8.
88. Puls, R., Hosten, N., Bock, J., et al. 1999. Signal-enhanced color Doppler sonogra-phy of deep venous thrombosis in the lower limbs and pelvis. J Ultrasound Med, 18, 185-90.
89. Ranoux, D., Cohen, A., Cabanes, L., et al. 1993. Patent foramen ovale: Is stroke due to paradoxical embolism. Stroke, 24, 31-4.
90. Sacco, R., Ellenberg, J., Mohr, J., et al. 1989. Infarcts of undetermined cause: The NINCDS Stroke Data Bank. Ann Neurol, 25, 382-90.
91. Salzman, E. 1986. Venous thrombosis made easy. N EnglJ Med, 314, 847-8.
92. Schneider, B., Hofmann, T., Justen, M. H., and Meinertz, T. 1995. Chiari's network: Normal anatomic variant or risk factor for arterial embolic events. J Am Coll Cardiol, 26, 203-10.
93. Schuchlenz, H., Saurer, G., and Weihs, W. 2002. Patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, and recurrent stroke. N Engl J Med, 346, 1331-2; author reply 1331-2.
94. Schuchlenz, H., Weihs, W., Beitzke, A., et al. 2002. Transesophageal echocardio-graphy for quantifying size of patent foramen ovale in patients with crypto-genic cerebrovascular events. Stroke, 33, 293-6.
95. Schuchlenz, H., Weihs, W., Horner, S., and Quehenberger, F. 2000. Theassociation between the diameter of a patent foramen ovale and the risk of embolic cerebrovascular events. AmJ Med, 109, 456-62.
96. Spritzer, C., Arata, M., and Freed, K. 2001. Isolated pelvic deep venous thrombosis: Relative frequency as detected with MR imaging. Radiology, 219, 521-5.
97. Steiner, M., Di Tullio, M., Rundek, T., et al. 1998. Patent foramen ovale size and embolicbrainimagingfindingsamongpatientswithischemicstroke. Stroke, 29, 944-8.
98. Stendel, R., Gramm, H., Schroder, K., Lober, C., and Brock, M. 2000. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography as a screening technique for detection of a patent foramen ovale before surgery in the sitting position. Anesthesiology, 93, 971-5.
99. Stern, J., Abehsera, M., Grenet, D., et al. 2002. Detection of pelvic vein thrombo-sis by magnetic resonance angiography in patients with acute pulmonary embolism and normal lower limb compression ultrasonography. Chest, 122, 115-21.
100. Stollberger, C., Slany, J., Schuster, I., et al. 1993. The prevalence of deep vein thrombosis in patients with suspected paradoxical embolism. Ann Intern Med, 119, 461-5.
101. Tatlisumak, T., and Fisher, M. 1996. Hematologic disorders associated with ischemic stroke. J Neurol Sci, 140, 1-11.
102. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. 1995. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med, 333, 1581-7.
103. The Publications Committee for the Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treat-ment (TOAST) Investigators. 1998. Low molecular weight heparinoid, ORG 10172 (Danaparoid), and outcome after acute ischemic stroke. JAMA, 279, 1265-72.
104. Thompson, T., and Evans, W. 1930. Paradoxical embolism. Q J Med, 23, 135-52.
105. Tobis, M. J., and Azarbal, B. 2005. Does patent foramen ovale promote cryptogenic stroke and migraine headache. Tex Heart Inst J, 32, 362-5.
106. Tong, D., and Becker, K. 2004. Patent foramen ovale and recurrent stroke: Closure is the best option: No. Stroke, 35, 804-5.
107. Unno, N., Mitsuoka, H., Uchiyama, T., et al. 2002. Superficial thrombophlebitis of the lower limbs in patients with varicose veins. Surg Today, 32, 397-401.
108. Verlato, F., Zucchetta, P., Prandoni, P., et al. 1999. An unexpectedly high rate of pulmonary embolism in patients with superficial thrombophlebitis of the thigh. J Vasc Surg, 30, 1113-5.
109. Ward, R., Jones, D., and Haponik, E. 1995. Paradoxical embolism. Chest, 108, 549-58.
110. Warlow, C., Ogston, D., and Douglas, A. 1976. Deep venous thrombosis of the legs after strokes. Br Med J, 1, 1178-83.
111. Webster, M., Chancellor, A., Smith, H., et al. 1988. Patent foramen ovale in young stroke patients. Lancet, 2, 11-2.
112. Wheeler, H., and Anderson, F. 1995. Diagnostic methods for deep vein thrombo-sis. Haemostasis, 25, 6-26.
113. Wu, L., Malouf, J., Dearani, J., et al. 2004. Patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic stroke: Current understanding and management options. Arch Intern Med, 164, 950-6.